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PubMed1988

Fertilization rates in superovulating cows after deposition of semen on the infundibulum, near the uterotubal junction or after insemination with high numbers of sperm.

Three experiments were conducted with 105 superovulating Holstein dairy cows in attempts to improve the fertilization rate. Cows were superovulated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and time of estrus was regulated with prostaglandin F(2)alpha (PGF(2)alpha). Semen was deposited on each infundibulum through a laparoscope inserted through the flank (Experiment 1) or near the uterotubal junctions through flexible tubing passed through the cervix and uterine horns (Experiment 2). In the third experiment, high numbers of sperm in fresh semen were deposited in the uterus. Cows were necropsied and ova were recovered and examined about 3.5 d after the beginning of estrus. Deposition of 0.5 ml of frozen-thawed semen on each infundibulum (Experiment 1) reduced both ovum recovery and fertilization. In ten cows inseminated on the infundibulum, ova representing 43% of ovulation points were recovered and 9% of these recovered ova were fertilized. In ten control cows, ova representing 80% of ovulation points were recovered and 62% of them were fertilized. In a 2 x 2 experiment with 36 superovulating cows (Experiment 2), 1 ml of diluted fresh or frozen semen was deposited either near the uterotubal junction or in the uterine body. The overall fertilization rate was 61%, with no significant effect of site of semen deposition or type of semen used. In Experiment 3, 2 or 3 ml of neat semen (average of 4.4 billion sperm) was deposited in the uterus of 12 cows; 183 of 197 intact ova (93%) were fertilized. In 56 control cows inseminated with 0.5 to 1.5 ml of frozen diluted semen (average of 70 million sperm), 502 of 947 intact ova were fertilized (53%, P<0.001). Insemination with high numbers of fresh sperm overcame problems of sperm loss or sperm transport and improved the fertilization rate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Sperm DNA fragmentation negatively correlates with velocity and fertilization rates but might not affect pregnancy rates.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sperm DNA fragmentation in correlation with sperm parameters and IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: A tertiary infertility referral clinic. PATIENT(S): We collected 303 semen samples from patients undergoing IVF with or without ICSI. INTERVENTION(S): Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, measurement of fertilization rates, good embryo rates, and pregnancy rates for the IVF/ICSI program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The percentage of sperm with DNA fragmentation, correlated with semen analysis parameters and IVF/ICSI outcomes. RESULT(S): Sperm DNA fragmentation rates were significantly higher in patients with abnormal sperm parameters than in those with normal sperm parameters. When sperm DNA fragmentation was >10%, fertilization rates were affected. Sperm DNA fragmentation rates were negatively correlated with sperm velocity parameters but did not affect pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicated that sperm DNA fragmentation affects fertilization rates and sperm motility but might not affect pregnancy rates.

DNA Fragmentation↗
PubMed2004

[Correlation between follicle levels of superoxide dismutase and oocyte quality, fertilization rates and embryo development].

BACKGROUND: The intraovarian oxidative balance is important during oocyte development, and fertilization. It has been proposed that one of the most important enzymes in the follicle is the superoxide dismutase (SOD). OBJECTIVE: To correlate levels and percentage of SOD activity in follicular liquid with quality, fertilization and embryo development in a group of patients submitted to in vitro fertilization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We obtained 120 follicular liquids from oocytes aspirated in 41 patients during an IVF program and then we followed the development of each oocyte separately. We measured the activity and concentration of SOD in the follicular liquid, and we evaluated the following variables: quality and maturity in the oocytes, as well as fertilization rate, segmentation rate and pregnancy. The statistical analysis was made with ANOVA test and Pearson test. RESULTS: In the analysis of the results, we observed a higher percentage of activity in the SOD in oocytes with good quality (3 and 4) in comparison with poor quality oocyte (1 and 2) (89 and 82% vs 75 and 61% p<0.05). We observed higher concentrations and activity of SOD in oocytes with a good fertilization rate and segmentation (p<0.05). When we analyzed the variables in function of pregnancy, we observed that the embryos that were transferred and developed pregnancy had higher concentrations and activity of SOD than embryos that did not develop pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels and high percentage in the activity of SOD are associated with a better quality in the oocyte, and a good embryo development, influenced by the oxidative balance.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed1994

[Decreasing total fertility rates in Europe].

"Due to an almost overall decrease during the last four decades total (period) fertility rates have reached values below the replacement level of 2.07 in most European countries. Only in Albania (2.8 in 1991), on the Faroe Islands (2.7 in 1990) and Iceland (2.3 in 1992) the last known values are higher. In most other European countries values between 1.4 and 2.0 are registered, but in Italy, Spain and Germany the TFR is about 1.2. Especially in the former German Democratic Republic (0.7), San Marino and most northern Italian regions (1.0) the TFR is low." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1986

Effect of unilateral cornual insemination upon fertilization rate in superovulating and single-ovulating cattle.

In Exp. 1, 21 first-service cattle and seven repeat-breeder cattle, averaging 4.7 infertile services, were brought into estrus and superovulated by treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone and prostaglandin F2 alpha. At insemination, semen was deposited in the greater curvature of one uterine horn, about midway between the utero-cervical junction and the utero-tubal junction. Cattle were necropsied 2 to 7 d after estrus and ova were recovered and examined. The fertilization rate for first-service cows was 74% of 362 intact ova and for repeat-breeders, 43% of 128 intact ova (P less than .001). Fertilization rate in first-service cows was 81% on the side of semen deposition and 68% on the opposite side (P less than .01); the rates in repeat-breeders were 54% and 32% (P less than .025). Differences between sides were due mostly to four cows that averaged 93% fertilization on the side of semen deposition and 19% on the opposite side. The proportion of fertilized ova with accessory sperm (17%) did not differ between sides of the reproductive tract. In Exp. 2, 60 first-service and 32 repeat-breeder cows in natural estrus had semen deposited in the uterine body or in the greater curvature of one uterine horn, either on the side of impending ovulation or on the opposite side. At necropsy, 55 ova were recovered from first-service cows, of which 42 (76%) were intact and 13 (24%) were ruptured or fragmented. Of the 42 intact ova, 41 (98%) were cleaved. From the 32 repeat-breeders, 30 ova were recovered, of which 26 (87%) were intact and 4 (13%) were ruptured; 23 of the 26 intact ova (88%) were cleaved. Site of semen deposition had no significant effect on either fertilization rate or number of accessory sperm in either type of cow. First-service cows averaged more accessory sperm (40) than did repeat-breeders (19, P less than .01). Overall results indicated that sperm deposited deep in one uterine horn fertilized ova nearly as frequently in the opposite oviduct as in the adjacent oviduct except in 14% of superovulating cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Fertilizer rate and beta-galactosidase and peroxidase activity in pepper fruit at different stages and years of harvest.

Beta-galactosidase and peroxidase are enzymes reported to have roles in pepper maturation. Fertilizer rate may affect activity of these enzymes in fruit maturing on the plant. Nine pepper cultivars, five non-pungent and four pungent, were fertilized at two rates in field plots in 1997 and 1998 at Lane, OK, USA. Fruit were harvested at mature green, turning, and red color developmental stages, and assayed for beta-galactosidase and peroxidase activity. Overall fruit beta-galactosidase activity increased as fertilizer rate increased, and was highest in red fruit. Fertilizer rate and fruit developmental stage did not affect peroxidase activity in 1997, but peroxidase activity was highest in red fruit in 1998. Enzyme activity appeared to be cultivar dependent, and patterns differed in both years. Activities of both enzymes were higher at the red stage in many of the non-pungent peppers than in pungent peppers. These data suggest that increased fertilizer affects the activity of at least one enzyme in fruit maturing on the plant. Cultural practices affecting enzyme activity may be used to modify concentrations of components in plants that are important for human consumption.

Capsicum↗
PubMed1996

[The effect of spermatozoon morphology on the fertilization rate and on disorders in early embryonic development].

The influence of teratozoospermia on the results of in vitro fertilization was analysed. Indices of normal sperm morphology, in cases of failed fertilization in vitro, significantly differ from those of successful fertilization. Fertilization rate in patients with less than 14.0% of normal sperm morphology was 41.9%. If the index of normal sperm morphology exceeded 14.0%, the rate of fertilization made up 62.2%. These data enable us to conclude that teratozoospermia may result in zygote development disorders and in the increased probability of embryo fragmentation.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed1980

[Influence of sera from spermatozoa-immunized mice on the in vitro fertilization rate of the mouse (author's transl)].

The present paper describes the influence of antibodies against spermatozoa on the in vitro fertilization of inbred mice. "Antibodies against spermatozoa' were obtained by immunization in the syngeneic and allogeneic system of C57BL/J Hand and C3H/2He female mice with washed spermatozoa of the corresponding male partners. These antibodies were added to the in vitro culture. The resulting fertilization rates were compared with control cultures where sera of non-immunized and erythrocytes sensitized mice were added. For comparison the same experiments were performed with isolated gamma-globulin fractions of the antisera. The influence of the antibodies against spermatozoa was deomonstrated by the reduction of the cleavage rate (1-2% cleaved oocytes) in comparison to the normally acheived fertilization rate of about 50%. In addition, the oocytes of the experimental group revealed shrinking of the cell mass in all cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Birth and fertility rates by education: 1980 and 1985.

Birth and fertility rates by educational attainment of mother are shown for the United States, geographic regions and divisions, and States for 1980 and 1985. The report focuses on differentials in childbearing among educational attainment groups and changes in fertility levels during the period, particularly for well-educated older mothers. The information presented is derived from entries on live-birth certificates from 47 states and the District of Columbia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The effect of sperm preparation methods on the fertilization rate of oocytes micro-inseminated by subzonal sperm injection.

Three methods were used to prepare spermatozoa for subzonal injection into mature oocytes. In method A, the washed sperm suspension was incubated for 18 h in modified T6 culture medium. Method B consisted of incubating the sperm suspension for 6 h in regular T6 culture medium. In method C, the sperm suspension was incubated for 6 h in regular T6 culture medium containing 20% (v/v) follicular fluid. The percentages of acrosome-free spermatozoa and fertilization rates were compared for 42 treatment cycles assigned randomly to the three sperm preparation methods. The sperm suspensions prepared by methods A and C each had significantly higher proportions of acrosome-free spermatozoa compared to suspensions prepared by method B. The fertilization rates of oocytes micro-injected with spermatozoa prepared by methods A and C were significantly higher than for method B. Eight clinical pregnancies resulted from 28 cycles in which embryo replacement occurred. We conclude that the fertilization rate following subzonal sperm injection is related directly to the percentage of acrosome-free spermatozoa in the sperm suspension used for microinjection.

Embryo Transfer↗
PubMed1997

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: correlation of oocyte grade based on polar body, perivitelline space and cytoplasmic inclusions with fertilization rate and embryo quality.

The extent to which the morphology of the oocyte at the light microscopy level is related to the results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is controversial. In this study, after cumulus removal, oocytes were graded into four groups according to the status of the first polar body, size of the perivitelline space and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions. Oocyte data from 65 consecutive patients were reviewed. The results showed that, for oocytes without cytoplasmic inclusions, the fertilization rate and embryo development beyond 2-cell stage were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the oocytes at grade 1-2 (poor) than those in oocytes at grade 3-4 (good). Grade 4 oocytes without inclusions gave the highest proportion (66.7%) of good embryos with grading 1-2 (grade 1 best; P < 0.01). A higher proportion of grade 1-2 oocytes (44.7%; P < 0.05) was obtained from patients older than 35 years. More oocytes containing cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in patients diagnosed as having female factor infertility (24.9%; P < 0.01) and older than 35 years (26.5%; P < 0.05) compared to patients with male factor infertility and younger than 35 years. The fertilization rate and embryo development were not associated with the oestradiol concentration on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration or the total number of oocytes retrieved. The results suggest that human oocyte grading based on the triple factors first polar body, size of perivitelline space and cytoplasmic inclusions is related significantly to fertilization rate and embryo quality after ICSI.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Basal glucose level as an independent predictor of fertilization rate in patients without polycystic ovary syndrome included in an in-vitro fertilization program.

Insulin resistance is a common characteristic of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are known to differ in their in-vitro fertilization outcomes compared to non-PCOS patients. As insulin resistance can be found in a considerable proportion of normal individuals, we assessed its contribution to ovarian responsiveness and fertilization rate. 26 non-PCOS patients undergoing IVF for the first time were investigated. Insulin resistance was evaluated by using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. According to multiple regression analysis insulin sensitivity, expressed as insulin stimulated glucose disposal rate, during euglycemic clamp (r = -0.81, p < 0.05 and r = -0.89; p < 0.01) and basal estradiol level (r = -0.54; p < 0.05 and r = -0.56; p < 0.05) appeared significant negative predictors of the number of fertilized oocytes and embryos, respectively. Furthermore, basal glucose level appeared independently as a significant positive predictor of the number of fertilized oocytes and the number of embryos. (r = 0.90; p < 0.01 and r = 0.96; p < 0.01 respectively). We conclude that blood glucose concentration and insulin resistance respectively are independent predictors of IVF outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Association between human in vitro fertilization rate and pregnancy outcome: a possible involvement of spermatozoal quality in subsequent embryonic viability.

A conventional view of mammalian fertilization is that the active component of the process: the spermatozoon, by virtue of its progressive motility and acrosomal enzymes, penetrates an otherwise passive oocyte. This concept has placed bias on spermatozoal normality as largely determining the outcome of fertilization; once this has been achieved then the contribution of the spermatozoon is often forgotten, and attention switches to the maternally derived "blue-print" for early embryonic development. Paternal genomic contribution is known to start at the eight-cell stage in the human, but this is usually after the time when early cleavage stage (2 to 8-cell stage) embryos are replaced in human assisted reproductive technologies (ART) procedures such as in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Hence, fundamental abnormal contributions to embryogenesis derived from the fertilizing spermatozoon have often been ignored. Human IVF-ET has permitted far greater powers of analysis of the fertilization event, and fertilization success appears to be determined in such a system by three main factors: spermatozoal quality, oocyte quality, and quality of in vitro culture conditions (the gamete environment). If the second two factors are more carefully controlled than the first, as is the usual emphasis in routine human IVF practice, then any large variation in fertilization rates that are also significantly related to embryonic viability and ultimately pregnancy outcome, may be thought to be more directly associated with original quality of the fertilizing spermatozoon. An analysis of results of 758 IVF cases provides preliminary evidence to show that there is a close association between human in vitro fertilization rate and subsequent embryo viability following replacement. In accepting this hypothesis as a possibility, we should drastically change our attitude from one of the spermatozoon as a robust, simple initiator of embryonic development, and embrace the idea of the vulnerability of such germ cells both during and after their production, and how detrimental influences on this might profoundly affect embryogenesis after successful fertilization.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1995

Effects of time of insemination relative to ovulation, as determined by ultrasonography, on fertilization rate and accessory sperm count in sows.

The effects of the timing of insemination relative to ovulation on fertilization rate, accessory sperm count and early embryo development were studied in sows. Oestrus detection was performed at intervals of 8 h. Sows were artificially inseminated once with 3 x 10(9) spermatozoa. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed at intervals of 4 h to determine when ovulation occurred and sows were killed at 120 +/- 6 h after ovulation. For each insemination-ovulation interval of 8 h, fertilization rates were as follows: > 48 h, 35% (n = 1); 48-40 h, 51 +/- 36% (n = 6); 40-32 h, 54 +/- 36% (n = 14); 32-24 h, 79 +/- 32% (n = 19); 24-16 h, 94 +/- 11% (n = 24); 16-8 h, 92 +/- 21% (n = 24); 8-0 h, 95 +/- 22% (n = 21) and for the sows that were inseminated after ovulation: 0 to -8 h, 75 +/- 38% (n = 26); -8 to -16 h, 74 +/- 43% (n = 15) and < -16 h, 0% (n = 1). The median accessory sperm count differed among the groups from 1 (insemination 40-48 h before ovulation) to 126 (insemination 0-8 h after ovulation) (P = 0.0001). Within each 8 h time interval, the normal embryos from sows with less than 90% normal embryos were less developed and had a lower sperm count than did the normal embryos from sows with more than 90% normal embryos (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ram sperm selection by a dextran/swim-up procedure increases fertilization rates following intrauterine insemination in superovulated ewes.

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2 dextran/swim-up media to increase the sperm quality parameters and the maintenance of these parameters at 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C over 6 hours. Additionally, this study examined whether differences in sperm quality reflect different reproductive efficiencies following intrauterine insemination in superovulated ewes. The study involved 2 selected samples (SS) obtained by dextran/swim-up, performed either with (SS+) or without (SS-) capacitating compounds, and a control sample consisting of raw semen diluted in the same medium. The efficacies of the swim-up sperm selection procedures were similar in both media, and no significant differences were found among the evaluated parameters. Conversely, we found important differences between selected and control samples. Sperm motility, viability (as assessed by carboxifluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide [PI] staining), and mitochondrial activity (as assessed by rhodamine 123/PI) were significantly higher in the selected samples than in the control. Additionally, following incubation at 15 degrees C, the preservation of sperm quality was significantly better in the selected samples than in the control samples. After 6 hours of incubation at 15 degrees C, selected samples had a motility value of 46%, which was significantly (P < .001) higher than the value observed in control samples (27%). The percentage of viable cells observed after 6 hours of incubation at 15 degrees C was significantly (P < .0001) higher in selected samples than in the control samples. Furthermore, after 2 hours of incubation at 30 degrees C, swim-up samples had viability values that were significantly (P < .0001) higher than those of the control samples. SS+ and SS- samples did not differ significantly in spermatozoa yield, sperm quality, or survival. Differences between selected samples and controls were reflected in the fertilization rate obtained following intrauterine insemination in superovulated ewes that experienced a 52-hour interval between progestagen removal and artificial insemination. A restricted criterion for fertilization rate evaluation was established, and only the percentage of embryos recovered from the uterine horns 6 days after insemination was considered with respect to the total number of corpora lutea counted in the ovaries. The fertilization rate of SS- samples (50%) was significantly higher (P > .001) than those of the SS+ (2%) and control samples (5%).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Annual fertility rates from Census data on own children: comparisons with vital statistics data for the United States.

This paper begins by describing the procedure and data requirements for calculating annual fertility rates from census data on own children. Then, using data from the United States Censuses of 1960 and 1970, fully adjusted estimates are presented and compared with recorded vital statistics rates. Total fertility estimates derived from own children data for whites average less than two percent lower than the recorded rates- a difference that can be attributed partially to the fact that the estimates are adjusted for net census undercount but the recorded rates are not. Even without adjustments for mortality, children not living with their mothers, and net census undercount, the own children data estimates accurately replicate recorded trends (even though the levels are misspecified). The utility of own children data for the study of differential fertility is discussed.

Adolescent↗