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Results for “Helping Behavior”

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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Response of patients to participation in psychiatry board examinations.

The patient who volunteers to be a subject for Part II of the certifying examination in psychiatry and neurology is an indispensable but surprisingly invisible participant in a highly controversial process. A survey of the attitudes of 78 patients toward this experience revealed that although they experienced a significant degree of stress, the overwhelming majority viewed their participation in strongly positive terms. The patient's loyalty to the host institution and the manner in which the patient is prepared for the experience appear to be the major factors in determining a positive outcome.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Friendship patterns among older women.

This study examined the friendship patterns of older women. The participants in the study were white, middle-class, urban women, sixty-five years of age or older. Results indicated the older widowed women received more help from their friends than did married older women. In addition, significant differences in the morale of the older women were found according to the equity of helping behaviors with friends. Specifically, those equitably benefited women had a higher mean morale score than over benefited women. The under benefited women also had a higher mean morale score than the over benefited women. Discussion centered on the importance of friends in the lives of older women as well as on implications for friendship support systems in late life.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Intimacy: factors affecting its development among members of a home for the aged.

The purpose of this research was to explore the extent and nature of intimate interaction in an unGoffmanesque home for the aged. Interviews with all elderly residents and the staff who served them revealed that the residents' intimate relationships were primarily with others outside the home and never with staff members. Moreover, the residents and, more particularly, the staff viewed the residents in negative ways and reported more negative than positive affectivity within the home. Factors impeding intimate interactions were related to the widely shared negative stereotype of the aged residents, the manner in which staff perceived their role, and the absence of mutual aid or helping behaviors among the residents.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rural/urban elderly and siblings: their value consensus.

Consensus is the level of agreement about life felt among kin and has been identified as a dimension of family solidarity with important implications for the family network. This investigation studied the factors contributing to the consensus between older adults (age sixty-five and older) and the sibling with whom they had the most contact. Respondents (N = 275) lived in a rural/urban area. Seven independent variables were entered into a multiple-regression model to determine their relative importance to consensus of the sibling relationship. Results showed that 7 percent of the variance in consensus could be explained. Filial expectations, educational disparity, and the brother/sister link were the only variables of relative importance to older adult/sibling consensus. There was greater consensus when there were fewer expectations of the sibling, similarity of educational backgrounds, and when the respondent was male and his sibling was female. Brother/sister and brother/brother links, residential proximity, communication by mail or telephone, helping behaviors, and marital status were of no relative importance to consensus. The results suggest that factors previously found to be associated with intergenerational consensus may vary in their importance to intragenerational consensus.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Staff skills in patient/family relations grow.

Short but cogent course on communication, attitudes, and behaviors helps staff members from many departments relate more effectively with patients, their families, and visitors.

Communication↗
PubMed1991

Setting phenotypes in a mutual help organization: expanding behavior setting theory.

Expands Barker's theory of behavior settings by proposing an additional method of classifying settings based on their functional/behavioral aspects--the setting phenotype. Although behavior setting theory has been widely hailed as a revolutionary contribution to behavioral science, it has had limited impact on general psychology. This may be due in part to a reliance on a purely structural method of classifying behavior settings--the setting genotype. Behavioral data were collected from 510 meetings of 13 self-help groups from a mutual help organization for persons with problems in living. A cluster analysis was performed to uncover meaningful behavioral patterns among the groups. Four phenotypes were identified: personal, impersonal, small talk, and advising. Mutual help group phenotype was found to be related to a set of setting characteristics as well as to overall rated change of group members. The results are discussed in light of the significance of the phenotype construct for making behavior setting theory more relevant for social scientists.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

Changes in appetitive behavior in weanling-age rats: transitions from suckling to feeding behavior.

To help identify determinants of rat appetitive behavior during the weanling period, rat pups 17-32 days of age were studied in a Y-maze. One arm of the maze provided pups with the opportunity to suckle a lactating or nonlactating anesthetized female. The other arm always contained a familiar food, either liquid diet or ground laboratory chow. In some experiments the dam was separated from the food compartment by a thin gauze screen. In other tests maternal contact could be maintained in the feeding goal but suckling in that compartment was prevented by nipple involution. Age was the major determinant of choice, with more older animals choosing the food arm. Availability of maternal contact in the feeding compartment increased the percentage of rats that chose to feed by about 20% at all ages studied. Food quality, but not quantity, affected choice at each age, as did lactational status. Prior food, water, and maternal deprivation (2 or 24 hr) did not affect choice behavior at any age but did influence behavior in the goal box. These findings are discussed within the context of the changing demands faced by the rats during the weaning period.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Charting uncharted terrain: a behavioral observation system for mutual help groups.

Describes the development of a behavioral observation system for mutual help meetings and presents evidence supporting its reliability, validity, and utility. The MHOS-BIC (Mutual Help Observation System-Behavioral Interaction Codes) was used by 10 observers to record the sequential flow of group interaction in 527 meetings. Psychometric analyses indicate that the system performed consistently with measurement objectives. Mean kappas for each of the 12 coding categories ranged from .62 to .87; the system demonstrated sensitivity to setting and time differences; and a predictable pattern of correlations was found among BIC categories and conceptually related participant and observer ratings. Studies using the BIC to address substantive questions about mutual help are reviewed, providing further evidence for its validity and utility. An empirical description of mutual help is presented using BIC data, and the promises and limitations of the system are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1981

Utility of behavioral self-help manuals in a minimal-contact smoking cessation program.

The effectiveness of two commercially available smoking cessation manuals was evaluated under minimal therapist contact conditions. Forty cigarette smokers who volunteered to participate in a self-help quit smoking program were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: 18 to Pomerleau and Pomerleau's 1977 manual, 13 to Danaher and Lichtenstein's 1978 manual, and nine to a waiting-list control. Six-month follow-ups indicate that the former manual offers a useful treatment approach, while no firm conclusions can be made regarding the latter manual. Utility of self-help manuals in multilevel treatment programs is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Durations of unitary synaptic potentials help time a behavioral sequence.

Recordings in identified neurons and muscles that mediate crayfish tailflips reveal inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of two distinct durations. Those of long duration are recorded in five classes of cells in the flexion circuit, while those of short duration are recorded in three classes of cells in the extension circuit. The durations of the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are matched to the durations of inhibition required by the different phases of the behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Is carbamazepine helpful in paroxysmal behavior disorders?

Carbamazepine was used to treat two patients with paroxysmal behavioral episodes and preexisting psychiatric disease. Carbamazepine abolished the paroxysmal episodes. Its effects on the preexisting disease were less clear. These data suggest carbamazepine treatment for paroxysmal behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The use of informal and formal help: four patterns of illness behavior in the black community.

Most studies of professional help use among black Americans fail to describe this group's relationship to blacks experiencing distress but not requesting professional help, and generally ignore the salience of informal social support processes. A more comprehensive understanding of black help-seeking behavior would come from an approach which describes both the users and nonusers of formal helping services, and examines the benefits derived from the interpersonal relationships that comprise black friend- and kin-based networks. These analyses focused on four patterns of informal and formal help use in the National Survey of Black Americans. The findings indicated that most people use informal help only, or they use informal and professional help together. In addition, gender, age, income, and problem-type were significantly related to the different patterns of illness behavior. The implications of these findings for help seeking in the black community were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

General kin selection models for genetic evolution of sib altruism in diploid and haplodiploid species.

A population genetic approach is presented for general analysis and comparison of kin selection models of sib and half-sib altruism. Nine models are described, each assuming a particular mode of inheritance, number of female inseminations, and Mendelian dominance of the altruist gene. In each model, the selective effects of altruism are described in terms of two general fitness functions, A(beta) and S(beta), giving respectively the expected fitness of an altruist and a nonaltruist as a function of the fraction of altruists beta in a given sibship. For each model, exact conditions are reported for stability at altruist and nonaltruist fixation. Under the Table 3 axions, the stability conditions may then be partially ordered on the basis of implications holding between pairs of conditions. The partial orderings are compared with predictions of the kin selection theory of Hamilton.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1975

Mother-child interaction observed at home.

Lower-class and middle-class mother-child pairs were observed in their homes. In contrast to other studies, very few class differences were found in maternal behavior. These results are discussed in terms of the contexts in which observations are made.

Adult↗