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PubMedDate not supplied

Lactation and the labor market: breastfeeding, labor market changes, and public policy in the United States.

Public health authorities in the United States actively promote breast-feeding, with target goals for increased beast-feeding rates by the year 2000. In recent decades, however, there has been an increase in the number of American mothers with infants who are in the labor market. Drawing together research examining the intersection of breast-feeding and women's involvement in paid employment, as well as various labor market analyses, this study explores how national recommendations advocating increased breast-feeding among new mothers in paid work are reconciled with economic pressures to return to the labor force in the early postpartum period. This analysis highlights those employment-related factors that constrain the practice of breast-feeding, thereby impeding "choice" over infant feeding method for many mothers. Finally, there is an attempt to explore various employer and public policies and strategies potentially supportive of breast-feeding among mothers in paid employment.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Time study of nurse's shift work the influence of domestic labor on fatigue after ordinary labor].

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between domestic labor and fatigue following night shift work by nurses was examined. Differences due to the age of the youngest child, which apparently influences housework time, were analyzed. METHODS: A time survey was conducted with 159 shift work nurses at a public general hospital. Participants were divided into three groups based on the age of the youngest child, i.e., those whose youngest child was in school were placed in the "school age" group, those whose youngest child was preschool age were placed in the "preschool age" group, and nurses without children were placed in the "childless" group. Using four categories of daily living, time use was set as labor hours, physiological hours, house work hours, and social and cultural activity hours, and daily living time was described with reference to seventeen items. A subjective symptoms index (SSI) was applied after both day and night shifts. Comparison of the degree of recovery from physical fatigue and loss of mental concentration were also investigated between the end of day work and the start of night work. RESULTS: Sleeping and napping time was 7 hours and 53 minutes in the "preschool age" group, 8 hours and 18 minutes in the "school age" group, and 9 hours and 11 minutes in the "childless" group. Housework time was 3 hours and 9 minutes in the "preschool age" group, 2 hours and 1 minute in the "school age" group, and 48 minutes in the "childless" group, with the majority of time spent doing cooking and childcare chores. Social and cultural activity time was 36 minutes in the "preschool age" group, 57 minutes in the "school age" group, and 1 hour and 19 minutes in the "childless" group. Fireside time with family was a mere 7 minutes in the "preschool age" group. The subjective symptoms index (SSI) after night work showed severe fatigue in all groups. All groups showed greater fatigue and loss of concentration at the time of night work than when finishing day work. DISCUSSION: The results showed greater fatigue in the "preschool age" group, which suggests an inverse correlation with sleeping and napping and a positive link to labor in the home. The "preschool age" group had longer housework hours, and shorter sleeping and social and cultural activity hours, which are presumed to influence fatigue.

Fatigue↗
PubMed1997

Child labor and the division of labor in the early English cotton mills.

"The share of children employed in English cotton factories fell significantly before the introduction of effective child labor legislation in the early 1830s. The early factories employed predominantly children because adults without factory experience were relatively unproductive factory workers. The subsequent growth of the cotton industry fostered the development of a labor market for productive adult factory workers. This effect helps account for the shift toward adults in the cotton factory workforce."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

[Influence of labor induced by prostaglandins on the metabolism and blood coagulation system of the mother and child during labor].

22 pregnancies at term were terminated by dilatation of the uterine cervix, low amniotomy, and by intravenous administration of PGF2alpha or PGE2. The average infusion time was 4 hours 10 minutes, and the average total dose of PGF2alpha amounted to 2,0 mg and of PGE2 0,2 mg. Parameters of acid-base changes, carbohydrate and energic state changes, gas metabolism, and changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in mother and in fetus were analyzed during labor and after birth. Labor activity and fetal cardiac action were monitored cardiotocographically. Checked against 50, and for the coagulation 12 uncomplicated spontaneous deliveries, we have found no disadvantageous changes in the parameters investigated.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1989

Management of the second stage of labor: a review (Part II). Maternal positioning as it relates to the management of the second stage of labor is reviewed.

In the previous article, the rigid use of the Friedman Curve, breathing techniques, and other management options for the second stage of labor were examined. This article concentrates on the affect of maternal positioning, on the length of the second stage of labor, and summarizes the contents of that former article and this one.

Female↗
PubMed1980

Determinants of postpartum morbidity in laboring monitored patients: a reassessment of the bacteriology of the amniotic fluid during labor.

Identification of the type and concentration of bacterial organisms in the amniotic fluid (AF) during labor might allow for earlier and more effective treatment of postpartum infections. Previous studies have identified organisms typically associated with postpartum endometritis, but the relationship to intrapartum findings has been disappointing. The purpose of this prospective study was to reassess any relationships between the bacteriology of the AF during labor and the postpartum course in the high-risk, noninfected, monitored gravid patient. The intrapartum AF bacterial flora was similar in 70 patients delivered vaginally and 80 patients delivered abdominally. In patients who did not receive prophylactic antibiotics, a total AF organism count of greater than or equal to 10(4) colonies/ml and the presence of any streptococcal or Bacteroides organism, gram-negative bacillus, or Staphylococcus aureus were significantly related to postpartum morbidity. Under these conditions, cesarean section considerably increased the risk of clinical endometritis. These results suggest that semiquantitative culture of AF obtained through the intrauterine pressure catheter prior to delivery may be of value in the postpartum management of patients delivered by cesarean section.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1977

Elective induction of labor conducted under lumbar epidural block. II. Labor induction by amniotomy and intravenous prostaglandin.

Labor was electively induced at term in 117 clinically normal nulliparae and parous women by combining low amniotomy with intravenous administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (n = 64) or prostaglandin E2 (n = 53). Analgesia was obtained by continuous lumbar epidural block with bupivacaine. The procedure was very effective in producing vaginal delivery within 24 h after prostaglandin infusion (n = 115), but it was accompanied by an extremely high incidence of uterine hypertonus. Tentative explanations for the transient uterine hyperstimulation are a direct stimulatory effect of the local anesthetic on the contractility of the myometrial fiber and/or a temporarily higher amount of circulating oxytocic compound reaching the myometrium due to local vasodilatation as a result of sympathetic nerve blockade. In some cases uterine hypertonus was associated with slowing of the basal fetal heart rate and, when severe, with the appearance of late deceleration patterns and fetal acidosis. In other cases the fetal heart rate deceleration is explained by the toxic effect of bupivacaine on the myocard. Since both the myometrial hyperactivity and the FHR alterations were temporary, fetal biochemical parameters were unaffected at completion of the first stage of labor. Because with intravenous prostaglandin uterine hyperstimulation is more difficult to avoid and regional analgesia further increases the hazard of both hypertonus and fetal heart rate deceleration, the combined application of an intravenous prostaglandin and continuous epidural analgesia should not be introduced into obstetrical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Labor migration during the first phase of basque industrialization: the labor market and family motivations.

"This article analyzes the migration strategies of those social groups making up the labor supply during the first phase of industrialization in the Basque Country (1877-1910), which was one of the most industrialized regions of the northern part of Spain. Migration is estimated by sex, marital status, and origin and interpreted within the context of family decision-making. The article also deals with the expectations among potential migrants by the areas of destination. The study of the labor market, from the standpoint of job specialization, will enable us to know more about the profile of a typical migrant, and the family as a protagonist in migratory flows."

Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Developing CD-ROM based multimedia digital textbook of 'San-Yin-Jiao(SP-6) pressure for reducing the labor pain and shortening the labor time'.

The computer-based textbook is a new educational tool that promises to play a prominent role in the coming years. Classical instructional technologies, such as video, stills, audio files and computer programs with a textbook orientation, have been merged into one multimedia computer system and have created additional opportunities for learning in medical, dental and nursing education. The authors developed a hypermedia textbook of â San-Yin-Jiao pressure for reducing the labor pain and shortening the labor time' using a personal computer with hypermedia software that contains texts, images, videos, audios and literature citations. The target population of this educational CD-ROM would be nurse-midwives, clinical nurses working for the obstetric units, and faculty members who teach the Maternity and Women's Health Nursing. Valuable and practical experiences were obtained and shared.

Acupressure↗
PubMed1987

Does extra-amniotic infection cause preterm labor? Gas-liquid chromatography studies of amniotic fluid in amnionitis, preterm labor, and normal controls.

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was used to identify short-chain organic acid byproducts of bacterial metabolism in amniotic fluid from seven normal control patients, six women with overt amnionitis, and six preterm labor patients. Microbiologic culture for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was also carried out. Positive GLC findings were generally associated with positive cultures, except in five of the preterm labor patients whose GLCs were positive despite negative cultures. The origin of the short-chain organic acids found in these women is unclear; extra-amniotic bacterial growth may explain this finding.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1977

Induction of abortion and labor by extraamniotic isotonic saline, with or without addition of oxytocin, in cases of missed abortion, missed labor and antepartum fetal death.

In a group of 16 women admitted for missed abortion, missed labor or antepartum fetal death, we induced abortion or labor by means of extraamniotic infusion of isotonic saline solution, using a Foley catheter inserted through the cervix. Eight patients also required parallel intravenous administration of 5-10 U of oxytocin drip. The average time from the onset of treatment until expulsion of the macerated fetus was 9.09 hours. No complications were recorded. This method is suggested in all such cases, especially when the classical methods are contraindicated.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

Erythropoietin umbilical serum levels during labor in women with preeclampsia, diabetes, and preterm labor.

In this study we determine the erythropoietin levels and hematocrit in 22 women with preterm labor, 21 with insulin-dependent diabetes, 22 with preeclampsia, and 20 with normal gestation. The erythropoietin level was higher in the preeclamptic group than in the diabetic group compared with the normal and premature groups. There were no hypoxic fetuses. From this study, we found that the mechanism of increased erythropoietin levels in neonates can be different from fetal hypoxia. Further studies are needed on this subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Supporting women in labor: a work sampling study of the activities of labor and delivery nurses.

Studies demonstrated that support during labor and birth has a positive impact on childbirth outcomes, and that women reported they received little supportive care from nurses during parturition. This study piloted a work sampling method that was adapted to determine the proportion of time the average intrapartum nurse at a Toronto teaching hospital spends in supportive care activities. Supportive care was operationally defined within four categories of activities: emotional support, physical comfort measures, instruction/information, and advocacy. Work sampling was an effective method of measuring support as a specific aspect of direct intrapartum care. The proportion of time that nurses spent in supportive versus all other activities was 9.9 percent (95% confidence interval 7.5% and 12%), based on a sample of 616 random observations of 18 nurses. Findings are discussed in terms of the social and political factors that affect the meaning and value of the supportive activities of work by obstetric nurses.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1986

[[Labor force life tables: an analysis of the Korean female labor force]].

"This study attempts to analyze the quantitative aspects of the female labour force in [the Republic of] Korea, 1970 and 1980, by constructing a series of labour force life tables which are useful in studying the process of the growth and structural change of the labour force." Data are primarily taken from the census. Factors affecting women's entry into and exit from the labor force are analyzed, including fertility, age of children, and marital status. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[From cultural to labor migration: toward integration of third-world migrants in the Umbrian labor market].

The author describes "recent changes taking place in immigrant communities in [Umbria,] Italy.... After highlighting the main characteristics of the foreign presence in Umbria, the article looks at its modes of economic integration in the regional labor market. Results seem to indicate that there is a gradual strengthening of the occupational position of immigrants, not matched by their level of social integration." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Acculturation↗
PubMed1994

[Women in the labor force and migration. The female labor market between 1950 and 1990 and female migration to Santiago, Chile].

"This article examines the relationships between changes in the volume, relative importance and growth rates of female migration to Santiago [Chile], and modifications in the structure of the female labour market during the past four decades. It also analyzes changes in the characteristics of occupational insertion of migrants as compared to non-migrant women." The author investigates the impact of modernization, education, access to contraceptives, rural labor markets, and development strategies. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Labor and normal delivery: induction of labor.

The continuing search for improvements in the methods of labor induction has seen the development of techniques that are more efficient, more reliable, safer, and more acceptable to the patient. Ultimately, these objectives will be best served by striving to mimic the normal physiology of parturition as closely as possible. Attention must be paid to the control of cervical ripening as well as myometrial contractility. Refinements in the use of oxytocin and prostaglandins continue to produce better results and the dawning of the era of progesterone receptor blockers gives hope of further significant advances.

Cervix Uteri↗