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PubMed2006

Suprascapular intraneural ganglia and glenohumeral joint connections.

OBJECT: Unlike the more commonly noted paralabral cysts (extraneural ganglia), which are well known to result in suprascapular nerve compression, only four cases of suprascapular intraneural ganglia have been reported. Because of their rarity, the pathogenesis of suprascapular intraneural ganglia has been poorly understood and a pathoanatomical explanation has not been provided. In view of the growing literature demonstrating strong associations between paralabral cysts and labral (capsular) pathology, joint connections, and joint communications, the authors retrospectively reviewed the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies and postoperative results in the two featured patients to test a hypothesis that suprascapular intraneural ganglia would have analogous findings. METHODS: Two patients who presented with suprascapular neuropathy were found to have intraneural ganglia. Connections to the glenohumeral joint could be established in both patients through posterior labrocapsular complex tears. In neither patient was the joint connection identified preoperatively or intraoperatively, and cyst decompression was performed by itself without attention to the labral tear. The suprascapular intraneural ganglia extended from the glenohumeral joint as far proximally as the level of the nerves' origin from the upper trunk in the supraclavicular fossa. Although both patients experienced symptomatic improvement after surgery, neurological recovery was incomplete. In both cases, postoperative MR images revealed cyst persistence. In addition, previously unrecognized superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) Type II lesions (tears of the superior labrum extending anteroposterior and involving the biceps anchor at the labrum without actual extension into the tendon) were visualized. In one patient with a persistent cyst, an MR arthrogram was obtained and demonstrated a communication between the joint and the cyst. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in these two patients support the synovial theory for intraneural ganglia. Based on their experience with intraneural ganglia at other sites, the authors believe that suprascapular intraneural ganglia arise from the glenohumeral joint, egress through a superior (posterior) labral tear, and dissect within the epineurium along an articular branch into the main nerve, following the path of least resistance. Furthermore, these two cases of intraneural ganglia with SLAP lesions are directly analogous to the many cases of paralabral cysts associated with these types of labral tears. By better understanding the origin of this unusual type of ganglia and drawing analogies to the more common extraneural cysts, surgical strategies can be formulated to address the underlying pathoanatomy, improve operative outcomes, and prevent recurrences.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Antibasal ganglia antibodies and their relevance to movement disorders.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recently, autoaggressive immunological responses were included among the causative agents of basal ganglia dysfunction. Autoaggressive immune-mediated illnesses secondary to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections present with motor and psychiatric symptoms, due to basal ganglia involvement. These disorders have been associated with serum antineuronal antibodies, relatively specific to human basal ganglia tissue. This review summarizes the most recent studies concerning antibasal ganglia antibodies, focusing on the associated phenotypes and the hypotheses concerning their pathogenicity. RECENT FINDINGS: The spectrum of post-streptococcal neuropsychiatric disorders associated with antibasal ganglia antibodies seems broader than previously recognized. Other than chorea, tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder, which constituted the bulk of previously described disorders associated with antibasal ganglia antibodies, post-streptococcal neuropsychiatric disturbances include a wider range of motor and behavioural abnormalities, in keeping with the multifunctional role of the basal ganglia. An encephalitis lethargica-like illness following streptococcal infection was reported, and unusual adult-onset movement disorders associated with antibasal ganglia antibodies were documented. Moreover, investigators provided preliminary evidence for a pathogenic role of autoantibodies in Sydenham's chorea, the prototypic post-streptococcal neuropsychiatric disorder. SUMMARY: Antibasal ganglia antibodies are relatively specific in identifying post-streptococcal neuropsychiatric disorders, which constitute a wider spectrum of movement disorders than previously recognized. Although their sensitivity in diagnosing Sydenham's chorea seems excellent, it is not yet possible to extrapolate this sensitivity to all the recently identified post-streptococcal neuropsychiatric disorders. The antigens targeted by these autoantibodies and their pathogenic importance are currently under investigation. Preliminary evidence suggests that antibasal ganglia antibodies may be pathogenic.

Autoantibodies↗

PubMed1982

[Lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzyme spectrum in the transplanted sensory and sympathetic ganglia of the rat].

Total activity, isoenzyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), morphological peculiarities of normal and transplanted in the mesentery for 1-7 and 30 days dorsal root and superior cervical sympathetic ganglia of the adult rats, were analysed. About 30% neurons in sensory ganglia and 5% in sympathetic ganglia were viable 30 days after transplantation. Total LDH activity was 3 times higher in normal sympathetic ganglia compared with that in spinal ganglia. Transplantation leads to a slight rising in total LDH activity in sensory root ganglia and to a slight fall in sympathetic ganglia. Five fractions of LDH in normal sensory ganglia and four fractions in sympathetic ganglia were revealed. Significant rising of M4 isoenzyme activity was characteristic of both sensory and sympathetic ganglia after transplantation for 7 days. Functional significance of the changes observed is discussed.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1978

Proliferative and degenerative events in the early development of chick dorsal root ganglia. I. Normal development.

Development of the chick dorsal root ganglia was examined in 4.5- to 9.5-day embryos. Tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and autoradiography was used to analyze proliferative activity and the Feulgen procedure to analyze degenerative activity in ganglia 12-17. Proliferative activity was found to be elevated through 4.5 days of incubation when as many as 14% of the ganglionic cells become labelled following a one-hour exposure to 3H-TdR. By 6.5 to 7.5 days proliferative activity decreases to 2-4% in the lateroventral (LV) regions and to approximately 1% in the mediodorsal (MD) regions of the ganglia. However, there appears to be increased proliferative activity by the end of the experimental period at 9.5 days. Birthdate studies demonstrate that large-scale neuronal production occurs between 4.5 and 6.5 days in the LV regions and between 4.5 and 7.5 days in the MD regions. After those times ganglionic proliferative activity must be largely nonneuronal in nature. This nonneuronal proliferation is greater in LV than in MD regions and in brachial than in nonbrachial ganglia. Degenerative activiy was found to be absent from the ganglia until after 4.5 days of incubation. It then increases rapidly, and by 5.5 days 5% of the LV cells in nonbrachial ganglia are degenerating. Degenerative activity then declines but is still present at 9.5 days. In contrast to results of an earlier study (Hamburger and Levi-Montalcini, '49), degenerative activity was also found in the LV region of brachial ganglia and the MD regions of brachial and nonbrachial ganglia. The pattern of LV degenerative activity in brachial ganglia is similar to that in nonbrachial ganglia, but the level of activity is lower. In the MD regions degenerative activity increases throughout the experimental period, and by 9.5 days as many as 4% of the MD cells are degenerating.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1985

Embryonic origin of substance P containing neurons in cranial and spinal sensory ganglia of the avian embryo.

The ontogeny of the neurons exhibiting substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) was examined in the spinal and cranial sensory ganglia of chick and quail embryos. It was shown that in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) virtually all neuronal somas occupying the mediodorsal (MD) region of the ganglia are SPLI-positive while the larger neurons of the lateroventral (LV) area are SPLI-negative. In the cranial nerve ganglia, both types of neurons coexist in the trigeminal ganglion but with a different distribution: small neurons with SPLI are proximal while large neurons without SPLI occupy the maxillomandibular and ophthalmic lobes. The distal ganglia of nerves VII and IX (i.e., geniculate, petrosal) do not show cell bodies with SPLI in the two species considered. A few of them only (about 12%) are found in the nodose (distal ganglion of nerve X). The proximal ganglia of nerves IX and X (i.e., superior-jugular complex) are composed of small neurons which virtually all exhibit SPLI. Chimaeric cranial sensory ganglia were constructed by grafting the quail hind-brain primordium into chick embryos. Revelation of SPLI was combined with acridine orange staining on the same sections in order to ascertain the placodal (chick host) or neural crest (quail donor) origin of the SP-positive neurons in each type of ganglion. We found that all the neurons showing SPLI are derived from the neural crest in the trigeminal and in the superior and jugular ganglia. In the geniculate, petrosal, and nodose all the neurons are derived from the placodal ectoderm. The small number of SPLI-positive cells of the nodose ganglia are not an exception to this rule. Therefore, generally speaking, the sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia that express the SP phenotype are derived from the crest, with the exception of some neurons present in the nodose of both quail and chick embryos and which are of placodal origin. The vast majority of placode-derived neurons do not have amounts of SP that can be detected under the conditions of the present study.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Cardiac responses to stimulation of discrete loci within canine sympathetic ganglia following hexamethonium.

In dogs which had been administered hexamethonium, localized stimulation with bipolar electrodes in the middle cervical and stellate ganglia as well as ganglia in the caudal pole nerve and ventral ansa elicited alterations in cardiodynamics. The middle cervical and stellate ganglia were divided into 30 discrete regions in order to provide a standardized map of these ganglia. Of all the responses elicited. 5% consisted of increased heart rate while 38% consisted of augmented inotropism without accompanying chronotropic changes. Both rate and force were augmented in 57% of the responses. The sites in which stimulation consistently elicited chronotropic responses were located in right-sided ganglia. Loci which consistently generated force changes on stimulation were in the middle cervical and stellate ganglia bilaterally. Cardiac chronotropism and inotropism were augmented by stimulation of ganglia located in the ventral subclavian ansae or the left caudal pole nerve. No cardiac responses were elicited by stimulation within the superior cervical ganglia. It is concluded that localized stimulation of specific sites in the major thoracic ganglia or smaller mediastinal ganglia can alter cardiac chronotropism and/or inotropism.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Retrograde tracing shows that CGRP-immunoreactive nerves of rat trachea and lung originate from vagal and dorsal root ganglia.

The origins of sensory innervation of the lower respiratory tract are thought to be principally the nodose and jugular ganglia of the vagus nerve. It has been suggested and partially demonstrated that there is also a component arising from dorsal root ganglia, but the segmental levels involved are not known precisely. We have therefore investigated the origins of sensory nerves within the rat respiratory tract, particularly those containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), using the technique of retrograde axonal tracing combined with immunohistochemistry. Injections of True blue were made into extra-thoracic trachea (n = 4 rats) and percutaneously into the right and left lung (n = 4 each). Retrogradely labelled neuronal perikarya were detected in vagal and dorsal root ganglia, and sympathetic chain ganglia. CGRP-immunoreactive cells were seen only in vagal and dorsal root ganglia. Tracheal innervation arose bilaterally in the vagal sensory ganglia but those on the right side represented the principal source; the majority of CGRP-containing neurons occurred in the jugular ganglion. A very small component of labelling occurred in spinal ganglia at levels C2-C6. The sensory innervation of the lungs was seen to arise predominantly from the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (45% of cells CGRP-immunoreactive) at levels T1-T6. In contrast to the trachea, the contribution of vagal sensory neurones to the lungs appeared to be less than that of the spinal ganglia. These results show that the sensory innervation of the rat lungs has a major origin in the dorsal root ganglia, in which almost half of the involved neurons contain CGRP, and confirm that most CGRP-immunoreactive nerves in the trachea arise in the right jugular ganglion.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Protein phosphorylation in guinea-pig myenteric ganglia and brain: presence of calmodulin kinase II. protein kinase C and cyclic AMP kinase and characterization of major phosphoproteins.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II, protein kinase C, and cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase in isolated myenteric ganglia and to characterize the major ganglia phosphoproteins using biochemical and immunochemical techniques. Ganglia from the small intestine of guinea-pigs were isolated, disrupted by sonication in Triton X-100, and phosphorylated. The phosphoprotein patterns obtained were compared with those of synaptosomes from guinea-pig and rat cerebral cortex. Myenteric ganglia were as rich in protein kinase C and cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase as brain tissue, but the level of calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II was relatively lower. The alpha subunit of calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II was detected by immunoblotting and the beta subunit by autophosphorylation. The ratio of beta to alpha subunit was considerably higher in ganglia than in brain and ganglia beta subunit had a lower apparent molecular weight than the brain enzyme. A number of neuronal phosphoproteins were found in ganglia including the 87,000 mol. wt phosphoprotein, synapsins 1a and 1b, and proteins IIIa and IIIb. A phosphoprotein of 48,000 mol. wt had many of the characteristics of the B-50 protein but was not the same. In addition, a number of other phosphoproteins not previously identified in neurons were found in ganglia including those with apparent molecular weights of 60,000 and 58,000 that were the major calmodulin kinase substrates. The guinea-pig enteric nervous system has been extensively studied but, unlike other parts of the mammalian nervous system, little is known about the intracellular mechanisms underlying its functions. A technique for isolating myenteric ganglia is now available and we have used this preparation to characterize the major protein kinase and phosphoproteins present in this tissue. The results obtained will allow the phosphorylation of the various proteins to be investigated after physiological or pharmacological manipulation of myenteric ganglia in situ and in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Structural and functional evolution of the basal ganglia in vertebrates.

While a basal ganglia with striatal and pallidal subdivisions is 1 clearly present in many extant anamniote species, this basal ganglia is cell sparse and receives only a relatively modest tegmental dopaminergic input and little if any cortical input. The major basal ganglia influence on motor functions in anamniotes appears to be exerted via output circuits to the tectum. In contrast, in modern mammals, birds, and reptiles (i.e., modern amniotes), the striatal and pallidal parts of the basal ganglia are very neuron-rich, both consist of the same basic populations of neurons in all amniotes, and the striatum receives abundant tegmental dopaminergic and cortical input. The functional circuitry of the basal ganglia also seems very similar in all amniotes, since the major basal ganglia influences on motor functions appear to be exerted via output circuits to both cerebral cortex and tectum in sauropsids (i.e., birds and reptiles) and mammals. The basal ganglia, output circuits to the cortex, however, appear to be considerably more developed in mammals than in birds and reptiles. The basal ganglia, thus, appears to have undergone a major elaboration during the evolutionary transition from amphibians to reptiles. This elaboration may have enabled amniotes to learn and/or execute a more sophisticated repertoire of behaviors and movements, and this ability may have been an important element of the successful adaptation of amniotes to a fully terrestrial habitat. The mammalian lineage appears, however, to have diverged somewhat from the sauropsid lineage with respect to the emergence of the cerebral cortex as the major target of the basal ganglia circuitry devoted to executing the basal ganglia-mediated control of movement.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Spatio-temporal pattern of induction of bradykinin receptors and inflammation in rat dorsal root ganglia after unilateral nerve ligation.

Expression of bradykinin receptors was analyzed in freshly isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons of the ipsi- and contralateral segments L4/L5, L2/L3, and T12/T13 two to twenty days after unilateral injury of the adult rat sciatic nerve using gold labeled bradykinin. The number of infiltrating leucocytes was investigated by flow cytometry. Sciatic nerve injury transiently increased the proportion of neurons expressing bradykinin receptors not only in the ipsilateral ganglia L4/L5, but also in the homonymous contralateral ganglia and also bilaterally in the adjacent ganglia L2/L3. Neurons of the ganglia T12/T13 were not affected. The time course of upregulation was different between neurons of the injured nerve and uninjured ones. Furthermore, the proportion of neurons expressing a high density of receptors increased also bilaterally in ganglia L4/L5 and L2/L3. As on the ipsilateral side, the increase in neurons expressing bradykinin receptors in the contralateral homonymous ganglia was due to an induction of the B1 receptor subtype and an upregulation of the B2 subtype. As a possible source for stimulating factors for induction of bradykinin receptors the number of macrophages and lymphocytes was investigated two to twenty days after nerve ligation. No increase was observed prior to day ten and only in ipsilateral ganglia L4/L5, not contralaterally and not in adjacent ganglia L2/L3 and T12/T13. The experiments show that the induction of bradykinin receptors following a unilateral nerve lesion is not restricted to neurons projecting into the damaged nerve but is (i) bilateral, (ii) different in time course between injured and uninjured neurons, and (iii) locally confined to neurons of the adjacent ganglia. Macrophages and lymphocytes are increased after ten day ligation only in the affected ganglia and are probably not involved in the induction of bradykinin receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Effect of potassium depolarization and preganglionic nerve stimulation on the metabolism of [3H]-choline in rat isolated sympathetic ganglia.

1 The effects of potassium depolarization and preganglionic nerve stimulation on the metabolism of [(3)H]-choline in the isolated superior sympathetic ganglion of the rat have been studied.2 When unstimulated (resting) ganglia were incubated for 10 min with a low concentration (0.1 muM) of [(3)H]-choline (high affinity uptake), approximately 75% of the accumulated radioactivity was present as [(3)H]-phosphorylcholine, 11% was [(3)H]-acetylcholine ([(3)H]-ACh) and the remainder was unchanged [(3)H]-choline.3 Depolarization of the ganglia with K (46 mM) before their incubation with [(3)H]-choline, increased [(3)H]-choline uptake by 70% and increased [(3)H]-ACh synthesis by more than 700%, so that [(3)H]-ACh represented almost 50% of the total radioactivity recovered. In contrast, the proportion of [(3)H]-phosphorylcholine fell to 36% of the total radioactivity recovered.4 The striking effect of K-depolarization on [(3)H]-ACh synthesis in ganglia occurred at a concentration of 30 mM or above, and the maximum effect was seen at 45-50 mM.5 Chronic denervation of the ganglia abolished all the effects of high-K on [(3)H]-choline metabolism. In resting ganglia, [(3)H]-ACh formation was reduced by over 80% but [(3)H]-phosphorylcholine synthesis and the level of unchanged [(3)H]-Ch were not affected by denervation.6 Exposure of the ganglia to low-Na or hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) greatly reduced [(3)H]-ACh synthesis in control resting ganglia and almost abolished the effects of high-K on [(3)H]-ACh synthesis.7 Prevention of transmitter release with high-Mg or low-Ca medium also prevented K-depolarization from stimulating [(3)H]-ACh synthesis.8 Preganglionic nerve stimulation had an effect on [(3)H]-choline metabolism similar to that of K-depolarization. Thus, at all the frequencies studied (1-30 Hz), [(3)H]-ACh synthesis was greatly increased and [(3)H]-phosphorylcholine was reduced, the maximum effects occurring at 3 Hz.9 When ganglia were incubated with a high concentration (100 muM) of [(3)H]-choline (low affinity uptake), a different pattern of metabolism was observed. Most of the radioactivity in resting ganglia was present as unchanged [(3)H]-choline (70%) with [(3)H]-phosphorylcholine and [(3)H]-ACh representing 23% and 6% of the total radioactivity respectively. K-depolarization decreased [(3)H]-choline uptake but increased the proportions of [(3)H]-phosphorylcholine and [(3)H]-ACh to 32% and 24% of the total radioactivity respectively.10 It is concluded that in unstimulated (resting) rat sympathetic ganglia most of the [(3)H]-choline transport and metabolism occurs in postsynaptic structures. However, depolarization of the presynaptic nerve terminals appears to trigger a sodium-dependent, HC-3 sensitive, high-affinity uptake process, and causes a dramatic increase in presynaptic [(3)H]-ACh synthesis together with a fall in postsynaptic [(3)H]-phosphorylcholine synthesis. These changes in choline metabolism cannot be due to the depolarization of the nerve terminals per se, because they were abolished by high-Mg or low-Ca, i.e. when transmitter release was prevented. Thus, the increase in ACh synthesis may be triggered by a fall in the intraterminal concentration of ACh or by the changes in Ca flux induced by depolarization. Our experiments do not provide evidence on these possible mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Monoamine- and histamine-synthesizing enzymes and neurotransmitters within neurons of adult human cardiac ganglia.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac ganglia were originally thought to contain only cholinergic neurons relaying parasympathetic information from preganglionic brain stem neurons to the heart. Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that cardiac ganglia contain a heterogeneous population of neurons that synthesize or respond to several different neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Reports regarding monoamine and histamine synthesis and neurotransmission within cardiac ganglia, however, present conflicting information or are limited in number. Furthermore, very few studies have examined the neurochemistry of adult human cardiac ganglia. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine whether monoamine- and histamine-synthesizing enzymes and neurotransmitters exist within neurons of adult human cardiac ganglia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Human heart tissue containing cardiac ganglia was obtained during autopsies of patients without cardiovascular pathology. Avidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate tyrosine hydroxylase, L-dopa decarboxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, tryptophan hydroxylase, and histidine decarboxylase immunoreactivity within neurons of cardiac ganglia. Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine immunoreactivity was also found in ganglionic neurons. Omission or preadsorption of primary antibodies from the antisera and subsequent incubation with cardiac ganglia abolished specific staining in all cases examined. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that neurons within cardiac ganglia contain enzymes involved in the synthesis of monoamines and histamine and that they contain dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest a putative role for monoamine and histamine neurotransmission within adult human cardiac ganglia. Additional, functional evidence will be necessary to evaluate what the physiological role of monoamines and histamine may be in neural control of the adult human heart.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1979

Interaction between abdominal ganglia during the performance of hormonally triggered behavioural programmes in moths.

1. The isolated chain of four abdominal ganglia of Hyalophora cecropia has previously been shown to respond to the eclosion hormone by generating a pre-eclosion motor programme followed by the eclosion programme. 2. Abdominal nervous systems reduced at any two ganglia could still generate both programmes. 3. Selective addition of hormone to individual ganglia of the intact abdominal CNS resulted in the coordinated performance of both programmes by the entire CNS. 4. In the eclosion programme, burst frequency was little influenced by which ganglion was exposed to hormone but in many cases the eclosion waves were initiated by the neurones in the treated ganglion rather than at the normal site in the terminal ganglion. 5. When ganglia were removed from hormone-treated preparations during eclosion, the remainder of the chain showed a transient disruption in the bursting frequency but the frequency often eventually returned to pre-cut levels. Removal of anterior ganglia had no effect on the patterning of posterior bursts but removal of posterior ganglia resulted in a permanent reduction in the length of eclosion bursts in anterior ganglia. 6. It was concluded that the information for both the pre-eclosion and eclosion programmes is patterned into each ganglion of the abdominal chain. For the pre-eclosion behaviour, the endogenous programme becomes progressively longer in more posterior ganglia and each ganglion appears to have mutually exciting interactions with the other ganglia in the chain. In the intact animal the most anterior ganglion appears to drive the behaviour. By contrast, the eclosion behaviour also has segmental burst generators but they appear very similar in their properties. Each burst generator has an excitatory input on to the next anterior ganglion and inhibitory influences on posterior ganglia. Normally, the most posterior ganglion serves as driver for the eclosion behaviour.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1992

[Satellite cells of te dorsal root ganglia in neuronal hypertrophy].

Amputation of the lizard tail is followed by its complete regeneration over a period of six-eight months. The new tail is innervated only by the last three pairs of spinal nerves upstream from the plane of amputation, since no nerve cells are present in the regenerated. The corresponding dorsal root ganglia increase in volume (hypertrophic ganglia) and most of their sensory neurons become hypertrophic. Satellite cells belonging to this hypertrophic ganglia increase in number. This paper describes an autoradiographic study, after administration of tritiated thymidine, of the hypertrophic dorsal root ganglia of the lizard during tail regeneration. We evaluated the number of satellite cells which neo-synthetize DNA ("labeling index = LI%) and are therefore suitable to undergo cell division. The LI% was significatively increased in hypertrophic ganglia when compared to internal control ganglia (not directly involved in the reinnervation process) and normal ganglia (lizards with intact tails). The comparison between internal control ganglia and normal ganglia showed higher LI% values in the formers, although this difference was not statistically significative. These results are in line with those obtained by other authors and suggest that satellite cells of dorsal root ganglia can undergo cellular proliferation also in the adult, especially in particular experimental conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype messenger RNAs in rat peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia: a polymerase chain reaction study.

While serotonin has been shown to play an important role in peripheral pain mechanisms, the specific subtypes of receptors involved and their differential distribution between the sensory and sympathetic nervous system remains poorly understood. In this study, the presence of messenger RNA for rat serotonin receptor subtypes in peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia was detected using the method of polymerase chain reaction. Lumbar dorsal root ganglia, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and lumbar sympathetic ganglia were excised from anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Oligonucleotide primers were chosen based on unique regions of complementary DNA sequence for each of the 12 cloned rat serotonin receptor subtypes (i.e. 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT5A, 5-HT5B, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7) and high stringency conditions were used during polymerase chain reaction. Within lumbar dorsal root ganglia, the presence of the 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor subtype messenger RNAs was detected. Within superior cervical ganglia, the presence of messenger RNA for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptor subtypes was detected. Lumbar sympathetic ganglia displayed banding identical to the superior cervical ganglia with the exception of the 5-HT6 receptor which was not detected in the lumbar sympathetic ganglia. The polymerase chain reaction product from each positively-detected receptor subtype was subcloned and sequenced and found to correspond to published complementary DNA sequences. Findings from this study may direct further efforts to determine the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the peripheral nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Reinnervation of denervated iris by transplanted sympathetic ganglia: effect of neuronal age.

Neuronal outgrowth in vivo is aggressive postnatally, but is diminished with increasing age. This may be attributable to intrinsic features of the neuron or its interaction with other components of the developing organism. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an age-dependent reduction in the intrinsic ability of sympathetic neurons to initiate fiber outgrowth. Superior cervical ganglia from donor rats aged 3-4, 11-12, 27-28 and 45-46 days were removed and transplanted to the anterior chamber of the sympathectomized eye of host rats 85-89 days of age. Ganglia with host irides were removed at 3, 6 and 10 days post-transplant and whole mounts were analysed using catecholamine histofluorescence for maximum sympathetic fiber density, length and initial rate of outgrowth. Fluorescent fibers were present in host irides of donors of all ages and at all post-transplant times. However, maximum fiber density was less for the 3-4-day-old donor ganglia (e.g. 43-71% of 11-46-day-old donor ganglia at 600 microns, 10 days post-transplant). Maximum fiber length was also less in the youngest group (e.g. 35-49% of 11-46-day-old donor ganglia, 10 days post-transplant). Further, the initial rate of outgrowth was decreased for the 3-4-day-old donor ganglia (128 +/- 46 microns/day for the 3-4-day-old ganglia vs 253 +/- 48 microns/day for the 11-12-day-old ganglia, 307 +/- 35 microns/day for the 27-28-day-old ganglia and 260 +/- 22 microns/day for the 45-46-day-old ganglia).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗

PubMed1999

Is a subset of wrist ganglia the sequela of internal derangements of the wrist joint? MR imaging findings.

PURPOSE: To determine if there is an association between wrist ganglia and internal derangements of the wrist joint by reviewing magnetic resonance (MR) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two observers retrospectively reviewed MR images of the wrist obtained in 625 patients at 1.5 T for the presence of ganglia and associated triangular fibrocartilage complex, scapholunate ligamentous, or lunotriquetral ligamentous tears that were within 3 mm of the ganglion. When available, surgery and/or pathology records were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 122 ganglia and 37 internal derangements. Of the 22 ulnar-sided ganglia, 10 (45%) demonstrated associated triangular fibrocartilage complex tears. Of the 97 radial-sided ganglia, 27 (28%) demonstrated ligamentous tears related to the site of the ganglion. The radial-sided tears involved the radial aspect of the triangular fibrocartilage complex in 12 ganglia; the scapholunate ligament, in isolation, in eight ganglia; and both the triangular fibrocartilage complex and the scapholunate ligament in six ganglia. Only one of the ganglia demonstrated an associated lunotriquetral ligamentous tear. Surgical findings confirmed the ligamentous tears in 25 patients. CONCLUSION: Wrist ganglia are associated, not infrequently, with internal derangements of the wrist.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

Neuronal and nonneuronal expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in sensory and sympathetic ganglia suggest new intercellular trophic interactions.

Nerve growth factor promotes the survival of populations of sensory and sympathetic neurons. Although ganglia have been used for classical assays of neurotrophin action, knowledge is incomplete regarding the spatial arrangements through which neurotrophins are delivered to responsive cells within the ganglia and their attached nerve trunks. Whereas populations of ganglionic neurons may be capable of responding to a particular neurotrophin in vitro, the spectrum of receptor components and neurotrophins expressed by the various neuronal and nonneuronal cells comprising the ganglia in adult rats remains to be elucidated in vivo. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA was expressed by a population of small to medium sized neurons in all sensory ganglia except in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Interestingly, BDNF immunoreactivity was detected in a more widespread population of neurons of these ganglia, as well as in scattered satellite cells of both sensory and sympathetic ganglia. These nonneuronal cells also expressed mRNA encoding a truncated form of the BDNF receptor, trkBtrunc, and full-length transcripts of trkB appeared to be confined to neuronal populations. Several other components of neurotrophin receptors (low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, trk, and trkC) were prominently expressed by different populations of neuronal cells in sympathetic and sensory ganglia, but they were not detected in nonneuronal cells. Neither nerve growth factor nor neurotrophin-3 mRNAs were detected in these ganglia. Unexpectedly, BDNF and trkBtrunc expression was detected in oligodendrocytes myelinating the central processes of sensory neurons. Schwann cells did not express detectable quantities of either entity, thereby establishing a dramatic boundary delineated by neurotrophin/neurotrophin receptor expression that coincided with the interface between the oligodendroglia of the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Localization of BDNF expression to an additional population of nonneuronal cells--satellite cells within sensory and sympathetic ganglia--suggest a more extensive role for neurotrophic factors than originally encompassed by the target-derived neurotrophic-factor-concept paradigm. These data support the hypothesis of a possible autocrine or paracrine trophic interaction between populations of neuronal and nonneuronal cells in the peripheral nervous system. BDNF expression in oligodendrocytes but not in Schwann cells at the CNS/PNS junction may provide an additional means of maintaining cell-appropriate connections in the nervous system.

Animals↗