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PubMedDate not supplied

Types of psychological reactions in patients with lower-extremity amputations.

The aim of this study was to establish types of psychological reactions and conditions in patients with lower-extremity amputations. Apart from using psychological interviews, detection was performed using psychometric tests: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory. Psychometric parameters were analyzed in a group of 20 examinees treated at the Medical Rehabilitation Clinic in Novi Sad. Out of the whole sample, 45% of patients presented with adaptive reactions to amputation and consequent disability, whereas 55% presented with maladaptive responses. The registered psychopathological symptoms included nosologic categories: reaction to stressful events and adjustment disorder (predominantly affecting other emotions; mixed disorder of conduct and emotions; prolonged depressive reaction) and dysthymia. When working with lower-extremity amputees, apart from adaptive, nonpathological forms of behavior, one also encounters maladaptive responses with predomination of mood disorders due to severe somatic stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

A randomised trial of routine versus selective counselling in perinatal bereavement from congenital disease.

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether routine counselling improves psychological wellbeing after bereavement for fetal abnormality. DESIGN: A randomised trial among bereaved couples who did not demonstrate any unexpected strain or psychopathology after bereavement. SETTING: St. James's University Hospital, Leeds. SUBJECTS: Fifty-seven couples. INTERVENTIONS: Independent counselling by an experienced psychotherapist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-administered questionnaires measuring grief, anxiety and depression and a structured psychological interview 16 to 20 months after the loss. Anniversaries of a death or expected birth date were avoided. RESULTS: There were no differences in outcome between women randomised to the study group or randomised to the control group with respect to grief, anxiety, depression or the results of the structured overview. Among those in the randomised study group, women who attended for counselling had a much better outcome than women who defaulted from counselling. Overall, women who underwent termination of pregnancy did slightly worse than those who had experienced stillbirth or neonatal death. On an informal basis, the clinician concerned believes that he was better able to help bereaved couples as a result of feedback and criticism from the independent counsellor. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The hypothesis that all couples should have independent counselling after prenatal loss for congenital abnormality is unproven, but it is likely that clinicians can benefit from feedback from a counsellor; (2) it is possible that termination of pregnancy is more psychopathogenic than other forms of fetal loss; (3) people who attend for their counselling sessions are probably inherently better able to adjust to bereavement; (4) trials of psychological intervention are feasible, but follow up is either difficult to achieve or expensive.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2003

Recollection rejection: false-memory editing in children and adults.

Mechanisms for editing false events out of memory reports have fundamental implications for theories of false memory and for best practice in applied domains in which false reports must be minimized (e.g., forensic psychological interviews, sworn testimony). A mechanism posited in fuzzy-trace theory, recollection rejection, is considered. A process analysis of false-memory editing is presented, which assumes that false-but-gist-consistent events (e.g., the word SOFA, when the word COUCH was experienced) sometimes cue the retrieval of verbatim traces of the corresponding true events (COUCH), generating mismatches that counteract the high familiarity of false-but-gist-consistent events. Empirical support comes from 2 qualitative phenomena: recollective suppression of semantic false memory and inverted-U relations between retrieval time and semantic false memory. Further support comes from 2 quantitative methodologies: conjoint recognition and receiver operating characteristics. The analysis also predicts a novel false-memory phenomenon (erroneous recollection rejection), in which true events are inappropriately edited out of memory reports.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia.

A nationwide Finnish sample of index offspring given up for adoption by schizophrenic women has been compared blindly with matched controls, that is, adopted-away offspring of nonschizophrenic biologic parents. The adoptive families have been investigated directly by joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. Interviewing and testing of biologic parents is in progress. In the total sample, thus far examined, of 124 index offspring, 9 (7.3%) have become psychotic; of 147 control offspring, 2 (1.4%) have become psychotic.

Adoption↗
PubMed1981

Occurrence of down syndrome and human sexual behavior.

We analyzed the sexual habits of 80 mothers of normal children and of 33 mothers of children with the Down syndrome (DS). The data were obtained through the psychological interview technique. Unusually long intervals between intercourse at the time of conception were reported more frequently by mothers of DS children. Independent of the mother's age there was an association between the incidence of DS and long intervals between intercourse.

Coitus↗
PubMed2006

Generalized anxiety disorder severity scale (GADSS): a preliminary validation study.

To assist researchers and clinicians in primary care with assessment and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), we developed a simple standardized instrument, similar to the Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Independent evaluators used the six-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale (GADSS) to conduct telephone assessments of 330 patients from four primary care facilities with DSM-IV diagnoses of GAD and/or panic disorder who were participating in a study of the effectiveness of collaborative care treatment. Participants were also evaluated at a 12-month follow-up. Internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and sensitivity to change were determined. The GADSS had high internal consistency, and showed good validity and sensitivity to change. Change in GADSS scores discriminated between two different treatment strategies. GADSS is a simple, efficient way to rate severity over the telephone in patients with established diagnoses of GAD.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2002

Vienna Transdanube Aging "VITA": study design, recruitment strategies and level of participation.

The Vienna Transdanube Aging study "VITA" is a prospective, interdisciplinary cohort-study of all 75-years old inhabitants of the 21. and 22. district of Vienna (n = 1,745), which started in May 2000. The study design is described in this paper for the first time. The main scientific question of the study concerns the prediction of incident dementia in the elderly. The main statistical analysis will compare 8 predictors: episodic memory, verbal fluency, subjective memory complaints, depression, APOE-epsilon4, MAO-B activity in thrombocytes, MRT hippocampal atrophy, and MRT atrophy of the substantia innominata. The whole investigation comprises medical and psychosocial interviews, psychological tests, psychiatric and neurological scales, blood characteristic, genetic factors and cranial magnetic resonance imaging. Various variables will be compared with each other concerning sensitivity and specificity of prediction of cognitive decline. The dependent variable of the intended statistical analysis will be the individual's difference between Mini Mental State Examination scores at the two times of investigation. A high level of participation in geriatric epidemiological studies increases the general applicability of results but recruitment procedures must not ignore the individual's right to privacy and integrity. Using a liberal recruitment procedure as recommended by the local ethics commission the level of participation is between 36.7% and 44.3%.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Transient eating disorder in early childhood--a case report.

Although children in infancy present eating problems of multifarious nature, the diagnostic classification of infant eating disorders remains markedly deficient. The authors present a case exhibiting transient eating disorder in early childhood, alongside discussion of some considerations relevant to this age group. The subject was a boy aged 5 years 6 months at first presentation. Starting with an inability to swallow "sushi" at dinner, he was brought to the clinic for inability to ingest food or liquids. Treatment was planned as play therapy for the patient, and psychological interviews for the mother. The child's symptoms were improved in five sessions, but interviews of the mother revealed eating disorders such as bulimia and vomiting, and sexual problems in the marital relationship, necessitating long-term therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The value of serum antimicrosomal antibody testing in screening for symptomatic postpartum thyroid dysfunction.

We investigated the value of a screening program for postpartum thyroiditis in a heterogeneous American population and used serum antithyroid antibodies to identify postpartum women at risk. Blood was drawn from 1034 consecutive women on their second postpartum day and tested for antimicrosomal and antithyroglobulin antibodies by hemagglutination. Seventy-two women (7.0%) were seropositive for antimicrosomal antibodies, but only seven (0.7%) had antithyroglobulin antibodies. There was a significant difference in the racial prevalence of antimicrosomal antibodies, with seropositivity in 52 of 588 white women (8.8%) versus nine of 367 black women (2.5%; p less than 0.001). Thirty-four of 51 (67%) antimicrosomal seropositive women followed at least 6 months post partum developed biochemical thyroid dysfunction and 20 of these patients required treatment for hypothyroidism. The mean (+/- SEM) serum thyroxine and thyrotropin levels in these patients before treatment were 3.0 +/- 0.3 micrograms/dl (normal 6.1 to 12.3 micrograms/dl) and 77 +/- 17 mU/L (normal 0.3 to 4.0 mU/L), respectively. Psychologic interviews revealed a significant increase in impaired concentration, carelessness, depression, and total complaints when patients with postpartum hypothyroidism were compared with postpartum euthyroid women. Medical evidence now suggests that postpartum thyroiditis is a common event and causes significant symptoms in women who develop hypothyroidism. Therefore, we propose that serum antimicrosomal antibody testing of postpartum women provides a feasible cost-effective screening method of identifying women likely to suffer from this disease.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed2005

Maladaptive core beliefs and eating disorder symptoms.

This study compared maladaptive core beliefs of eating-disordered groups (full and subthreshold syndrome) and healthy controls and investigated the association between eating disorder symptoms and core beliefs. Participants were compared on self-report measures of core beliefs (YSQ) and eating disorder psychopathology (BITE). Anorexia nervosa (AN; both subtypes) and bulimia nervosa (BN) patients had significantly more core beliefs than healthy controls. Binge eating disorder (BED) patients had intermediate scores between AN and BN on the one hand and healthy controls on the other hand. No correlation was found between core beliefs and frequency of binge eating. Frequency of vomiting, laxative misuse and fasting was positively associated with all domains of core beliefs. Patients with eating disorders have some core beliefs which are not directly related to eating, weight or shape. Frequency of purging and fasting behaviors is associated with more severe maladaptive core beliefs. Our data demonstrate the importance of identifying purging and fasting as significant clinical markers.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Depressive symptoms following herpes simplex encephalitis--an underestimated phenomenon?

OBJECTIVE: In view of the herpes simplex virus' neurotropism for the limbic system and the temporal lobe, little is known about potential negative effects of this necrotizing encephalitis on affective functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after recovery. We therefore set out to explore an association between herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) and both depressive symptoms and HRQoL. METHODS: A structured telephone interview was conducted in 26 subjects (F/M=10/16; age at follow-up, 49.3+/-15.0 years; range, 29-80) at a mean time interval of 5.2+/-3.1 years (range, 1-11) after their initial diagnosis of HSE. WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) was used as screening instrument for depression, and Short Form-12 was used as HRQoL instrument. We also determined the spatial extent of morphologic abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Ten of the interviewees (38.5%) had a WHO-5 score below 13, which is considered indicative of a depressive disorder. Accordingly, concerning their HRQoL, patients felt more impaired by affective than by physical symptoms. MRI ratings and WHO-5 score were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS: While this pilot study does not allow to establish a causal relationship with focal brain damage, findings suggest both a high frequency of depressive symptoms and a low quality of life with respect to mental health following HSE. These results should be confirmed by a prospective trial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors associated with the development of postpartum mood disorders.

BACKGROUND: Various factors have been reported to be associated with the development of postpartum mood disorders. The relationship between postpartum mood disorders and putatively hormone-related phenomena such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is unclear. This study attempts to determine whether such mood phenomena are risk factors for postpartum mood disorders. METHODS: Postpartum women (n=1800) were assessed for risk factors for postpartum mood disorders during the first 2-4 days after parturition. Of these, 133 were defined as "high risk" and 109 as "low risk" according to fixed criteria. A structured phone diagnostic interview was performed at 6-8 weeks postpartum to assess for the presence of postpartum depression or the blues. RESULTS: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), mood symptoms during the first 2-4 days postpartum, a past history of depression and mood symptoms during past oral contraceptive use, were found to be significant risk factors for postpartum mood disorders. Women at high risk for postpartum mood disorders had a 9.3-, 1.5-, 1.6- and 2.6-fold increase in risk for major depression, minor depression, the blues and adjustment disorder respectively compared to women at low risk. LIMITATIONS: While the study design is prospective, it is limited by the retrospective assessment of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that putatively hormone-related phenomena such as PMDD are related to the occurrence of postpartum mood disorders. The results go some way to support the hypothesis that the etiology for postpartum mood disorders may be related to differential hormonal sensitivity. Such risk factors should be included in any assessment of the risk for these disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Associations between waist circumference and depressive disorders.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested that abdominal obesity and mental disorders are associated. This paper was initiated to investigate associations between unfavourable waist circumference (WC) and mental disorders in a representative sample of German adults. METHODS: 4181 individuals (aged 18-65 years) took part in a physical examination (including measurement of body weight and WC) and a structured psychological interview (M-CIDI) to evaluate mental disorders. RESULTS: An unfavourable WC (males: 26.9%; females: 31.3%) was highly prevalent. However, unfavourable WC and mental disorders were not associated, neither with regard to the prevalence of any mental disorder nor regarding in particular depressive disorders. Moreover, even middle-aged depressive women that have often been assumed to be at high risk of increased visceral fat did not show more unfavourable WCs than their non-depressed, female counterparts. LIMITATIONS: The main limitation is that the co-occurrence of mental disorders and obesity was recorded but not, if obesity was related to the onset of mental problems. CONCLUSION: From an epidemiologic perspective, it is not possible to prove associations between WC and mental disorders. Patients with unfavourable waist circumferences do not show a higher prevalence of depressive disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A prospective evaluation of agoraphobia and depression symptoms following panic attacks in a community sample of adolescents.

In a community sample of high schoolers who experienced their first panic attack, we examined the prospective relationships among pre-panic vulnerabilities, panic attack severity, and post-panic agoraphobia and depression symptoms. Students were evaluated yearly over 4 years to test the following four hypotheses: (1) pre-panic anxiety sensitivity, negative affect, and childhood behavioral inhibition will serve as vulnerabilities that predict agoraphobia and depression symptoms following a panic attack; (2) these vulnerabilities will lead to more severe panic attacks; (3) severe and spontaneous panic attacks will predict subsequent agoraphobia and depressive symptoms; and (4) the interaction between panic severity and vulnerabilities will be associated with worse outcomes following a panic attack. Results supported the first three hypotheses, but no evidence emerged for an interactive effect. Findings are discussed in light of recent modernized classical conditioning models that address factors contributing to development of more severe panic related psychopathology after panic attacks.

Adolescent↗