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PubMed1980

Altered immunochemical reactivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-cells after alpha-factor-induced morphogenesis.

Antibodies were raised against Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-cells that had been exposed to the sex pheromone, alpha-factor. After adsorption of the antiserum with diploid cells, antibodies remained that reacted specifically with the mannan from haploid cells. The characteristic determinant was observed in mannan from pheromone-treated a-cells, in mannan from untreated alpha-cells, and at a much lower concentration, in mannan from control a-cells. The antigens from these three mannans appeared to be identical. The determinant was destroyed by mild-acid hydrolysis or periodate oxidation, but not by proteolysis or digestion with exo-alpha-mannanase. Mutants with altered mannan were unable to express the antigen. Complete acid hydrolysates mannan from alpha-factor-treated a-cells contained mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Partial acid hydrolysis, under conditions that destroyed the antigenic determinant, released only mannose and mannobiose. The mannose fraction was labeled to high specific activity during response of a-cells to alpha-factor if radioactive glucose was the carbon source. Neither alpha- not beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate was a hapten. The results are consistent with the presence of a haploid-specific antigen containing an acid-labile mannose determinant and show that the amount of this antigen in a-cell mannan is increased in response to alpha-factor.

Antigens, Fungal↗

PubMed1999

Physiological saline is not a biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solution.

UNLABELLED: We have previously demonstrated that daily exposure to dialysis fluid results in significantly increased peritoneal lymphatic flow. In this study, we investigated if daily intraperitoneal infusion of saline (isotonic, glucose free) could cause similar changes. METHODS: Sixteen male SD rats received daily infusion (i.p.) of 20 ml saline for ten days (Saline group). Twenty-four hours after the last infusion, a 4 hour dwell study using 25 ml 3.86% glucose dialysis solution with frequent dialysate and blood sampling was done in each rat as well as in rats which did not receive daily infusion (Control, n=8). Radiolabeled human albumin (RISA) was added to the solution as an intraperitoneal volume marker. Radioactivity, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium were measured for each sample. In a separate study, the RISA absorption to peritoneal tissue was also determined. RESULTS: The net ultrafiltration was significantly decreased in the daily infusion group (p<0.05). However, the apparent volume at 3 minutes of the dwell was markedly increased; this was due to a significant increase in the RISA binding (1.5-12.0% in the Saline group vs. 0.45-1.12% in the Control group) to peritoneal tissues as assessed by measurement of RISA recovery at 3 min of the dwell. This resulted in a significant overestimation both of the intraperitoneal volume (IPV) at 3 min and the (apparent) fluid absorption rate (as estimated by the transport of RISA out of peritoneal cavity): 0.087+/-0.026 ml/min in the Saline group vs. 0.052+/-0.007 ml/min in the Control group, p<0.001. The direct lymphatic flow as estimated by the clearance of RISA to plasma (which should not be affected by the RISA binding) also increased markedly (0.021+/-0.005 ml/min in the Saline group vs. 0.008+/-0.001 ml/min in the control group). There was no significant difference in the D/P values for small solutes (urea, sodium, potassium, urate) and D/D0 for glucose between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Daily infusion of physiological saline into peritoneal cavity may increase the peritoneal lymphatic flow; 2) The significant (apparent) increase in IPV shortly after infusion may suggest increased RISA binding to peritoneal tissues (which may be related to the damage of the tissues, and results in overestimation of the peritoneal fluid absorption rate); 3) Saline is not a biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solution, and should therefore not be used as a control or flush solution.

Absorption↗

PubMed1989

Radiosynthesis of [14C]acarbose.

Acarbose (O-4,6-dideoxy-4-[[(1S, 4R, 5S, 6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino]-a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1---- 4)-O-a-D- glucopyranosyl-(1----4)-4-glucopyranose, Bay g 5421), an a-glucosidase inhibitor from Actinoplanes, has been developed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. To investigate the pharmacokinetics and the biotransformation, 14C-labelled acarbose ([14C]Bay g 5421) was required. About 37 GBq (1 Ci) D-[U-14C]glucose was used as a precursor to obtain [14C]acarbose with a radiochemical yield of between 1.58 and 2.56%. For fermentation purposes resting cells of the Actinoplanes mutant SN 1667/47 were used under cometabolism conditions with a 10-fold excess of maltose. The specific radioactivities achieved in individual preparations were 7.77 MBq/mg (210 microCi/mg), 8.03 MBq/mg (217 microCi/mg), and 9.14 MBq/mg (247 microCi/mg), with a radiochemical purity of greater than 98% in each case. By hydrolysis and subsequent investigation of the hydrolysis products it was shown that [14C]carbon atoms originating from the radioactive glucose are present only in the core and not in the maltose unit of [14C]acarbose.

Acarbose↗

PubMed1999

Effects of mistletoe lectin I and ionizing radiation on the glucose and thymidine uptake in tumour cells in vitro.

The increased uptake of hexose by mammalian cells is considered to be a general response to stress. Nowadays, mistletoe lectin separated from the extracts of the European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is often used in adjuvant cancer therapy. The present work studies the effect of the lectin on unirradiated and x-irradiated tumour cells. The response of cultured human lung carcinoma cells (Calu-1) was followed by radioactive glucose uptake as well as by tritiated thymidine incorporation. The cells were maintained either in a complete or a so-called restrictive medium. Slight metabolic changes were found in the restrictive medium but not in the complete one. Mistletoe lectin I at a very low concentration (0.001 ng/mL) increased the glucose uptake and thymidine incorporation. Ionizing radiation (1 Gy) did not influence the hexose uptake but it enhanced the incorporation of thymidine. It seems that the actions of two different factors (mistletoe lectin I and radiation) proved to be rather provoking stress effects for the tumour cells as detected in the restrictive medium.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMed1993

Activities of some regulatory enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver of rats fed a histidine-excess diet.

1. Glycogen is accumulated in the liver of rats given a histidine-excess diet. 2. In order to know the regulatory point, the activities of eight hepatic key enzymes in the carbohydrate metabolism were measured after feeding either a basal or a histidine-excess diet for 0, 3 and 7 days. 3. The active glycogen synthase level was about 2.6- and 3.0-fold higher after feeding for 3 and 7 days, respectively, but the total activity of this enzyme was not affected after feeding for 3 days and was increased after feeding for 7 days. 4. The active glycogen phosphorylase, glucose 6-phosphatase and pyruvate kinase activities were significantly decreased, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity was increased on a histidine-excess diet for 3 days. 5. Thus, of these enzymatic changes, mainly the enhancement of active glycogen synthase might lead to the substantial accumulation of hepatic glycogen. 6. The in vivo incorporation of radioactive glucose into liver glycogen was stimulated in rats given a histidine-excess diet.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Radioactive isotope labeled diffusible components of a bone morphogenetic substratum.

Bone matrix gelatin labeled with radioactive glucose, cysteine, proline, tyrosine or tryptophan was enclosed in one chamber while an adjoined second chamber was left empty to become filled with interstitial fluid. The paired diffusion chambers were implanted into the anterior abdominal wall of allogeneic rats for 14 days. Release of the matrix gelatin (BMG) from the loaded chamber was followed by a bone formation on the outer membrane of the unloaded chamber. 3H-cysteine labeled components of BMG were disseminated into the interstitial fluids and throughout the host tissues 5 times more rapidly than 3H-proline labeled BMG. The relative rates of loss of radioactivity from the residue was cysteine greater than tryptophan greater than tyrosine greater than proline. Electron microscopic autoradiography revealed random dissemination of collagenous and non-collagenous derivatives of BMG. 3H-glucose distribution was coordinated with ruthenium red staining coarse granules and may have originated from BMG. A component of interstitial fluid staining positively with Coomassie brilliant blue and PAS methods was identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of interstitial fluid aspirated from empty chambers attached to chambers loaded with bone matrix gelatin. The character of the bone morphogenetic property in bone gelatin has not yet been defined in physico-chemical terms but present evidence points to the view that it is associated with a protein molecule.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Autoradiographic estimation of the extent of reversible inactivation produced by microinjection of lidocaine and muscimol in the rat.

We used autoradiography to examine the extent of reversible inactivation produced by microinjection of lidocaine (40 micrograms/microliters saline) and muscimol (1 microgram/microliter saline). We measured intracortical spread of tracer amounts of labelled drug and local changes in uptake of [1-14C]glucose produced by the microinjection. The maximal average radii of regions of drug spread were 1.7 mm for both [14C]lidocaine and [3H]muscimol and were achieved within the first 20 min postinjection. The width of lidocaine injections decreased at longer postinjection times (30-60 min) but the width of muscimol injections remained relatively constant (30-120 min). Lidocaine radioactivity decreased faster from the injection site than muscimol radioactivity. Glucose autoradiograms showed a discrete region of maximally reduced glucose uptake (1.4 mm for lidocaine and 1.0 mm for muscimol) surrounded by a region of less reduced glucose uptake (up to approximately 3 mm). These findings suggest that, in the cortex, the effects of focal inactivation extend beyond the region of drug spread. Diffuse effects may be mediated of disfacilitation of cortico-cortical circuits.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Transfer of glucose-1-phosphate from UDP-glucose to lipid acceptors in plants.

Particulated preparations from pea seedlings formed lipid-linked glucose from UDP (14C)-glucose and endogenous acceptors at 0 C. The product has been identified as a polyprenyl pyrophosphate-glucose based on the following results: a) the glucolipid is labile to mild acid hydrolysis; b) when chromatographed in alkaline solvents, glucose-1,2-cyclic phosphate is obtained; c) the pattern elution of a DEAE-cellulose column fits in well with a pyrophosphate derivative; d) exogenous polyprenyl phosphate stimulated the incorporation of glucose into lipids; e) when incubated with (beta-32P)-UDP-glucose, radioactivity is incorporated into lipids; f) the reaction is reversed by 5 mM UMP. It is suggested that the glucolipid is an intermediate in glycan biosynthesis.

Fabaceae↗

PubMed1982

Catalytic mechanism of glycogen phosphorylase: pyridoxal(5')diphospho(1)-alpha-D-glucose as a transition-state analogue.

Pyridoxal(5')diphospho(1)-alpha-D-glucose was used to reconstitute glycogen phosphorylase beta (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) from rabbit muscle, replacing the natural pyridoxal 5'-phosphate coenzyme. Incubation of the reconstituted enzyme alone resulted in the gradual cleavage of the synthetic cofactor to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, which caused slow reactivation of the enzyme. The addition of maltopentaose or glycogen altered the mode of cleavage; the cofactor was rapidly decomposed to pyridoxal 5'-diphosphate. The radioactive glucose moiety released from pyridoxal(5')diphospho(1)-alpha-D-[14C]glucose was incorporated into the outer chain of glycogen, forming an alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage. These results show that the glucosyl transfer reaction discovered mimics the normal catalysis of this enzyme, and they strongly support the catalytic mechanism in which the coenzyme phosphate acts as a catalyst by direct interaction with the phosphate of the substrate, forming the pyrophosphate-like transition intermediate.

Catalysis↗

PubMed2003

Stimulatory effect of paeoniflorin on adenosine release to increase the glucose uptake into white adipocytes of Wistar rat.

The present study investigated the role of adenosine in the stimulatory action of paeoniflorin on in vitro glucose transport. Paeoniflorin increased the uptake of a radiolabeled, non-metabolizable glucose derivative into isolated white adipocytes of Wistar rat in a concentration-dependent manner and this action was abolished by the antagonist, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline, at concentrations sufficient to block the adenosine A 1 receptor. However, paeoniflorin failed to displace the binding of [3H]-8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine in the isolated cerebrocortex of Wistar rat. Direct activation of the adenosine A 1 receptor does not seem to be responsible for the action of paeoniflorin. The stimulatory effect of paeoniflorin on radioactive glucose uptake was abolished in isolated rat white adipocytes pre-incubated with the adenosine deaminase at concentrations sufficient to metabolize endogenous adenosine. Mediation of endogenous adenosine in the action of paeoniflorin was further supported by the assay of adenosine released into the medium from rat white adipocytes incubated with paeoniflorin. These findings suggest that paeoniflorin could induce the release of adenosine from isolated rat white adipocytes and the released adenosine may activate the adenosine A 1 receptor to enhance glucose uptake.

Adenosine↗

PubMed2001

Plasma glucose-lowering effect of tramadol in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

The effect of tramadol on the plasma glucose level of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated. A dose-dependent lowering of plasma glucose was seen in the fasting STZ-induced diabetic rats 30 min after intravenous injection of tramadol. This effect of tramadol was abolished by pretreatment with naloxone or naloxonazine at doses sufficient to block opioid mu-receptors. However, response to tramadol was not changed in STZ-induced diabetic rats receiving p-chlorophenylalanine at a dose sufficient to deplete endogenous 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT). Therefore, mediation of 5-HT in this action of tramadol is ruled out. In isolated soleus muscle, tramadol enhanced the uptake of radioactive glucose in a concentration-dependent manner. The stimulatory effects of tramadol on glycogen synthesis were also seen in hepatocytes isolated from STZ-induced diabetic rats. The blockade of these actions by naloxone and naloxonazine indicated the mediation of opioid mu-receptors. The mRNA and protein levels of the subtype 4 form of glucose transporter in soleus muscle were increased after repeated treatments for 4 days with tramadol in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, similar repeated treatments with tramadol reversed the elevated mRNA and protein levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats. These results suggest that activation of opioid mu-receptors by tramadol can increase the utilization of glucose and/or decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis to lower plasma glucose in diabetic rats lacking insulin.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effects of long-term exposure to Cu2+ and Cd2+ on the pentose phosphate pathway dehydrogenase activities in the ovary of adult Bufo arenarum: possible role as biomarker for Cu2+ toxicity.

The effects of copper and cadmium on metabolism through the pentose phosphate pathway were evaluated in Bufo arenarum toad ovary. The effects of the two metals on dehydrogenases from this pathway were evaluated by three experiments: (1) in samples obtained from control females with addition of the metals to the reaction mixture (in vitro), (2) in samples obtained from control females and after long-term exposure of females to 4 and 100 microg/L of Cu or Cd in the incubation media (in vitro after exposure to the metals in vivo), and (3) 14CO2 production through the pentose phosphate pathway was evaluated after [U-14C]glucose microinjection on ovulated oocytes (in vivo after microinjection of the metals). Results from (1) evidenced inhibition of both enzyme activities but only above 1.5 mM Cu and Cd added to the reaction mixture. In (2) both glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities decreased in samples from the ovaries of females exposed in vivo to Cu, in a concentration-dependent manner (up to 90% in females exposed to 100 microg/L Cu: 2.12 +/- 1.57 NADPH micromol/min microg protein x 10(-5) vs 19.97 +/- 8.54 in control females). Cd treatment of the toads only rendered an inhibitory effect on 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity after exposure to 4 microg/L of the bivalent cation. (3) In vivo 14CO2 evolution significantly decreased in oocytes coinjected with 6.3 x 10(-3) mM Cu (calculated intracellular final concentration of the metal injected) and radioactive glucose. Cu and Cd concentration in samples from exposed females were always under detection limit by particle-induced X-ray emission. The results presented here are in agreement with a role for both glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities determination as biomarkers of effect and exposure for Cu but not for Cd toxicity.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Differential labeling of glycerol moieties of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of cultured mammalian cells by [U-14 C] glucose.

Rabbit liver cells, in which fatty acid synthesis was suppressed by the rabbit serum component of the medium, were grown through 8- to 120-fold increases in cell numbers and mass of cell lipid in the presence of [U-14 C]-glucose. Triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine were isolated from the total cell lipid and deacylated. Carbons 1 and 3 of the glycerol from the triacylglycerols and the no. 1 glycerol carbons of the two deacylated phospholids were oxidized by periodate and isolated as the dimedon derivative of formaldehyde. The specific activities of the glycerol carbons indicated that 58, 44, and 37 percent of the glycerol of the triacylglycerols. phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively, were derived from the glucose of the medium. An additional 8 percent and 1-2 percent of the glycerol of each lipid was derived, respectively, from [U-14 C] glycerol and U14C-labeled amino acids added to the medium. In agreement with an experiment with albumin-bound [9,10- minus 3H]-oleic acid, and with smilar earlier experiments, it appears likely that appriacylglycerols originated from serum lipoproteins, or their partial hydrolysis products. An appreciable part of the ethanolamine of the cells' phosphatidylethanolamine originated from exogenous U- minus 14 C-labeled amino acids. Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, however, was not a primary source of phosphatidylcholine. Labeling of the fatty acids of triacylglycerols and phospholipids by radioactive glucose, glycerol and amino acids was negligible.

Amino Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Positron emission tomography in urologic oncology.

BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography (PET) is an emerging imaging modality that is being investigated for use in urologic oncology. PET scanning using the radioactive glucose analog FDG has proven to be a highly accurate imaging test for diagnosing and staging a variety of non-urologic cancer types. This review was performed to determine the role of PET imaging in genitourinary malignancies. METHODS: A review of the literature focusing on PET and urologic oncology was performed. The role of PET imaging was reviewed in prostate, bladder, renal, and testicular cancer. RESULTS: In testicular cancer, PET has a higher diagnostic accuracy than computed tomography (CT) for both staging and re-staging and should be the test of choice for the assessment of a CT-visualized residual mass following chemotherapy. In prostate, renal, and bladder cancer, the current role of PET is still being defined, but it has a high positive predictive value and can be used for problem solving in patients with indeterminate findings on conventional imaging. Its role in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer is hampered by the generally low glycolytic rate of most prostate tumors and their metastases. It has shown promise for staging and re-staging patients with advanced-stage disease and aggressive tumors suspected by a high tumor grade and high prostate-specific antigen velocity. PET has also demonstrated success when applied to renal cell carcinoma in classifying indeterminate renal masses as well as residual renal fossa masses following nephrectomy, gauging response to therapy, and staging and re-staging patients with a known diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: PET imaging has demonstrated great potential in certain applications, but further investigations are necessary to determine its eventual place as an imaging modality in genitourinary malignancies.

Humans↗

PubMed1986

A comparative radiorespirometric study of glucose metabolism in yeasts.

A comparative radiorespirometric study of glucose metabolism in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis and Rhodosporidium toruloides was performed in an attempt to estimate the contribution of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway to glucose metabolism. Radioactively labelled glucose was administered directly to the cultures in a constant substrate feed, without disturbance of the steady state. The 14CO2 yields from [1-14C]- and [6-14C]-glucose demonstrated that the HMP pathway activities for the three yeasts were very similar. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of results indicated that the HMP pathway activities were close to the theoretical minimum needed to cover the NADPH requirement for biomass formation.

Candida↗

PubMed1994

The influence of cryopreservation on parameters of energetic metabolism and motility of fowl spermatozoa.

The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of cryopreservation on the main pathways of energetic metabolism and motility of fowl spermatozoa. Sperm diluted 1:5 with the cryoprotective medium containing ethylene glycol (1.4 M final concentration) was frozen at the rate of 2-3 degrees C/min to -25 degrees C with a pause on the plateau of crystallization and then at an exponentially increasing rate to -196 degrees C. The frozen sperm was thawed in two successive water baths at 0 and at 41 degrees C. After cryopreservation, the rate of radioactive glucose oxidation to 14CO2 slightly decreased, the rate of labeled glutamate oxidation remained unchanged, and the rate of labeled succinate oxidation increased two-fold. After freeze-thawing, the rates of endogenous respiration with and without 2,4-dinitrophenol decreased; the oxidation rate of exogenous succinate in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol, rotenone, and digitonin slightly decreased; and the rate of respiration in the presence of ascorbate, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, antimycin A, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and digitonin did not differ from that seen in control. Sperm respiration was highly sensitive to rotenone; antimycin A and cyanide blocked oxygen consumption completely. Succinate, added after 2,4-dinitrophenol and rotenone, stimulated respiration of thawed spermatozoa, which indicated plasma membrane damage. The addition of exogenous malate in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol and digitonin restored the respiration rate of thawed spermatozoa to that of unfrozen cells. The rate of respiration of thawed spermatozoa with oligomycin was higher than that of control cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Lymph node staging of bladder neck carcinoma with positron emission tomography].

PET is a new method in nuclear medicine which examines the metabolism and not the morphology. Tumors show a higher rate of glycolysis than benign tissue and hence can be detected by radioactive glucose. This method has proved good for various tumors. In this study the lymph node staging of bladder cancer by PET was investigated. In 64 patients a PET of the pelvis after injection of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was carried out preoperatively; the PET-results were compared with the histology of the OR specimen after classical pelvic lymphadenectomy. For lymph node staging positive nodes were found in 14 patients which was correct; a false-negative result was obtained in 7 patients. In 37 patients the PET-result was true-negative and in 6 patients false-positive resulting in a sensitivity of 67%, a specificity of 86% and an accuracy of 80%. Therefore, our PET results are encouraging and seem to be better than those obtained by classical staging procedures such as CT or MRI.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Gastric acidity and duodenogastric reflux during nasojejunal tube feeding in mechanically ventilated patients.

OBJECTIVE: In order to prevent gastric microbial overgrowth, which may complicate nasogastric feeding, administration of nutrients more distally into the gut has been advocated in intensive care patients, as it offers the advantage of keeping the stomach empty and acid. In this study, we assessed the impact of jejunal feeding upon gastic pH in a group of mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients, with special focus on duodenogastric reflux as a possible cause of gastric alkalinization during jejunal nutrition. DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. SETTING: Multidisciplinary intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Gastric pH was recorded by continuous pHmetry over a 4-h period of fasting followed by a 4-h period of nasojejunal feeding at 100 kcal/h in 21 mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients. To determine the contribution of duodenogastric reflux to modifications of gastric acidity, the diet was traced with [(111)In] DTPA (pentetic acid) in 11 of these 21 patients; gastric contents were aspirated every 30 min, then analysed for measurement of radioactivity, glucose, and bile acid concentration. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Median intragastric pH increased slightly from 1.59 (1.20-2.73; interquartile range) (fasting) to 2.33 (1.65-4.64) (feeding) (p = 0.013), and the length of time that the pH was 4 or above increased from 1 (0-24) to 9 (0-142) min (p = 0.026). The variability of pH values and the number of acute alkalinization episodes did not change between the two phases. In 10 of 11 patients in which the diet was labeled with [(111)In] DTPA, reflux was documented at a given time of the feeding period. Bile acid concentrations in the stomach increased from 392 (61-1076) (fasting) to 1446 (320-2770) micromol/l (feeding) (p = 0.010) and mean glucose concentration increased from 59 (28-95) to 164 (104-449) mg/dl (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Duodenogastric reflux is common in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients with nasojejunal feeding tubes. It occurs both during fasting and during nasojejunal feeding. During nasojejunal feeding, moderate alkalinization of the gastric contents occurs as a result of bile and nutrient reflux.

Adult↗