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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

The Hastings experience of the Attenborough springs and Rush nail for fixation of olecranon fractures.

A study was done of 70 patients who had internal fixation of an olecranon fracture with an Attenborough spring and Rush nail at the Royal East Sussex Hospital (now called Conquest Hospital), Hastings. This method has been in use since 1970. The age-sex distribution showed more men in the younger age group and more women in the older one. A subjective evaluation was done of all patients. The results were recorded for pain, activities, range of movement, further operations and re-referral after discharge. In the series more than 90 per cent of the patients were satisfied in terms of pain relief, daily activities and range of movements. There were four dissatisfied patients and seven complications. This method provides a quick, safe and effective method of fixing olecranon fractures and appears to give a high level of patient satisfaction.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Influence of balance of protein and energy metabolism in rumen on hypomagnesaemia in cows.

This study was carried out in order to determine the influence of nitrogen excess in rumen and deficit of digestible organic matter in a feed ration for dairy cows on hypomagnesaemia at the beginning of green forage feeding. The balance of nitrogen and energy metabolism in rumen was determined using the rules of evaluation of the nutritional value of fodder (PDI system) according to the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), taking into consideration a potential protein synthesis from nitrogen by microorganisms in rumen (MPRN) and microbial protein synthesized from digestible organic matter (MP(RE)). It was found that an increase in the amount of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and MPRN-MPRE balance leads to a significant increase of urea nitrogen in serum (p < 0.05). An increase of total MPRN-MPRE balance in rumen results in a decrease of Mg concentration in serum. It has been demonstrated that in cows fed green forage at the end of spring (2nd half of May to 1st half of June) when the MPRN-MPRE balance is not higher than 187 g, adding 7 g or 25 g of MgO/cow/day to the same extent successfully prevents hypomagnesaemia.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Withholding nutrition on the conscious mentally disabled patient: a review and commentary.

A recent important and poorly publicized legal case in California raised the question of whether the wife of a severely mentally disabled man could intentionally withhold medically supplied nutrition from him on the grounds that it was no longer providing benefits. Rita L. Marker has published a detailed case report and analysis. The readers of the Newsletter on Ethics and Intellectual Disability should know about her analysis. A summary is presented here together with some observations about the issues the case raises. Readers are encouraged to consult the original article: Rita L. Marker, "Mental Disability and Death by Dehydration." National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 2 (Spring 2002): 125-36. All quotations are from the Marker analysis.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

How to spring clean your organization's data.

It's time for a thorough spring-cleaning of your company's data. Corporate data are a lot like someone's closet: packed to the point of bursting; filled with items that are similar but not quite identical; archiving things that haven't been worn in years; sprinkled with a few items that were trendy but not useful over the long term; holding other gems that are worn all the time because they're good quality, they work well together, and they fit your lifestyle; and storing the indispensable favorite pair of bluejeans. In this month's guest column, Connie L. Van Fleet will help you decide what data to keep and what to toss.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2005

Pregnancy loss in dairy cattle in the Waikato region of New Zealand.

AIM: To define the incidence rate of pregnancy loss and risk factors for those losses in pasture-fed dairy cattle in the Waikato region of New Zealand. METHODS: Cows (n=2,004) from 10 pasture-fed, spring-calving dairy herds in the Waikato were enrolled following confirmation of pregnancy 29-45 days after insemination, for inseminations that occurred within the first 16 days of the seasonal breeding period. Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations for pregnancy were conducted at approximately 6, 8, 10, 14 and 22 weeks gestation, and subsequent calving data were recovered. Pregnancy loss was defined as having occurred when a confirmed pregnancy was not re-diagnosed, when gross abortion was detected, or when a cow calved <265 days after the confirmed conception date. Data were analysed using reverse stepwise logistic regression and Cox's proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: A total of 128 (6.4%) pregnancy losses were detected. The incidence rate was higher in early compared to late gestation (10.9 vs 2.8 losses/10,000 cow-days between Weeks 6-10 vs Weeks 10-14, respectively; p<0.001). Higher rates of loss were associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis (Hazards ratio (HR)=1.57; p=0.071), being treated for anoestrus (HR=1.69; p=0.007), and in cows that had calving-to-conception intervals < or =63 days compared with those that had calving-to-conception intervals >92 days (HR=2.49; p=0.06). In addition, the rate of pregnancy loss differed between herds (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The highest rate of pregnancy loss occurred in early gestation. Clinical mastitis, anoestrus and calving late in the calving season were risk factors for pregnancy loss. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography can be undertaken from 28 days post-insemination. However, due to the high rate of pregnancy loss at this stage of gestation, herdowners need to be warned of possible losses, and cows should be re-examined to confirm pregnancy before certification of pregnancy status is given.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1996

Seasonal variations in the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens from environmental samples.

Calf carcasses contaminated with S. typhimurium, B. cereus and Cl. Perfringens were placed in either a decomposition pit or in a deep burial pit. Salmonella was isolated from the soil around the decomposition pit for 27 weeks and for 15 weeks around the burial site. Salmonella re-appeared in soil samples during cold winter weather after an apparent 9-week absence from the decomposition pit and after 68 weeks in the burial site (a total of 88 weeks after the start of the experiment). There was also an annual rise in the isolation rate of B. cereus from the soil during the colder winter months, but Cl. perfringens appeared to be more prevalent in samples taken during spring of the second year of the study. A similar apparent rise in the prevalence of S. enteritidis during a cold winter period occurred in an empty poultry house that had previously held a naturally infected broiler-breeder flock.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Ankle muscle stiffness in the control of balance during quiet standing.

This research presents new data and reanalyzed information to refute the criticisms of our model of stiffness control during quiet standing. A re-review of their references to biomechanical research on muscle ankle stiffness confirmed muscle stiffness estimates of the ankle series elastic elements that agreed closely with our estimates. A new technique is presented that directly estimates the muscle stiffness from the ankle moment (N. m) and sway angle (deg). The linear regression of 10 subjects standing quietly for 10 s estimated the stiffness (N x m/deg) to be safely above the gravitational spring. The R(2) scores for this linear regression averaged 0.92, confirming how closely the model approached a perfect spring that would have an R(2) = 1. These results confirm our model of a simple muscle stiffness control and refutes the criticisms.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Studies on nematode infections of beef cattle in New South Wales.

The occurrence and seasonal trends of nematode parasite infections in beef cattle on the Tablelands and North Coast regions of New South Wales are described, based on worm counts from 627 spring-born steers slaughtered at 2-monthly intervals from 6 to 24 months of age. The predominant parasites were Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia spp. Large burdens of adult Ostertagia were seen in 12-month-old animals in late winter and early spring, and later in 18- to 20-month-old cattle in the following late summer and autumn. These infections often resulted in outbreaks of clinical parasitism. Massive numbers of inhibited early fourth stage larvae (EL4) also accumulated in the yearlings during their first spring, reached peaks in mid-summer and then declined. The possibility of their resumption of development to mature worms in the late summer and autumn period is discussed. Adult T. axei showed a similar seasonal trend to Ostertagia and may have increased the severity of outbreaks of clinical disease. Cooperia populations of EL4 and adult worms were highest in weaners during winter, but lower numbers thereafter indicated a strong resistance to re-infection. In addition, Haemonchus placei occurred frequently on the North Coast both as EL4 and adults in cattle of all ages up to 20 months. Of the other cattle nematodes, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Trichuris spp occurred in low numbers, mainly in weaners. Bunstomum phlebotomum and H. contortus occurred sporadically on the North Coast and Tablelands respectively. Intestinal Trichostronglyus spp, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Dictyocaulus viviparus were seen occasionally and Nematodirus spp were not seen. There was a poor relationship between worm counts and faecal egg counts. Cooperia spp dominated the egg counts, while those for other genera were generally low and did not reflect the relative abundance or seasonal changes in worm numbers.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Population dynamics of some Pakistan mosquitoes: changes in adult relative abundance over time and space.

Time series and spatial changes in the relative abundance of 14 mosquito species were described from weekly or biweekly collections at nine localities in Punjab province, Pakistan, from January 1976 to June 1980. Comparisons between indoor aspirator catches and outdoor mechanical sweeper collections enabled mosquito resting habits to be classified as: (1) endophilic (Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. stephensi, An. subpictus); (2) partially exophilic (An. annularis, An. pulcherrimus, An. nigerrimus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, Cx, pseudovishnui, Cx, quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus), or exophilic (Cx. fuscocephala, Aedes caspius, Mansonia uniformis). Temporal abundance patterns were grouped by seasonality, overwintering strategies and the magnitude of fluctuation. Seasonal patterns were: (1) unimodal-spring (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. capius); (2) unimodal-monsoon (An. nigerrimus, An. subpictus, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscocephala); (3) bimodal-spring dominant (An. annularis, An. culcifacies, An. stephensi), and (4) bimodal-monsoon/post-monsoon dominant (An. fluviatilis, An. pulcherrimus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ma. uniformis). Mosquito overwintering strategies included: (1) adults with slowed reproductive activity (An. annularis, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. pulcherrimus, An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus); (2) females with interrupted reproductive activity (An. nigerrimus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus); (3) immature stages (Ae. caspius, Ma. uniformis) and (4) annual extinction and re-introduction (An. subpictus). The magnitude of seasonal change was classified by the number of standard deviations from the overall mean exhibited by the annual maxima or minima: (1) stationary, less than 1 standard deviation (An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Ae. caspius), (2) fluctuating moderately, one to two standard deviations (An. annularis, An. nigerrimus, An. pulcherrimus, An. stephensi, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ma. uniformis) and (3) markedly fluctuating greater than two standard deviations (An. subpictus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus). The seasonal increases of An. culicifacies and An. stephensi abundance did not closely parallel the periods of maximal malaria transmission. Temporal patterns exhibited by several culicine species indicated that the period of greatest West Nile virus activity would probably occur during the post-monsoon season.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cows.

The feasibility of breeding spring-calving, single-suckled beef cows without the use of natural service was investigated over two breeding seasons by using repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination (AI). Initially, cows were oestrus-synchronised with subcutaneous norgestomet implants inserted for 10 days, with an injection of prostaglandin before the implants were removed. The cows were inseminated once 56 hours after the implants were removed, and 12 days later they were re-treated with norgestomet implants to allow a second synchronised service. Twenty-one days after the first synchronised AI, milk samples were taken for progesterone assay and the norgestomet implants were removed. The cows received a second service 56 hours later if the 21-day milk progesterone assay suggested that they were not pregnant. All the cows receiving a second service were retreated with norgestomet implants to allow a third synchronised service as necessary. Pregnancy was later confirmed by rectal palpation. In the first year, 48 cows entered the programme and the pregnancy rates to the first, second and third synchronised services were 56, 69 and 40 per cent, respectively, with 17 per cent of cows barren at the end of the breeding period. In the second year, 69 cows entered the programme and the pregnancy rates were 58, 48 and 33 per cent to the successive services with 20 per cent of cows barren at the end of the breeding period. The accuracy of milk progesterone assay for pregnancy diagnosis was 84 per cent and 87 per cent in the first and second years, respectively.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2004

Physico-chemical controls on phosphorus cycling in two lowland streams. Part 1 -- the water column.

This paper investigates phosphorus (P) transport and transformation dynamics in two contrasting sub-catchments of the River Kennet, England. Samples were collected daily under baseflow and hourly under stormflow conditions using autosamplers for 2 years and analysed for a range of determinands (full P fractionation, suspended sediment (SS), cations, pH, alkalinity, temperature and oxygen). Concentrations of SRP, SUP, PP and SS were higher in the flashy River Enborne (means of 0.186, 0.071, 0.101 and 34 mg l(-1), respectively) than the groundwater-fed River Lambourn (0.079, 0.057, 0.028 and 9 mg l(-1), respectively). A seasonal trend in the daily P dataset was evident, with lower concentrations during intermediate flows and the spring (caused by a dilution effect and macrophyte uptake) than during baseflow conditions. However, in the hourly P dataset, highest concentrations were observed during storm events in the autumn and winter (reflecting higher scour with increased capacity to entrain particles). Storm events were more significant in contributing to the total P load in the River Enborne than the River Lambourn, especially during August to October, when dry antecedent conditions were observed in the catchment. Re-suspension of P-rich sediment that accumulated within the channel during summer low flows might account for these observations. It is suggested that a P-calcite co-precipitation mechanism was operating during summer in the River Lambourn, while adsorption by metal oxyhydroxide groups was an important mechanism controlling P fractionation in the River Enborne. The influence of flow conditions and channel storage/release mechanisms on P dynamics in these two lowland rivers is assessed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

[Human hemoglobin structure and respiratory transport].

Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and helps to transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs. It fulfills this dual role by clicking back and forth between two alternative structures, designated T for tense and R for relaxed, which are defined by the theory of allostery. Like all proteins, it is made up of small molecules called amino acids. A hemoglobin molecule is made up of four polypeptide chains, two alpha chains of 141 amino acid residues each and two beta chains of 146 amino acid residues each. In the complete molecule, four subunits are closely joined, as in a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, to form a tetramer. In the T structure, the subunits of the molecule are clamped by salt bridges and hydrogen bonds against the pressure of springs and their narrow pockets impede the entry of oxygen. In the R structure, all the clamps have sprung open and the heme pockets are open wide enough to admit oxygen easily. Uptake of oxygen by the T structure would strain the clamps until they all burst open in concert and allow the molecule to relax to the R structure. Loss of oxygen will narrow the heme pockets and allow the T structure to re-form.

Allosteric Regulation↗

PubMed1980

The effect of oxandrolone on low and high density lipoprotein profiles in retired breeder rats.

The retired breeder rat, an animal known to undergo premature aging and to develop hypercholesterolemia, was studied to determine the effect of oxandrolone, a synthetic hypolipidemic steroid, on serum lipoprotein subfractions. The methods utilized for this study included density ultracentrifugation, electron microscopic lipoprotein particle sizing, and disc gel electrophoresis. The data confirmed the cholesterol-lowering ability of oxandrolone and demonstrated that its effect on total serum cholesterol was limited to the low and high density lipoprotein subclasses. The drug-treated group had 50% less LDL cholesterol and 25% less HDL cholesterol. Though there was an absolute decrease in total serum cholesterol in both these fractions, there was a re-distribution of cholesterol, such that post-treatment LDL carried less cholesterol and HDL more cholesterol on a percentage basis than found in pre-treatment values. In the light of current concepts of atherogenicity these alterations are of interest and potentially of considerable value.

Aging↗

PubMed1982

Autumn incidence of suicides re-examined: data from Finland by sex, age and occupation.

The seasonal variation in suicides in Finland during the period 1961-1976 was examined using individual records from 16,312 death certificates and time-series analysis. De-trended figures show that suicides are usually concentrated in early summer but a secondary rise in the late part of the year is noted, particularly in females, among those aged 15-24 years and in the highest and lowest (i.e. unknown) social classes. In modern occupations (technical, administrative, clerical, sales and service work) suicides usually occur in late autumn. It is suggested that the original seasonal peak in suicides lies in spring-summer, while the autumn peak is of later origin and typical of those living in a man-made environment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Reversal of photoschedule in spring does not prevent photorefractoriness in Siberian hamsters.

We studied the influence of light-dark (L:D) cycle reversal on daily variations in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Continuous and simultaneous measurements of BAT temperature (T(BAT)) and preferred ambient temperature (PT(a)) were made after noradrenaline (NA) injections administered every 4 hr. First, hamsters were acclimated for 4 weeks to an ambient temperature (T(a)) of 23 degrees C and 12L:12D, and then to a reversed photoschedule 12D:12L for 8 weeks. The same was done after a 4- and 8-week acclimation period at the same T(a). We found that after photoschedule reversal, the re-entrainment of T(BAT) and PT(a) rhythms preceded re-entrainment of the NST rhythm. The daily rhythms of T(BAT) and PT(a) were fully re-entrained after 4 weeks of acclimation to the reversed photoschedule, but rhythmicity of the response to NA disappeared. This rhythm was restored in hamsters acclimated to a reversed photoschedule for 8 weeks. We suggest that the daily rhythm of NST capacity is not responsible for generating the rhythm of body temperature (T(b)). Rather, it is a result of the daily rhythm of T(b), but adjusts to the new environment more slowly than the T(b) rhythm. When a daily rhythm of NST was present, the increase in T(BAT) after NA injection was inversely correlated with the pre-injection T(BAT). In addition, NA-induced changes in PT(a) reflected the intensity of NST in BAT; namely, increased T(BAT) was correlated with the post-injection decrease in PT(a). When the increase in T(BAT) was large, animals chose a lower T(a) to dissipate excessive heat and prevent overheating. In the course of the experiments, we recorded a decreased mean NST capacity and increased body mass of hamsters. These changes are representative of the time of photorefractoriness and a transition to a summer status. Despite prolonged exposure to an intermediate day length (12 hr of light) and photoschedule reversal, hamsters continued to change towards their summer condition and were able to acclimate to the new D:L cycle.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1994

Effect of exogenous melatonin and extending the dark period at dusk before the summer solstice on the onset of oestrus in Romney Marsh ewes.

Groups of Romney Marsh ewes (n = 24) were injected with exogenous melatonin or subjected to extended darkness or a combination of both at dusk from the winter to the summer solstice before being re-exposed to the natural photoperiod at 35 degrees S. The animals were at all times exposed to natural dawn. The onset of subsequent oestrus was delayed when compared with controls subjected to the natural photoperiod. Either melatonin or darkness or a combination were equally effective at delaying oestrus. The results are consistent with a hypothesis based on an external coincidence model of seasonal breeding involving the coincidence of a light-sensitive phase set close to dusk that, when exposed to light in spring and summer, prepares the reproductive axis to respond correctly to the direct effects of the inductive photoperoid in autumn. The offset of the time of oestrus was not affected by the experimental treatments nor was the timing of the subsequent reproductive season. Since melatonin was as effective as darkness at influencing the assumed photosensitive signal, even in the presence of natural light, melatonin may act through the light reception system.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Goal importance within planned behaviour theory as 'the' predictor of study behaviour in college.

BACKGROUND: The theory of planned behaviour has been rarely used for the explanation of student study behaviour and achievement. Although successful, the theory has been criticised for not including important cognitions, so goal importance was added in the present study. Goal importance refers to the weight-importance an individual assigns towards achieving a specific goal (Hollenbeck & Williams, 1987). AIMS: The purpose of Study 1 was to explain the study behaviour habits of first year college students, using a) Ajzen and Madden's (1986) theory of planned behaviour, and b) planned behaviour with the addition of goal importance. The purpose of Study 2 was to replicate the findings of Study 1. SAMPLES: The sample of Study 1 included 149 first year students of an American College located in northern Greece. Study 2 included 85 first year students of the same institution. METHODS: The students in Study 1 were given a questionnaire four weeks prior to the end of the spring 1998 semester, and those in Study 2 in the autumn of 1998, including all elements of the theory of planned behaviour and goal importance. The data were modelled using Covariance Structural Modelling (CSM) and EQS 5.7b (Bentler, 1998). RESULTS: The planned behaviour model was not well supported in Study 1 providing a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of.83. However, when goal importance was included in the equation, the resulting structural model produced a CFI of.94. The final structural model of Study 1 was re-tested with the sample of Study 2 and produced a CFI =.95. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that goal importance is the causal agent in directing all elements necessary to achieve high levels of study behaviour. Future studies should examine the role of goal importance with other behaviours as well.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Partial strategic tick control within a herd of European breed cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.

A trial is described, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, as one of a series suggested to investigate the effects of strategic but selective acaricide treatments of cattle within herds against Boophilus microplus. They are aimed at considering the repercussions of farmer attempts at immediate reductions in acaricide costs and the potential for creation of 'refugia' of untreated ticks. Half (Group 1) of a small experimental herd of European breed heifers were treated strategically against ticks, three times during the late spring-early summer and twice during autumn (southern hemisphere), with an injectable avermectin endectocide, designed to act directly against the first and third generations of parasitic B. microplus per 'cattle tick year' at this site, respectively. The consequent levels of infestations on all of the member cattle in their common pasture were monitored. Group 1 showed low to zero tick counts during the 28-day treatment interval periods and up to ca. 14 days after the last of such a series. Treated cattle, however, became re-infested outside of these periods and to levels that would be considered as unacceptable by farmers in the state. The untreated cattle (Group 2) showed infestations at generally higher levels, than their contemporaries, within and outside of the treatment periods. There were thus ample sources of larvae in the pasture, derived principally from falling, untreated engorged female ticks, re-infesting both the treated and untreated cattle. Advantages of maintaining chemically untreated cattle ticks within a herd, compared to their disadvantages as contaminants to classical strategic control procedures, merit re-evaluation, especially in relation to the recent, world-wide resurgence of acaricide resistance in B. microplus.

Animals↗