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Three new prenylated phenolic compounds, fornicins A-C (1-3), were obtained from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma fornicatum. The structure elucidation was achieved by interpretation of spectroscopic data. These compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity with IC(50) values of 15 to 30 microg/mL in Hep-2 cells.
Two new lanostane-type triterpenoids, 3alpha,16alpha-dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid (1) and 3alpha,16alpha,26-trihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid (2), along with three known lanostanoids, 16alpha-hydroxy-3-oxolanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid (3), 3alpha-carboxyacetoxy-24-methylen-23-oxolanost-8-en-26-oic acid (4), and 3alpha-carboxyacetoxy-24-methyl-23-oxolanost-8-en-26-oic acid (5), have been isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma applanatum. The structures of 1, 2, and 3 were determined directly by the interpretation of spectroscopic data, while the structures of 4 and 5 were assigned by comparison of spectroscopic data against literature values.
Methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol, at 1.5% (v/v), enhanced the growth and polysaccharide production of Ganoderma lucidum. Ethanol was the most effective at 1.5% (v/v) for increasing the biomass production, however, the maximal polysaccharide concentration was produced with 2% (v/v) ethanol in the medium. There was no new polysaccharide component produced by the addition of ethanol.
Two species of Ganoderma belonging to different subgenera which cause disease on oil palms in PNG are identified by basidiome morphology and the morphology of their basidiospores. The names G. boninense and G. tornatum have been applied. Significant pleiomorphy was observed in basidiome characters amongst the specimens examined. This variation in most instances did not correlate well with host or host status. Spore morphology appeared uniform within a species and spore indices varied only slightly. G. tornatum was found to have a broad host range whereas G. boninense appears to be restricted to palms in Papua New Guinea.
This paper reports the utilization of a macro-fungus Ganoderma carnosum as a biosorbent material for the removal of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The biosorption potential of G. carnosum was investigated by batch experiments. The influences of physico-chemical parameters like pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time and initial metal ion concentration were evaluated. The biosorption equilibrium was attained in 10 minutes. Equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. Maximum biosorption capacity of biosorbent was found to be 22.79 mg g(-1) (1.10 x 10(-4) mol g(-1)) at the pH value of 5.0. The biosorbent was regenerated using 10 mM HCl solution, with up to 96% recovery, and reused four times in biosorption-desorption cycles successively. Biosorption efficiency of G. carnosum was also examined in a real effluent. The mechanism of the biosorption was investigated with FTIR, SEM and EDAX analysis and the findings suggested that the biosorption process involved in ion exchange as dominant mechanism as well as complexation. The ion exchange mechanism was also confirmed by the mean free energy value obtained from D-R isotherm model.
A new lanostanoid, ganoderic acid SZ (1), isolated from a lipophilic extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, is a geometric Z-isomer of the known ganoderic acid S (2). The structure of ganoderic SZ (1) was deduced mainly by 1D and 2D NMR studies. During the course of this study, 12 known lanostanoids have also been isolated and characterized.
Ganoderma australe is a basidiomycete responsible for a natural process of selective and extensive lignin degradation. Fatty acids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Fe3+-reduction and enzymatic activities were monitored in cultures of G. australe growing on Drimys winteri wood chips. Linoleic acid was de novo synthesized, and steadily increased during 12 weeks of cultivation. Part of the unsaturated fatty acids underwent peroxidation as TBARS accumulated with biodegradation time. TBARS accumulation was proportional to the wood weight and component losses. Manganese-dependent peroxidase and lignin peroxidase were not detected in the culture extracts, whereas laccase-induced oxidation of syringaldazine peaked after 2 weeks (104+/-9 micromol oxidized min(-1) kg(-1) of dry wood), subsequently decreasing. On the other hand, nonenzymatic Fe3+-reducing activity increased as a function of cultivation time and could be involved in the initiation of lipid peroxidation.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic actions of crude extracts of Ganoderma tsugae (GTE) on chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. CCl4 (20%, 0.5 ml/rat) was given twice a week for 8 weeks, and animals received GTE through the whole experimental period. GTE showed obvious reducing actions on the elevated levels of glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (GPT) caused by CCl4 at weeks 3, 6 and 8. Liver fibrosis in rats induced by CCl4 led to the drop of serum albumin and hepatic protein concentrations, while GTE increased serum albumin and hepatic protein concentrations. The CCl4-induced liver fibrosis may prolong the prothrombine time and increase albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. GTE significantly decreased the prothrombine time and A/G ratio. Liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 markedly increased the weight of the spleen, hepatic water and hydroxyproline contents in rats, while GTE decreased the rat's spleen weights, hepatic water and hydroxyproline contents. All these results clearly demonstrated that GTE has hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic activities.
The characteristic ingredients of Ganoderma lucidum, such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, nucleic acids and small proteins, have been found and proved to have many special pharmacological properties. Mice and rats have been extensively used to investigate the effects of G. lucidum. Experiments with horses as an animal model for investigating the effects of G. lucidum have never been reported. The purpose of this investigation was to understand the influence of G. lucidum feeding on blood biochemistry and immunocompetence in horses. Complete blood count (CBC) and blood biochemistry were surveyed routinely. Cellular-mediated immunity was monitored by flow cytometry to survey the percentage changes of CD5+, CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The effect of G. lucidum on humoral immunity was experimented by fast plate agglutination test to survey the change and manifestation of the titer of specific anti-egg albumin antibodies in the serum after egg albumin injection. The findings on CBC and blood biochemistry indicated that G. lucidum was quite safe to horses. Experimental result on cell-mediated immunity showed that G. lucidum could increase the percentage of CD5+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in PBLs (p < 0.001). Experimental result on humoral immunity showed that G. lucidum could help the horses to produce a significantly higher quantity of specific antibodies in a shorter time (p < 0.001).
In this study we searched for antibacterial compounds in methanol extracts of three layers (tube layer, context and cutis) of Ganoderma applanatum fruit body against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 as a gram-positive bacterium and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae DPIC 219 as gram-negative bacteria. We found antibacterial properties in all three layers only against gram-negative bacteria. The fractions were isolated and purified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography. After purification, four major compounds - A, B, C and D - were tested for antibacterial properties, and B and D were found to possess antibacterial properties. The results of TLC and spectral data, including mass spectra and (1)H NMR of compounds B and C, showed that they were saturated fatty acids and compound D was palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) (16:0).
The isolation and characterization of rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) inhibitors from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma applanatum were conducted. Among the extracts and fractions from G. applanatum tested, the MeOH extract and EtOAc fraction were found to exhibit potent RLAR inhibition in vitro, their IC50 being 1.7 and 0.8 microg/ml, respectively. From the active EtOAc fraction, seven compounds with diverse structural moieties were isolated and identified as D-mannitol (1), 2-methoxyfatty acids (2), cerebrosides (3), daucosterol (4), 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (5), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (6), and protocatechualdehyde (7). Among them, protocatechualdehyde (7) was found to be the most potent RLAR inhibitor (IC50=0.7 microg/ml), and may be useful for the prevention and/or treatment of diabetic complications.
5alpha-Reductase inhibitory activity-guided fractionation of the EtOH extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (LEYSS.:FR.) KARST. (Ganodermataceae), which is called Reishi, or Mannentake in Japan and Lingzhi in China, led to the isolation of two active compounds which were ganoderic acid DM and 5alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-15alpha,26-dihydroxy-3-one with an IC(50) of 10.6 microM and 41.9 microM respectively. A carboxyl group of side chain of ganoderic acid DM is essential to elicit the inhibitory activity because of much less activity of its methyl ester.
The hot-water extract of the spores of Ganoderma lucidum was shown to have a stimulating effect on concanavalin A-induced mitogenic activity of T lymphocytes. Bioassay-guided separation led to the isolation of a polysaccharide with potent T lymphocyte-stimulating activity by ethanol fractionation, anion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography. Based on the composition and methylation analyses, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR spectroscopy, the native polysaccharide was shown to be a beta-D-(1-->3)-glucan with branches of terminal glucosyl residues substituted at C-6 of the glucose residues in the main chain. The branching ratio is approximately 20%. A series of sulfated or carboxymethylated derivatives were prepared and their structural features were elucidated by chemical and spectral analyses. The solution conformation and T lymphocyte proliferation effect of the glucans before and after derivatization were compared and discussed. The data obtained indicate that the introduction of ionic groups would significantly affect the original conformation of the native glucan in aqueous solution and further affect T lymphocyte-stimulating activity. The triple-helical structure of the glucans, the nature of the ionic groups, and the density of negative charge were considered to be closely related to this activity.
Applanoxidic acids and sterols, isolated from Ganoderma spp., were acetylated and/or methylated. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and the antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes of the derivatives were investigated by a microdilution method, and compared with those of the natural products. Both natural and modified compounds exhibited comparable antibacterial and antifungal activities in a range of 1.0 to > 2.0 mg/ml minimal inhibitory concentration.
The triterpenoid fraction (100 and 200 mg/kg) of the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum inhibited primary solid-tumor growth in the spleen, liver metastasis and secondary metastatic tumor growth in the liver in intrasplenic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-implanted mice. In addition, the triterpenoid fraction (800 micrograms/mL) inhibited angiogenesis induced by Matrigel (a soluble basement membrane extract of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swam (EHS) tumor) supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and heparin in an in vivo model. This suggested that the antitumor and antimetastatic activities of the triterpenoid fraction of G. lucidum might be due to the inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Next, we attempted to isolate the active substance(s) using the in vivo assay system of Matrigel-induced angiogenesis. The acidic fraction of the triterpenoid fraction inhibited the Matrigel-induced angiogenesis. Compound I was isolated from the acidic fraction as an active substance that inhibited the Martigel-induced angiogenesis. Compound I was identified as ganoderic acid F based on the data of IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR and MS analyses.
The study was carried out to investigate the kinetic characteristics of Ganoderma sinense mycelium growth in liquid-submerged cultivation, using a air-lift bioreactor ALR/ff specially designed for the cultivation of mushrooms' suspending mycelia cultures. Mycelia of G. sinense grew in the range of 25 degrees C-35 degrees C, and at the different temperature in which the specific growth rate showed by the mycelia much differed. The specific growth rates with the maximum of 0.0444(h-1) at 1.64 vvm of aeration in the cultivation were more than at 0.93 vvm, also more than at 2.50 vvm. In comparison with the less glucose concentration, the culture of 2.80 g glucose/100 mL in the medium had a shorter lag-period, and the more concentration of glucose favoured mycelia growth in the latter cultivation course with the denser pellets of mycelia. Then the culture of the less concentration of glucose in the medium had the higher conversion-rates of glucose to G. sinense biomass all along the cultivation course, than of the more concentration of glucose. Futhermore, in the continuous cultivations with growth-limiting substrate of carbon source the mycelia displaying different growing activities, demonstrated the varied forms of mycelium-gathering. In that cases the relationships among mycelia biomass, growth-limiting substrate and productivity of mycelium biomass obviously differed from the ones in the case of bacteria. Also in the range of dilution rates 0.010-0.220 (h-1) the growing of G. sinense mycelia followed the function of Contois equation.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of the polysaccharides isolated from ganoderma applanatum (PGA) on gastric mucosal injury in rats and the underlying mechanism. METHOD: Gastric ulcer was induced by either acetic acid or pylorus ligation in the rats. The level of PGE2 and GMBF, and gastric mucus secretion were examined respectively. RESULT: After oral administration of PGA (250-1000 mg x kg(-1)) repeatedly, the level of PGE2 and GMBF were obviously increased in gastric mucosa of rats as compared with the model group. The secretions of both free mucus in stomach and mucus of gastric wall were enhanced apparently by PGA in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: PGA could strengthen gastric mucosa barrier by improving the level of PGE2, GMBF and the secretion of gastric mucus, which may be one of the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of PGA on the gastric mucosa during the gastric ulcer.
In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activities of Ganoderma applanatum showed significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity when compared with standard drug catechin. IC50 values of crude, boiled and ethanolic extracts of G. applanatum were 604.8, 624 and 267 microg/ml, respectively in case of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 441, 520.5 and 166.16 microg/ml, respectively in case of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, crude, boiled and ethanolic extracts also increased significantly nitric oxide production (156.67, 121.88 and 742 pmole/mg dry wt/hr, respectively) over the control. The results of present investigation revealed that G. applanatum have potential therapeutic use.