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PubMed1986

Alcohol use in primiparous women older than 30 years of age: relation to infant development.

The effects of maternal alcohol use on mental development, growth, and dysmorphogenesis was studied in a sample of 1-year-old infants born to elderly primiparous mothers. Alcohol intake was measured using Jessor's AA score and a simple count of maximum number of drinks consumed in one day. Infant cognition was assessed using the Bayley Scale of Mental Development. Alcohol levels prior to, during, and following pregnancy were obtained. Alcohol intake was greatly reduced during pregnancy, returning to pregnancy levels following birth. A significant linear relationship between drinking prior to pregnancy and infant mental development was found. The average mental development score of infants whose mothers consumed less than or equal to 3, 3.3 to 29.7, or greater than or equal to 30 mL (less than or equal to 0.10, 0.11 to 0.99, or greater than or equal to 1.0 average fluid ounces) of absolute alcohol per day was 115, 108, and 95, respectively. Maximum number of drinks consumed in a day related to physical anomalies. No alcohol measure was significantly correlated with condition at birth, postnatal illness, or growth parameters of height, weight, and head circumference at 1 year. Deficits found were less pronounced than those reported in infants with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

A comparative study of speech perception in young severely retarded children and normally developing infants.

The discrimination of minimally paired speech sounds by seven retarded children with a mean age of 3 years, 2 months and a mean IQ of 38.4 was compared with the discrimination performance of eight normally developing 7-month-old infants. Children and infants were tested using the Visually Reinforced Infant Speech Discrimination (VRISD) paradigm in which they were taught to respond with a head turn to a change in a repeating background auditory stimulus. Responses were reinforced by activation of an animated toy. All children proved to be conditionable and both groups evidenced discrimination of the speech contrasts tested. The data suggest that the retarded children have moree difficulty processing a contrast cued by rapid spectral changes (often associated with consonant discrimination) than they do a contrast cued by steady-state spectral information (often associated with the perception of slowly articulated vowels). The normally developing infants did not find rapid spectral cues mor difficult than steady-state cues These results parallel those of Tallal (1976) who found that dynamic cues were specifically difficult for dysphasic children (with normal nonverbal intelligence), but not for linguistically-normal elementary school children.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1992

Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. A review and replication analysis of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study.

A 1975 report stated that a schizophrenic genotype may be manifested in infants by a neurointegrative defect called pandysmaturation. Recent evidence supports this: (1) 12 studies found delayed development in schizophrenics' infants and in preschizophrenics; (2) "blind" psychometric evaluations favored an adult schizotypal disorder in four to six of seven high-risk subjects with pandysmaturation in the New York study; and (3) finally, in a partial replication of this method using the Jerusalem data, blind diagnoses of "probable" and "possible" pandysmaturation were significantly related to a parental diagnosis of schizophrenia and to cognitive and motor neurointegrative deficits at 10 years. Obstetrical complications were unrelated to diagnosis, pandysmaturation, or outcome in the overall sample. However, we found a small subgroup of schizophrenic offspring in whom the most severe motor deficits at follow-up were related to obstetrical complications, pandysmaturation, and low birth weight.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Social contingency detection and infant development.

The developmental origins and determinants of social contingency detection are discussed. Based on recent research, the author proposes that the origins of social contingency detection correspond to the early propensity developing in the first 6 months of life to differentiate between what pertains to the self (i.e., one's own body) and what pertains to others. Furthermore, from the second month of life, what infants appear to gain from contingency detection while interacting with others is a sense of shared experience or intersubjectivity. Research suggests that although the development of intersubjectivity is a central feature of infant behavior and development, the meaning of contingency detection, hence the source of intersubjectivity, changes radically between birth and 18 months of age. In general, it is proposed that the origins and determinants of social contingency detection must be construed in relation to (1) the developing sense of self in infancy, (2) the infant's developing sense of reciprocity with others, and (3) the infant's developing sense of participation with others. The author concludes by proposing a relevant map of changing social stances adopted by infants in the course of early development.

Conditioning, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Iron deficiency and infant development.

It has been shown that iron-deficient anemic infants are not as successful in tests of mental and motor development as their iron-sufficient age-matched counterparts. A recent study has confirmed that iron intervention can reverse developmental delays, while placebo-treated anemic infants showed no such improvement. The etiology of the developmental delay and its effect on later performance remain to be elucidated.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗

PubMed1999

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and their role in early infant development.

The lipid fraction of human milk represents the main source of energy for the newborn infant and supplies essential nutrients such as fat-soluble vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The essential fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids are precursors of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), such as arachidonic (C20:4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids, present in human milk in considerable amounts. LC-PUFA are indispensable structural components of all cellular membranes, and they are incorporated in relatively large amounts during early growth of the brain and the retina. Moreover, some LC-PUFA are precursors of eicosanoids, molecules with potent biological activity that modulates various cellular and tissue processes. The supply of long-chain fatty acids has been associated with functional outcomes of the recipient infants such as visual acuity and development of cognitive functions during the first year of life. Here we discuss the PUFA composition of human milk, factors which determine and modulate milk PUFA content, and possible effects of milk LC-PUFA on infant growth and development.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed1998

The impact of maternal psychiatric illness on infant development.

Maternal depression and anxiety are associated with compromises in infant and maternal social and emotional functioning. In this paper, we briefly review the literature on this topic and present some preliminary findings on a group of mothers in treatment for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. The findings suggest that the symptom reports of treated mothers with established DSM diagnoses were similar overall to those of control mothers. However, the mothers' psychiatric illness had a compromising effect on their interactions with their infants and on their infants' social and emotional functioning. The implications of these results are discussed.

Child Development↗

PubMed1991

Reported social alcohol consumption during pregnancy and infants' development at 18 months.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between mothers' self reported drinking habits before, during, and after pregnancy and infants' mental and motor development at 18 months of age. DESIGN: Follow up study of all singleton live births born to primigravidas living in Dundee and booked into antenatal clinics from 1 May 1985 to 30 April 1986. SETTING: District of Dundee. SUBJECTS: 846 children aged 18 months, of whom 592 attended for assessment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores on Bayley scales of infant mental and motor development. RESULTS: For full term children, maternal alcohol consumption was not significantly related to any adverse effect on the children's mental or motor development measures at age 18 months. After confounding factors had been controlled for, alcohol consumption before pregnancy and after pregnancy was significantly related to better motor performance and mental performance. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women probably need not abstain from alcohol altogether as no detectable adverse relation was found between the child's mental and physical development and the mother's weekly consumption at levels in excess of 100g absolute alcohol. However, to allow for a margin of safety and taking into account the findings of an earlier phase of this study on the immediate effects on the newborn, it is recommended that pregnant women should drink no more than eight units of alcohol a week, the equivalent of about one drink a day.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1991

Promoting infant development during neonatal hospitalization: critiquing the state of the science.

Contemporary neonatal intensive care units treat infants with very different medical conditions from those of a decade ago. Approaches to ensuring optimal outcome following high-risk birth must reflect the changing conditions and needs of these infants. This paper will review the cause and nature of change in infant status and attempt to reconcile the increasing demand for supporting stages of neuromaturation and social-emotional development during hospitalization with our current limited understanding of how fragile infants process and respond to interventions. Special cautions will be directed to well-meaning caregivers who may unwittingly jeopardize infant health and development by implementing new clinical models without empirical support. Opportunities for integrating psychosocial and medical care of these infants will also be highlighted.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

A possible protocognitive role for odor in human infant development.

Concepts relating to semiochemistry are now prevalent in the current literature on olfaction. Two fundamental tools of semiotics are metaphors, involving cognitive and verbal processes, and metonyms, involving nonverbal associations. By extending the concept of metonymy to non-linguistic transmission, we propose a possible explanation of how olfaction acts as a semiotic sense. Consideration of the sense of smell in animals and humans demonstrates its excellence for the formation of learned associations. In animals we find salient and complex information transmitted via biological odors. In this review, the olfactory dyadic relationship between mother and child is used for the theoretical proposal that the sense of smell plays an important protocognitive role in the genesis of cognition via mechanisms of in utero and postnatal nonlinguistic metonymic learning processes.

Brain↗

PubMed1970