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PubMed2004

Life-style correlates of tooth loss in an adult Midwestern population.

OBJECTIVES: To describe life-style correlates of tooth loss in a representative rural American population. METHODS: Information on tooth loss as well as past medical history and life-style factors was obtained in a well-defined cohort of 2,764 persons 53-96 years of age in Beaver Dam, WI (1998-2000). RESULTS: There were 1,992 (68.2%) persons missing some and 447 (15.3%) missing all of their teeth. In univariable analyses, age, cigarette smoking, heavy drinking, education, multivitamin use, and diabetes status were associated with tooth loss. Tooth loss was associated with poorer self-rated health and with difficulty eating solid food and inability to enjoy some food. In multivariable models age, education, smoking, heavy drinking, and diabetes were significantly associated with tooth loss. CONCLUSIONS: Tooth loss is common in older persons and is associated with many risk factors including education, smoking, and heavy drinking. It is possible that modifying these may influence risk of tooth loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Life-style and substance use among male African-American urban adolescents: a cluster analytic approach.

Cluster analyzed four variables: school attendance, employment, church attendance, and delinquency, to develop life-style profiles. Data from 218 African-American urban adolescents were used in the study. Five meaningful clusters were retained and subjected to criterion validity analyses using measures of spirituality, participation in a voluntary organization, self-esteem, and friend's substance use. The five clusters were then compared on cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use. The results suggest that a life-style that includes an adaptive compensatory behavior component may be more adaptive than a life-style that does not include compensatory behavior. For example, youths who left high school before graduation but were involved in church reported less alcohol and substance use than youths who left school and were not involved in any meaningful instrumental activity. Implications for intervention and future research on high-risk behaviors are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Long-term strength training for community-dwelling people over 75: impact on muscle function, functional ability and life style.

The objective was to determine the impact of a 1-year mixed strength-training programme on muscle function, functional ability, physical activity and life style. Twice-a-week hospital-based exercise classes and a once-a-week home session were conducted. Nineteen healthy community-dwelling training (T) men (76.6 +/- 3.1 years), 19 women (77.5 +/- 4.0 years) and 20 matched controls (C) participated in this study. Training was given with a two multi-gym machines for the lower limbs (Sitting calf and Leg press, TECHNOGYM, Italy) at 60% of the repetition maximum (1 RM) and at home it was with elastic bands. The following were the measurements made: muscle function-maximum isometric strength of the knee extensors (KE) and ankle plantar flexors (PF) measured with a Cybex Norm dynamometer, leg extensor power (LEP) with the Nottingham Power Rig; functional abilities-functional reach, chair rise, bed rise, 6-min walking test, stair climbing, get up and go, one-leg standing; physical activity-aerobic activities over 3 MET intensity (AA3), intensity classes; life-style-mean daily energy expenditure (MDEE). Significant gains in muscle function and functional abilities in both training females and males were observed, but females improved significantly more than males. Males (T + C) showed higher AA3 times than females (T + C) (P = 0.02), with females significantly more involved in light-intensity activities. We observed a 60% increase (t = 2.45) in AA3 time in T, but no increase in C. Trained males increased Class 2 physical activity time by 146% (t = 2.82) and trained females by 16% (t = 2.23). MDEE increased by 10% (t=2.62) in trained males. Our long-term mixed programme can improve muscle function and functional abilities in elderly females and functional abilities in males. It can positively affect the amount of habitual physical activity and the life-style of males and females over 75.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

[Gender and age-related differences in life style characteristics, health condition, and unidentified complaints in healthy old-aged people].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine gender and age-related differences in life style such as exercise and dietary habits etc., health conditions and unidentified complaints in healthy older-aged people. METHOD: A questionnaire consisting of 40 items on life style and 16 items on unidentified complaints was administered to 890 people aged 60 to 89 in the community (304 males and 586 females). The proportions of gender and age-range for each item were computed, and a two-way analysis of variance based on the Lancaster method was applied. RESULTS: Most of the aged spend their time living regularly and have leisure activities. The smoking and drinking rates for males are higher than those for females in all age-ranges. The aged exercise more than one or two days a week for both sexes. Many aged males have exercised more than three days a week and/or for more than seven years. Most of the aged have regular dietary habits and there are many males who are careful to eat appropriate portion sizes. Females have more interest in food in the higher age-ranges, but tend to control meal-portions voluntarily. The rate of seeing a doctor regularly and having fractures increases in the higher age-ranges. The rates of arthritis and neuralgia are higher for females than for males. More females complain of 'eyes have grown blurred' and 'pain and swelling in a joint' and males complain more of 'cough and phlegm' and 'feel very thirsty'. CONCLUSION: Gender and age-related differences exist in most life style items for healthy old-aged people, and there is little in the way of age-related differences in the content of unidentified complaints.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

[Randomised clinical trial of an intensive intervention into life-styles of patients with hyperfibrinogenaemia in primary prevention of cardiovascular pathology in primary health care].

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of an intensive programme to modify life-style on levels of plasma fibrinogen in patients without cardiovascular pathology, with high fibrinogen and normal cholesterol levels. To analyse whether the effect on fibrinogen is independent, or otherwise, of the effect on lipids. DESIGN: Randomised clinical trial with a control. SETTING: 11 health districts in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Barcelona. PARTICIPANTS: 436 patients will be included, 218 individuals between 35 and 75 years old in each group, and without cardiovascular pathology (ischaemic cardiopathy, cerebral vascular accident or peripheral arteriopathy), with hyperfibrinogenaemia (fibrinogen > 300 mg/dL) and with plasma control < 250 mg/dL. INTERVENTIONS: One group of patients will receive an intensive intervention (in frequency and intensity of counselling and treatment) for life-style changes, i.e. stopping smoking, low-calorie diet in case of overweight or obesity, and physical exercise. The follow-up of the intervention group will be every 2 months. The control group will follow customary treatments. MEASUREMENTS: Levels of plasma fibrinogen. In addition, other relevant events will be recorded over a 2-year monitoring period: modification of risk factors, changes in quality of life, cardiovascular events or death. DISCUSSION: The introduction of an intensive primary prevention intervention (life-style changes) in patients with hyperfibrinogenaemia could be a more effective measure than the habitual intervention for reducing plasma fibrinogen figures. In addition, these measures could be translated into a reduction of cardiovascular risk and an improvement in the patient s quality of life.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Favorable life-style modification and attenuation of cardiovascular risk factors.

In order to develop an effective counseling system for prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the association of a favorably changed life-style with improved risk factors was examined. Participants were 7,321 office workers aged 30-69 years from in and around Nagoya city. The age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the likelihood of risk factor improvement by favorable life-style modifications during a 3-year period. Those who began to eat breakfast and increased their vegetable intake normalized their previously abnormal diastolic blood pressure with more than twice the likelihood (adjusted OR [95% CI] 2.89 [1.29-6.46] and 2.60 [1.18-5.75], respectively). 'Began to eat breakfast' was also significantly associated with normalized total cholesterol (TC) (1.84, [1.05-3.21]). 'Stopped eating till full' significantly normalized the body mass index (2.03; [1.25-3.28]), uric acid (1.65; [1.07-2.52]) and TC (1.43; [1.04-1.97]). Those who started regular exercise significantly normalized their high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) abnormality with 1.69-times the likelihood (1.69; [1.24-2.29]) and those who began to walk briskly also improved their TC abnormality (1.85; [1.19-2.89]). HDL-C was normalized with 2.55-times the likelihood in those who quit smoking (2.55; [1.68-3.86]). Because favorable life-style modifications can attenuate abnormal cardiovascular risk factors, then proper advice on specific risk factors should be routinely given at each health check-up in order to prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases in subsequent years.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Relationship between subjective cognition and observed life-style in nursing students].

Complex interactions between long-standing lifestyles and genetic factors are strongly involved in the pathologenesis of adult diseases or chronic degenerative diseases. We usually use a questionnaire to obtain life-style information from subjects in a health survey. However, the response to questionnaires is a subjective recognition, therefore, it does not always precisely correspond to the actual situation. The purpose of this research is to compare the response to the questionnaire about life-styles with facts that can be objectively observed. Furthermore, each aspect of life-styles was examined on a mutual influence grade. The subjects were ninety-eight nursing college students aged from 18 to 23 years old, in good health. Subjective symptoms and daily life practices were investigated by a 15-item questionnaire, as the first step. Therefore, we asked them to record their behavior on a time chart, everyday for ten days. Seven days of serial records were obtained from sixty-four subjects (65.3% of 98 persons). 1) The response "yes" to the questionnaire "Do you sleep well?" and "Do you fall asleep, easily?" was influenced by the hours of sleep, rather than what time the subjects "go-to-bed" or "get-up". The response to "Do you wake up often during the night?" expressed an actual situation, well. 2) For subjective cognition regarding excretion, the answer for "constipation" was associated with the number of defecation per week, though the answer for "diarrhea" was not. 3) The answer to "Do you eat breakfast?" reflected the actual situation. However, the answer for "Do you eat between meals?" did not express the actual situation, that is, even the subjects who answered "occasionally" or "I don't eat between meals" had eaten between meals 6.1 times per week, on average. 4) There were mutual influences among sleeping, eating breakfast and excretion.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Hysterectomy in Danish women: weight-related factors, psychologic factors, and life-style variables.

OBJECTIVE: To assess weight-related risk factors, psychologic factors, and life-styles of importance for hysterectomy performed for benign conditions. METHODS: In a prevalence study, 2301 Danish women aged 30, 40, 50, or 60 years were selected at random in 1982, and self-report questionnaires were collected from 77%. Information about weight and dieting history, life-style, psychologic factors, gynecologic history, and social background were recorded. Weight, height, and plasma lipids were measured. In an incidence study, the cohort was followed during 1982-1990 via central registers to assess the incidence of hysterectomy. Logistic and Cox regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: In the prevalence study, weight cycling (recurrent weight loss and weight gain of more than 5 kg) was associated with hysterectomy for benign disease (odds ratio 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]1.05-2.99) by multivariate analysis independent of overweight, smoking, psychologic factors, social factors, and gynecologic characteristics. In the incidence study, all the weight-related factors except slimming diets were significant risk factors for hysterectomy performed recently for benign disease in women under age 50. In the multivariate analysis, weight cycling was the only significant weight-related factor (relative risk 2.49, 95% CI 1.10-5.60), explaining the relation between hysterectomy and psychologic factors. Coffee, tea, alcohol, smoking, and plasma lipids were not related to hysterectomy in either study. CONCLUSION: Weight cycling might be an important risk factor for premenopausal hysterectomy performed for benign conditions. Whether weight cycling causes menstrual irregularities and leiomyomas, these results give us a better understanding of the pathways to hysterectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[How far should life-style be corrected in the elderly?].

To ensure a healthy elderly population, correction of life-style is one of the most important approaches. Smoking cessation, regulation of alcohol intake, prevention of obesity, improvement of nutrition, promotion of physical activity are key factors for prevention of bed-ridden and extension of healthy life span. Although corrections of life-style are essential in childhood, adolescence, and the middle-aged and elderly periods, the methods and purpose are different in each life stage. The risks of emaciation and malnutrition are more important rather than that of obesity in the elderly aged 75 years or over. As for the influence of smoking in cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, smoking can be a trigger for arrhythmia, peripheral vascular constriction, and irritation of the respiratory tract in the elderly. Smoking cessation is necessary even among elderly people. It is also necessary to decrease the amount of alcohol intake, because the ability of metabolize alcohol is limited in the elderly. Physical activity in the elderly people is fundamental not only to maintain the ability of daily living, but also to improve metabolic function and to prevent depression. Vigorous intervention to increase physical activity such as exercise class is recommended, especially in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Quality and life style as risk factors in acute cerebrovascular disease].

INTRODUCTION: In some series of patients with acute cerebral vascular disease (CVD) it has been seen that, prior to the episode of CVD, the patients already had a poorer quality of life than other people of their age. The object of this study is to evaluate their previous life style and quality of life as risk factors (RF) in acute CVD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study was done of a total of 151 patients admitted to two hospitals with acute CVD and 151 persons, who were not hospitalized and acted as the control group, paired (one to one) for age, sex and hospital. In both groups data were collected regarding basic general health, previous quality of life (Nottingham Health Profile-NHP-, life style and self-perception of social support. The relative risks were estimated by calculating the odds ratios and conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Regular moderate physical exercise acts as a protective factor with an OR of 0.32 (IC 95%: 0.14-0.76). Consumption of tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of CVD but did not reach statistical significance. No relationship was found between perceived social support and risk of CVD. Physical mobility, evaluated using the NHP showed a statistically significant negative association with acute CVD (OR: 0.32; IC 95%: 0.14-0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Our results seem to suggest that the previous overall quality of life cannot be considered a RF in acute CVD, except for physical mobility as evaluated on the NHP. Reduction of this constitutes a RF and moderate physical exercise behaves as a protective factor.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

[Weight of feces and its daily fluctuation in young women. Part 1. A survey of the relation fecal weight and dietary habits and life-styles].

This study investigates the relation of fecal production and dietary habits and life-styles in four 21 to 22 year-old healthy female students. The survey was conducted over 30 days and was repeated twice. All feces that were discharged were collected and weighed. The subjects performed very little physical exercise. The fecal weight, the number of defecations per day, gastrointestinal symptoms, feeling of incomplete defecation and of abdominal distention were recorded. The fecal weight was converted to autocorrelation, and the day-by-day variation was examined by a time series analysis (correlogram). Free access to foods was allowed. The weight of each food item was weighed for nutritional evaluation. The daily number of steps walked and sleeping hours were taken as indicators of life-style. The average fecal weight ranged from 96.8 g/day to 127.8 g/day, with a grand mean for the four subjects of 94.1 g/day. The average number of times of defecation during the 60 days period was 53 to 72, or 0-3 a day. The subjects tended to have feeling of incomplete defecation when the stool was hard and fecal weight was less than 100 g per day, whereas the subjects felt incomplete defecation less frequently when the stool was well-formed or pasty. The time series analysis by correlogram indicates that the variation in fecal weight formed a 3-4 day cycle and that the cycle was irrelevant to fecal weight. This survey shows that there was no apparent correlation among the fecal weight and nutrient intake, the number of meals per day, the number of steps walked or sleeping hours per day. It also indicates that defecation factors differ from individual to individual.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Circadian rhythm of blood pressure and life style: a study of clinically healthy subjects living in rural and industrialized countries.

The aim of this study is to investigate how the blood pressure (BP) circadian rhythm (CR) is influenced by life style. Two groups of subjects were recruited from Nepal and Japan because of the extremely different occupational routines of these countries. The Nepalese represent a rural culture, while the Japanese reflect an industrialized civilization. Both the ethnic groups have in common a high dietary sodium intake. The BP monitoring was estimated according to chronobiological methods. Results provide evidence for a phase difference in BP CR which is coherent with the life style in the two groups. Furthermore, the estimates demonstrate that the Japanese show a higher level in daily BP which is related to the greater number of hours in which they are active. These findings may be taken into account for better deciphering of what is the role of life style on BP physiology in human beings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Life-style activities in older people without intellectual impairment: a population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: Activities of daily living are important indicators of the functional status and wellbeing of older persons. Data derived from life-style activities of the community at large are important for such diverse purposes as characterising the individual's ability for independent living, studying normal ageing, or investigating social factors in rehabilitation. Our objective was to determine patterns in the life-style activities of people aged 65 years and older who had no intellectual impairment. METHODS: The article is a cross-sectional study of a population-based sample. Eligible people were non-institutionalised and aged 65 years or older, resident in the province of Guadalajara, Spain, and without intellectual impairment as assessed by the 10-item Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Questionnaires were administered by trained interviewers and included questions about the daily activities of the Adelaide Activities Profile (AAP), distributed among the four categories of domestic chores, household maintenance, service to others, and social activities. Each item was rated 0 = absent or 1 = present, and total scores ranged from 0 to 19. RESULTS: The sample included 192 men and 196 women from rural areas and 172 men and 220 women from urban areas. In the category of domestic chores, mean ratings for women (4.56, 95% CI 4.30 to 4.84) were significantly higher (p <0.05) than for men (1.36, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.62) both in urban and rural areas, except in the oldest age group (> or =85 years). In the subscale of household maintenance, also except for group of > or =85 years, men rated significantly higher (3.31, 95% CI 3.11 to 3.53) than women (2.34, 95% CI 2.21 to 2.47), independent of the place of residence. Women scored significantly higher than men in activities associated with service to others. Men younger than 80 years from rural areas were significantly more involved in social activities than women. In urban areas both sexes scored similarly in social activities CONCLUSION: The differences found among the AAP scales in relation to gender was a clear indication of the well established roles for men and women in our sociocultural context. The 19-item version of the AAP scale is a valuable survey instrument as an objective guide for studying activities related to life-style in community settings.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention.

Genetic and environmental factors, including diet and life-style, both contribute to cardiovascular disease, cancers, and other major causes of mortality, but various lines of evidence indicate that environmental factors are most important. Overly enthusiastic expectations regarding the benefits of genetic research for disease prevention have the potential to distort research priorities and spending for health. However, integration of new genetic information into epidemiologic studies can help clarify causal relations between both life-style and genetic factors and risks of disease. Thus, a balanced approach should provide the best data to make informed choices about the most effective means to prevent disease.

Disease↗
PubMed2000

Sexual life style, drug habit and socio-demographic status of drug addicts in Bangladesh.

The sexual life style, drug habit and socio-demographic status of 253 male hospitalized drug addicts were investigated. This study was conducted during the period June 1997 to July 1998, and each case was selected by the random sampling method. The research instrument was an interviewer-administered questionnaire, the sexual habits, number and quality of sex partners, use of condoms, sexually transmitted diseases, etc., were considered as indicators of the sexual life style of the drug addicts. Eighty-eight percent (n=233) of the addicts were heterosexual. Bisexuality was found only in 7% (n=18) of the addicts. Eighty-seven percent (n=240) of the addicts have multiple sex partners of either commercial or residential category. Most of the drug addicts (72%,n=181) did not use condoms. Fifty-seven percent (n=145) of the addicts were observed to have sexual diseases. As indicators of a drug habit, starting drug, choice of drug, period of addiction, sharing of needles, etc., were included. Cannabis was the starting substance for 59% (n=149) of the addicts. Heroin was the drug of choice for 60% (n=157) addicts. A single drug was taken only by 8% (n=20) of the addicts and the remaining 92% (n=233) took multiple drugs. The drug addicts (n=97) who used mostly injection (87%,n=84) shared needles. Education, occupation, income, age, marital status, influencing factors for addiction were considered as socio-demographic characteristics. Young adults (79%,n=199), secondary educated (46%,n=116), low-mid income (60%,n=150), businessmen (46%,n=150) and married (60%,n=151) people were found highly involved in addiction. Self-curiosity and a friend's incitement were revealed as the most important influencing factors for taking drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life style related risk factors for cardiovascular disease among patients at a teaching hospital in Karachi.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause for morbidity and mortality all over the world. It is important to study life style related, modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among patients, in order to devise preventive strategies. METHODS: We surveyed family practice patients visiting the out-patient clinics of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. The interview was questionnaire-based and recorded the demographic profile of the patients, in addition to information on life style related cardiovascular risk factors. The ethical requirements for the study were met. SPSS computer software was used for data management. RESULTS: Fifty patients were surveyed and included 28 (56%) men and 22 (44%) women. Thirty seven (74%) respondents were married, nineteen (38%) had graduate education, twenty five (50%) were in private service, and twelve (24%) were housewives. Twenty six (52%) respondents were overweight or obese. Butter, cream, margarine and red meat was consumed by 17 (34%) and 32 (64%) respondents respectively. White meat, fresh fruits and vegetables were consumed by 30 (60%), 29 (58%) and 38 (76%) respondents respectively. Oil from vegetable sources was used by 49 (98%) respondents. Addition of table salt was found occasionally and always in 18 (36%) and 09 (18%) respondents respectively. Twenty seven (54%) respondents exercised at least twenty minutes, three times a week, while eleven (22%) were current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Life style related modifiable risk factors are prevalent in patients reporting to our hospital. This offers an opportunity for preventive strategies, to prevent cardiovascular disease. Such surveys, followed by interventional strategies, are recommended to be followed by all Primary care facilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Follow-up study of obese pupils and their life styles in the lower grades of primary schools].

Physical examinations and a questionnaire survey of life style were carried out on all pupils (105 boys and 110 girls) at the first grade of primary school in Saigo town, Fuse village, Goka village, and Tsuma village of Shimane prefecture in 1992. In 1994, physical examinations and a questionnaire survey were again performed along with a newly-added blood examination on the same cohort. Parents of the pupils answered the questionnaire. The pupils who were included in both the first (in 1992) and the second (in 1994) examinations and surveys (89 boys and 101 girls, but 71 boys and 77 girls for blood examination) were subjects in this study to analyse the relationship between obesity and life style. The results showed (a) the proportional rates of obese boys and girls increased during the two years; (b) the obesity index of boys and girls in the third grades correlated with the obesity index of their mothers; (c) obese boys ate snacks frequently, had a higher speed in eating, and disliked physical exercise; and (d) the obesity index of boys and girls correlated with serum total cholesterol. These findings indicate that obesity occurs as early as the lower grades of primary schools and that it continues for at least two years.

Age Factors↗