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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Nerve repair and axonal transport. Distribution of axonally transported proteins during maturation period in regenerating rabbit hypoglossal nerve.

The distribution of fast migrating [3H]leucine-labelled proteins was studied in transected and repaired rabbit hypoglossal nerves. The nerves were repaired 90 days earlier with mesothelial chamber or epineurial suture technique. Fast migrating radiolabelled proteins were transported into the distal nerve segment and neurophysiological recordings from the tongue as well as the presence of myelinated axons in the distal nerve segment verified successful regeneration. The total amount of radioactivity was increased in repaired nerves as compared to contralateral nerves. In both groups there was a significant accumulation of radiolabelled proteins at the site of lesion. Nerves repaired with mesothelial chambers showed significantly more radioactivity in the distal nerve segment as compared to sutured nerves. The present study indicates long-standing effects on axonal transport system after both types of nerve repair. It is our opinion that axonal transport studies are a valuable complement when evaluating experimental nerve repair.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dilation of the oropharynx via selective stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve.

The functional effects of selective hypoglossal nerve (HG) stimulation with a multi-contact peripheral nerve electrode were assessed using images of the upper airways and the tongue in anesthetized beagles. A biphasic pulse train of 50 Hz frequency and 2 s duration was applied through each one of the tripolar contact sets of the nerve electrode while the pharyngeal images were acquired into a computer. The stimulation current was limited to 20% above the activation threshold for maximum selectivity. The images showed that various contact sets could generate several different activation patterns of the tongue muscles resulting in medial and/or lateral dilation and closing of the airways at the tongue root. Some of these patterns translated into an increase in the oropharyngeal size while others did not have any effect. The pharyngeal sizes were not statistically different during stimulation either between the two different positions of the head (30 degrees and 60 degrees), or when the lateral contacts were compared with the medial ones. The contacts that had the least effect generated an average of 53 +/- 15% pharyngeal dilation relative to the best contacts, indicating that the results are marginally sensitive to the contact position around the HG nerve trunk. These results suggest that selective HG nerve stimulation can be a useful technique to produce multiple tongue activation patterns that can dilate the pharynx. This may in turn increase the size of the patient population who can benefit from HG nerve stimulation as a treatment method for obstructive sleep apnea.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A morphometric study of myelinated fibers in lumbar ventral roots and hypoglossal nerves in motor neuron diseases.

Morphometric studies of the 5th lumbar ventral spinal roots and hypoglossal nerves were made in twenty-one patients with motor neuron diseases and 12 age-matched controls. To evaluate the correlation between the numbers of the myelinated fibers and the patterns of white matter degeneration in spinal cords, the latter were classified into three groups: group A with selectively demarcated degeneration of lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts, group B with diffuse degeneration of antero-lateral spinal columns and group C with no degeneration of the spinal white matter. Although the numbers of large myelinated fibers of the 5th lumbar ventral roots were decreased in all three groups, the numbers in group C were significantly better preserved than those in group A. Even in the hypoglossal nerve, the numbers of total and large myelinated fibers were decreased and in addition, the longer the duration of bulbar signs and the more severe the pathological changes found in the hypoglossal nuclei, the fewer the number of myelinated fibers. Especially group A showed a significantly more severe decrease in the numbers of total and large myelinated fibers of the 5th lumbar ventral roots and hypoglossal nerves than group C. These findings suggest that the degeneration of the upper motor neuron accelerates that of the lower motor neuron system in motor neuron diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

MRI study of pharyngeal airway changes during stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve branches in rats.

The medial branch (Med) of the hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue protrudor muscles, whereas the lateral branch (Lat) innervates tongue retractor muscles. Our previous finding that pharyngeal airflow increased during either selective Med stimulation or whole hypoglossal nerve (WHL) stimulation (coactivation of protrudor and retractor muscles) led us to examine how WHL, Med, or Lat stimulation affected tongue movements and nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) airway volume. Electrical stimulation of either WHL, Med, or Lat nerves was performed in anesthetized, tracheotomized rats while magnetic resonance images of the NP and OP were acquired (slice thickness 0.5 mm, in-plane resolution 0.25 mm). NP and OP volume was greater during WHL and Med stimulation vs. no stimulation (P < 0.05). Ventral tongue depression (measured in the midsagittal images) and OP volume were greater during Med stimulation than during WHL stimulation (P < 0.05). Lat stimulation did not alter NP volume (P = 0.39). Our finding that either WHL or Med stimulation dilates the NP and OP airways sheds new light on the control of pharyngeal airway caliber by extrinsic tongue muscles and may lead to new treatments for patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Hypoglossal nerve injury as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine.

Injury to the hypoglossal nerve is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. branchial cyst or carotid body tumour excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman with tuberculosis of C2-3. She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed hypoglossal nerve palsy in the immediate postoperative period, with dysphagia and dysarthria. It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months' follow-up, she had a solid fusion and tuberculosis was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of hypoglossal lesion after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that hypoglossal nerve palsy following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hypoglossal nerve palsy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The carotid space and the last four cranial nerves are at risk when nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) recurs or spreads posterolaterally. The objective of this study is to document the features of hypoglossal nerve infiltration and the appearance of the paralysed tongue. We reviewed hypoglossal nerve palsy in 16 patients with NPC. The following features were analysed: tumour morphology (submucosal spread), hypoglossal canal erosion, perineural infiltration or intracranial spread, other lower cranial nerve palsies, and appearance of the tongue. These findings were correlated with clinical records. All 16 patients had tumour recurrence following radiation therapy. In 7 patients (44 %), recurrence was submucosal. Hypoglossal canal involvement was seen in 12 patients (75 %). Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy was noted in 5 patients (31 %) and 7 patients (44 %) had posterior cranial fossa tumour spread. Posterior displacement of the tongue was consistently well seen. In conclusion, tumour recurrence should be suspected in the presence of hypoglossal nerve palsy even when endoscopic findings are negative. Posterior displacement of the tongue, which has not been emphasised in the literature, is an easily recognisable sign and may indicate early hypoglossal nerve palsy.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

[Hemifacial spasm disclosing neurinoma of the hypoglossal nerve].

A hemifacial spasm was symptomatic of a neurinoma of the hypoglossal nerve in a 50 year-old woman. It disappeared after the surgical cure of the tumor. Hemifacial spasm is not mentioned among the 19 cases of neurinoma of the hypoglossal nerve which have been reported up to now. The spasm could have been due to the compression of the 7th nerve by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, displaced by the tumor.

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms↗
PubMed1977

Responses in the hypoglossal nucleus to delayed regeneration of the transected hypoglossal nerve, a quantitative ultrastructural study.

Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats were quantitatively analyzed from 9-70 days after allowing the transected left hypoglossal nerve to regenerate after an 84 day delay. Delay was achieved by implanting the proximal stump into already innervated sternomastoid muscle, where no regeneration occurred. Regeneration was then allowed by denervating the sternomastoid. During the regenerative period the initially high number of abnormally electron dense perikarya and dendrites decreased to almost normal values, but no cell removal was seen. This suggested that the degenerate appearance of many profiles after prolonged prevention of regeneration, was reversible. The neuropil bouton and dendrite counts, and the numbers of synapsing boutons per dendrite, increased steadily to normal values from the low values of suppressed regeneration. Somatic bouton frequencies, even though already low, decreased further at 32 days, and later increased but not to normal values. The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis. Later the subsurface cisterns and Nissl substance returned. It was suggested that the delay of complete recovery of somatic bouton frequencies might be because of lack of sensory information from the denervated muscle into which the hypoglossal nerve was regenerating, or because of abnormally low starting values for the recovery phase. Astrocyte (or, occasionally microglial) sheaths persisted along bouton-free perikaryal surfaces.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Axonal sprouts of the hypoglossal nerve implanted in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats establish synaptic contacts under long-lasting GABA effect. An experimental degeneration study.

Experimental degeneration was used in this study to determine if the hypoglossal nerve implanted already in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rat under GABA treatment has established morphologically-identifiable synapses with the dendrites of principal ganglion cells. The implanted hypoglossal nerve trunk was cut in a re-operation, and the ganglionic samples were studied by electron microscopy after 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h survival times. First signs of degenerative changes were found in the myelinated and non-myelinated axons alike, 6 h after axotomy. The fine-structural signs of degeneration resembled those of the preganglionic nerve fibres. Degenerating nerve terminals establishing synaptic contacts with the dendrites of the principal ganglion cells were also seen, indicating that the axonal sprouts of the implanted hypoglossal nerve established synaptic contacts with the ganglion cells. It remained, however, to be elucidated whether or not these synapses of the hypoglossal nerve are functionally active contacts while the preganglionic innervation is also present within the ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The course and relations of the hypoglossal nerve and the occipital artery.

Three main types of variations in the relations of the occipital artery and the hypoglossal nerve found in 42 dissected specimens are described, according to the level at which the nerve crosses the external carotid artery and the point of origin of the occipital artery. In Type I, the hypoglossal nerve crosses the external carotid artery inferior to the origin of the occipital artery; in Type II, the nerve crosses the external carotid artery at the level of origin of the occipital artery; and in Type III, it crosses superior to that level. In Type III the occipital artery makes a loop around the hypoglossal nerve and is in a position to pull and exert pressure on the nerve. This possibility should be taken into consideration in the diagnosis of peripheral paresis or paralysis of the tongue and during surgery in this area.

Carotid Artery, External↗
PubMed2005

Non-traumatic elevation techniques of the hypoglossal nerve during carotid endarterectomy: a cadaveric study.

OBJECTIVE: Ligation and dissection techniques of sternocleidomastoid artery, vein, ansa cervicalis and posterior belly of digastric muscle were developed in a cadaveric study for achieving minimally invasive elevation of the hypoglossal nerve during carotid endarterectomy and were subsequently used in patient treatment. METHODS: Carotid bifurcations, the extracranial part of the hypoglossal nerve, the sternocleidomastoid artery and vein and neighboring neurovascular structures were studied on 10 formalin-fixed adult cadaver heads (20 sides) under the surgical microscope. Landmarks and measurements for identification of the sternocleidomastoid artery and vein are described. RESULTS: The distance between the hypoglossal loop and the carotid bifurcation was measured as 14.5 - 25.2 mm (mean: 19.24 mm). 30 % of 20 sides were determined to have a Zone II-type carotid bifurcation. In 33 % of the Zone-II-type bifurcations, a low-lying hypoglossal loop was demonstrated. The sternocleidomastoid artery begins 2.2 - 3.5 mm (mean: 2.94 mm) supero-posterior from the occipital artery after the crossing point between the occipital artery and the hypoglossal nerve. The sternocleidomastoid artery and vein complex was 17.1 - 21.5 mm (mean 18.47 mm) away from the carotid bifurcation and forms a right angle with the descending hypoglossal nerve. The contribution of the sternocleidomastoid branch of the occipital artery always reaches the middle parts of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. CONCLUSION: Carotid endarterectomy through having knowledge of the normal and variable trajectories of the structures can almost always be accomplished as a safe procedure when appropriate maneuvers are applied. Dissection and ligation of the sternocleidomastoid artery, vein, ansa cervicalis and posterior belly of digastric muscle are very simple but effective techniques to obtain adequate exposure either for safe arterial reconstruction or to diminish the necessity for more complicated technical procedures.

Accessory Nerve↗
PubMed1983

Rapid axonal transport of glycerophospholipids in regenerating hypoglossal nerve of the rabbit.

The intraaxonal transport of phospholipids in regenerating hypoglossal nerve of the rabbit was investigated by administration of labeled lipid precursors into the medulla oblongata. At various time intervals after crushing the left hypoglossal nerve at the level of the digastric muscle, a mixture of 60 mu Ci of [2-3H]glycerol and 15 mu Ci of [1-14C]palmitate, dissolved in 15% bovine serum albumin, was injected into the calamus scriptorius of the fourth ventricle. The amount and the pattern of labeling of glycerophospholipids synthesized in the motor neurons were determined. Three days after nerve crush there was an accumulation of labeled glycerophospholipids immediately proximal to the injury site. Seven days after crushing, the regenerating nerve incorporated rapidly transported labeled lipids in greater amounts than the contralateral normal nerve; the incorporation was elevated along the entire length of the nerve containing both regenerating axons and the post-crush sprouting terminals. The difference between the two sides increased up to 14 days, but disappeared as regeneration proceeded (21-45 days). The "pool" of radioactive lipids remaining in the cell bodies of hypoglossal nuclei, in the segments of nerve, both proximal and distal to the crush site, and in all the segments of uncrushed nerve was similar 6-12 h after labeling. Among the phospholipids, the highest 3H and 14C radioactivity was observed in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. These results support the hypothesis than an increase in the amount of glycerophospholipids, conveyed by rapid axonal transport, takes place in the first 2 weeks during nerve regeneration. The increased transport of lipids presumably reflects an augmented demand for membrane precursors during the sprouting process.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The superior cervical ganglion: origin of sympathetic fibers in the facial and hypoglossal nerves in the cat.

Location of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, sending axons into the facial and hypoglossal nerves, was investigated in the cat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After wheat germ agglutinin conjugated HRP (WGA-HRP) was injected into these nerves, many retrogradely labeled neurons were found widely in the ipsilateral SCG, particularly around the caudal half of the SCG. These neurons were round or oval in shape and 70-80% of these were medium in size. In fluorescent experiments, fast blue (FB) was used in combination with diamidino yellow (DY). After injections of FB into the facial nerve and DY into the hypoglossal nerve, a few FB-DY double-labeled neurons occurred in the SCG ipsilaterally.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed2002

Hypoglossal nerve paralysis following tonsillectomy.

While tonsillectomy is the commonest operation performed by otolaryngologists, paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve following tonsillectomy is not well recognized in the otolaryngology text or literature. We report a case of hypoglossal nerve paralysis following tonsillectomy and discuss the theories on the pathoaetiology as described in the predominantly anaesthetics literature. The likely causes of nerve injury are described and precautions are suggested to help avoid this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Changes in histological structure and microvasculature of the rat tongue after transection of the hypoglossal nerve.

This investigation was made on sequential changes in the tongue caused by unilateral transection of the hypoglossal nerve in the rat. These changes were examined on the basis of gross inspection of the lingual dorsal surface, histological aspects of the intrinsic muscle and interstitial tissues, morphological changes in the capillary loops of the filiform papillae utilizing plastic microcorrosion casts, and blood flux and number of erythrocytes in the lingual dorsum as determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. The period of examination following denervation of the hypoglossal nerve was divided into 3-5 days, 1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7 and 66 weeks. The initial sign of histological change was an edematous change that later developed to atrophic change of the muscular element. This pathological change caused a change in volume on the lesion side of the tongue and finally formed a depression on the dorsal surface and a scallop-like lateral margin. Four to five weeks after denervation, the lesion half swelled, and its lingual apex elongated forward with a coving of the lingual median groove. The filiform papillae showed decreased keratinization, and interpapillary intervals were somewhat widened. Capillary loops in the papillae began to change, showing slight twistings at the tips of loops. Additionally, bulging, coiling and tortuosity were observed on both crura. The loops showed more complicated transformation, and little recovery was observed even 66 weeks after denervation. Blood flux in the dorsal mucosa decreased very slowly after a slight increase. This process seemed to be in proportion to the transformational complexity of the capillary loops in the filiform papillae. In conclusion, unilateral transection of the hypoglossal nerve, which is composed almost entirely of efferent neurons, caused edema and atrophic change in the intrinsic lingual muscle fibers with interstitial fibrosis in the lesion half of the tongue. Capillary loops in the filiform papillae were transformed markedly and successively by transection of the hypoglossal vasomotor neuron together with a slight decrease in blood flow in the dorsal mucosa. None of these changes recovered even at 66 weeks after transection.

Animals↗