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PubMed1985

Vaccines and immunization schedules.

A simplified schedule, applicable in developing countries, has been tested for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) and polio immunization. It comprised two injections, six months apart starting at the age of 3 to 8 months. DTP and inactivated polio (IPV) vaccines of special composition and live measles vaccine given at the age of 9 to 14 months induced a good antibody response. Special attention is being given to pertussis immunity. Although low agglutination titers may sometimes be found, DTP vaccination was shown to interrupt the normal periodicity of pertussis epidemics. From the relatively high proportion of vaccines which attained pertussis specific serum IgA antibodies in the course of four years following vaccination, it could be deduced that vaccination does not prevent infection although it protects against disease. Based on these results, successful immunization against seven diseases will be possible in two sessions; DTP, IPV, and BCG vaccinations at the age of 3 to 8 months; and DTP, IPV, measles and yellow fever vaccination at the age of 9 to 14 months.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Immunity to diphtheria, six to 15 years after a basic three-dose immunization schedule.

The results of a study of the immunity to diphtheria of 283 girls (9-18 years of age) vaccinated at the age of two years with three doses of vaccine, are reported. The rabbit skin test was used to determine the titre of serum diphtheria antitoxin. 55.8% of the subjects were found to be protected (titre greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/ml), 38.9% were only relatively immune (titre greater than or equal to 0.01- less than 0.01 IU/ml), and 5.3% were unprotected (titre less than 0.01 IU/ml). The antitoxin titres showed a tendency to decrease with time. Even so, 6-15 years after vaccination, the percentages of protected and partially protected subjects were still high (95%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Variables affecting local immune response in ileal loops: role of immunization schedule, bacterial flora, and postsurgical inflammation.

Several variables inherent in chronically isolated ileal (Thiry-Vella) loops in rabbits were studied for their effect on the local immune response of the intestine to live, locally invasive bacteria (Shigella X16). A much more vigorous local immunoglobulin A response to Shigella X16 was elicited when rabbits were immunized in their Thiry-Vella loops shortly after surgical creation of the loop than if a week were allowed to pass before they were immunized. Three major differences existed in Thiry-Vella loops on the day after surgery and a week later: (i) their microbial flora, (ii) nonspecific acute inflammation due to the surgery itself, and (iii) the histological appearance of the intestine. On day 1 after surgical creation of the Thiry-Vella loop, there were few bacteria in the loop, and the histology was that of normal small bowel except for mild acute inflammation due to the surgery. By day 6 after surgery, all loops contained large numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other aerobes, an atrophy of intestinal epithelium occurred, and the acute inflammation due to surgical trauma had subsided. By artificially colonizing Thiry-Vella loops with 10(8) or 10(10) live P. aeruginosa on the day of surgery, we found that the presence of these bacteria alone did not greatly diminish local immune responses to live Shigella. Furthermore, when the acute inflammation due to surgical trauma was recreated in loops 6 days old, no enhancement of the immune response was seen as compared to nontraumatized 6-day-old Thiry-Vella loops. The difference between immunization soon after surgery and a week later related to changes that occur in the loop itself with increased isolation. Finally, multiple immunizations of Thiry-Vella loops resulted in a more vigorous local immunoglobulin A response than a single immunization. These studies demonstrated that Thiry-Vella loop models can be useful in studying the kinetics of local immune responses by the intestine only if careful attention is paid to key variables inherent in the Thiry-Vella loop models themselves.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Studies on the optimal immunization schedule of the mouse as an experimental animal. The effect of antigen dose and adjuvant type.

This study was undertaken to establish the optimal immunogen dose for immunization of mice, using a viomycin-protein conjugate as a hapten immunogen. It was found that specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) formation depends on both the dose of antigen and the type of adjuvant: the optimal antigen dose for an immune response is quite different depending on whether the mice are being treated with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FICA). The total IgG amount depends mainly upon the type of adjuvant used. FCA gave the double the level of IgG compared to that obtained with FICA. The antigen dose was found to have little influence on the total production of IgG. Mice given a primary immunization with 10 micrograms of antigen emulsified in FCA and then given a booster with the same amount of antigen emulsified in FICA produced a strikingly high level of specific anti-viomycin antibody of over 2.5 mg/ml of the antiserum. It was also found that decreases in the weight of the mice were related to the kind of adjuvant used as well as to the level of the specific antibody formed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗