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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Antiviral traditional medicines against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), poliovirus, and measles virus in vitro and their therapeutic efficacies for HSV-1 infection in mice.

One hundred forty-two kinds of traditional medicines, which have been historically used in China, Indonesia, and Japan, were examined for the antiviral activity of their hot water (HW) extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), poliovirus type 1, and measles virus by plaque reduction assay. Thirty-two, 55, and 30 HW-extracts of them showed anti-HSV-1, antipoliovirus, and anti-measles virus activities, respectively. Among the 32 HW-extracts with anti-HSV-1 activity, 3 HW-extracts had anti-HSV-1 activity alone and the others showed anti-HSV-1 activity with anti-poliovirus and/or anti-measles virus activities. The 32 HW-extracts were further examined for their therapeutic efficacies of HSV-1 infection in mice. The mice were infected cutaneously with HSV-1 and HW-extracts were orally administered three times daily. Twelve HW-extracts, currently used for the treatment of various diseases other than viral infection, were found to be significantly effective in limiting the development of skin lesions and/or in prolonging the mean survival times of HSV-1-infected mice. These results suggested that 12 of 142 HW-extracts that exhibited therapeutic efficacy in an animal infection model were possible candidates for anti-HSV-1 traditional medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and measles virus in a human-to-mouse graft versus host disease model permits immunization research.

An acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) murine model was developed to study the pathogenic and protective mechanisms against viruses that replicate in cells of the human immune system. The model allowed efficient replication of lymphotropic, macrophage and amphitropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and measles virus (MV). Cytopathic lymphotropic strains of HIV-1 and a wild-type MV strain replicated in a 'burst'-like manner, whereas a non-cytopathic lymphotropic HIV-1 strain and all macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains caused persistent infection of the graft. The replication kinetics of infection with these viruses were highly reproducible and were very similar to those observed in natural infection of humans. Infection with these viruses, with the exception of HIV-1SF2, led to a delay [corrected] and abrogation of the GvHD, indicating a direct immunosuppressive effect. Interestingly, infection with the lymphotropic HIV-1SF2 strain was rapidly and spontaneously abrogated. The model was also shown to be suitable for the evaluation of passive immunization strategies. Administration of a combination of antibodies against the HIV-1 V3 loop and the HIV-1 CD4 binding sites prevented subsequent infection with HIV-1IIIB. In contrast, administration of CD4 binding site specific human monoclonal antibody at a concentration that would neutralize the virus in vitro enhanced in vivo infection with HIV-1IIIB. The model also allowed evaluation of in vivo immunization studies. Immunization with a live attenuated measles vaccine resulted in protection from a wild-type MV challenge, whereas immunization with a subunit candidate vaccine appeared to give partial protection.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Multiple functions of immunoglobulin A in mucosal defense against viruses: an in vitro measles virus model.

Three defense functions of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immune exclusion, intracellular neutralization, and virus excretion, were assessed in a measles virus model using polarized epithelial cells expressing the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and monoclonal antibodies against the viral H and F envelope proteins and the internal N protein. Anti-H IgA was the most effective antibody at preventing infection via the apical surface, i.e., immune exclusion. This IgA was also the most effective at intraepithelial cell neutralization after infection at the apical surface and endocytosis of IgA at the basolateral surface, although an antibody against the internal N protein was also effective. In the intracellular neutralization experiments, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed prominent colocalization of anti-H IgA and H protein inside virus-infected cells, whereas colocalization of anti-F and F protein and of anti-N and N protein was much less, in agreement with the neutralization results. Combinations of IgA anti-H, anti-F, and anti-N showed no synergistic effects in intracellular neutralization. In the immune excretion experiments, virus immune complexes with either anti-H or anti-F IgA placed beneath polarized epithelial cells could be transported to the apical supernatant. Anti-F IgA, which was relatively poor at immune exclusion and intracellular neutralization, was the most robust at virus excretion. Thus, the studies collectively demonstrated three different antiviral functions of IgA in relation to epithelium and also suggested that the particular viral component with which a given IgA antibody reacts is an important determinant of the magnitude of the antiviral effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The human CD46 molecule is a receptor for measles virus (Edmonston strain).

Measles virus normally causes disease in human beings, and the host range of this virus may be determined by a specific receptor on the surface of primate cells. Human-rodent somatic cell hybrids were tested for their ability to bind measles virus, and only cells that contained human chromosome 1 were capable of binding virus. A study of lymphocyte markers suggested that the complement regulator known either as membrane cofactor protein or CD46 was the measles virus receptor. We proved this hypothesis by demonstrating that hamster cell lines that expressed human CD46 could subsequently bind virus. Furthermore, infected CD46+ cells produced syncytia and viral proteins. Finally, polyclonal antisera against CD46 inhibited virus binding and infection. These results prove that human CD46 permits cells both to bind measles virus and to support infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Studies on the interaction between cells infected with measles virus and anti-measles antibody. I. Cytotoxic antibody activity of sera obtained from patients with natural measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis by use of chronically infected cell lines].

Sera obtained from patients with natural measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) showed cytotoxic activity in the presence of complement on cells persistently infected with either measles virus (Schwarz and TYCSA strains) or SSPE virus (Halle and Mantooth strains). The cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in both IgG and IgM fractions of measles convalescent sera, but only in IgG fraction of SSPE sera. Measles convalescent sera completely lost the cytotoxic activity to all carrier cell lines, when absorbed with any one of the cell lines, indicating that the viral surface antigens of these cell lines infected with measles or SSPE virus were identical. On the other hand, the cytotoxic activity of SSPE sera could not be readily absorbed with these cells. Thus, the affinity of SSPE sera for the viral surface antigens might be lower than that of measles convalescent sera.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Restriction of measles virus gene expression in measles inclusion body encephalitis.

Measles virus (MV) infection in brain tissue of a patient with measles inclusion body encephalitis was characterized by immunologic and biochemical techniques. Of the five major structural proteins of MV, only nucleocapsid (N) protein and phosphoprotein (P protein) were consistently detected in diseased brain areas. In contrast, hemagglutinin protein was seen only occasionally, and no membrane and fusion proteins were found in any of the sections studied. Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) specific for these five viral proteins were detected in all brain extracts examined; however, the mRNAs for the envelope proteins were clearly underrepresented in comparison with lytically infected cells. Only the mRNAs for N and P proteins appeared active in in vitro translations. These findings indicate quantitative differences in the pattern of mRNA expression in brain tissue and a restricted expression of MV envelope proteins in infected cells as observed in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Brain↗
PubMed2003

STAT protein interference and suppression of cytokine signal transduction by measles virus V protein.

Measles virus, a paramyxovirus of the Morbillivirus genus, is responsible for an acute childhood illness that infects over 40 million people and leads to the deaths of more than 1 million people annually (C. J. Murray and A. D. Lopez, Lancet 349:1269-1276, 1997). Measles virus infection is characterized by virus-induced immune suppression that creates susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Here we demonstrate that measles virus can inhibit cytokine responses by direct interference with host STAT protein-dependent signaling systems. Expression of the measles V protein prevents alpha, beta, and gamma interferon-induced transcriptional responses. Furthermore, it can interfere with signaling by interleukin-6 and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, v-Src. Affinity purification demonstrates that the measles V protein associates with cellular STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, and IRF9, as well as several unidentified partners. Mechanistic studies indicate that while the measles V protein does not interfere with STAT1 or STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation, it causes a defect in IFN-induced STAT nuclear accumulation. The defective STAT nuclear redistribution is also observed in measles virus-infected cells, where some of the STAT protein is detected in cytoplasmic bodies that contain viral nucleocapsid protein and nucleic acids. Interference with STAT-inducible transcription may provide a novel intracellular mechanism for measles virus-induced cytokine inhibition that links innate immune evasion to adaptive immune suppression.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin gene of measles virus isolates in Denmark 1997-1998: no evidence of persistent circulation of measles virus in Denmark.

The hemagglutinin-coding region of 17 virus samples from 12 measles cases in Denmark during 1997-1998 was analysed by partial nucleotide sequencing. The cases appeared as three sporadic cases and two epidemics, both with a limited time course and geographical distribution. The measles strains identified from the three sporadic cases and two epidemics could be allocated to five different previously well-defined sequence groups consistent with the assumption that cases of measles in Denmark are due to repeated introduction from abroad rather than persistent circulation of strains in the population.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1981

Evolution of a human cell line persistently infected with measles virus.

A measles-virus-carrier cell line, designated AV3/MV, was derived from established human amnion (AV3) cells surviving primary infection with the Edmonston strain of measles virus. During maintenance of infected cultures in the laboratory, the cells passed from a highly productive chronic phase (where infectious virus was continuously shed) to a less productive degenerative phase (where fewer infectious particles were produced). Carrier cultures in the less-productive phase gradually deteriorated and failed to survive at 37 degrees. However, when temporarily maintained and passaged at 39.5 degrees, the cultures stabilized and carried the virus in a latent or nonproductive state. Carrier cultures in the chronic phase of infection expressed variable degrees of virus-specific CPE, replicated erratically, and generated large amounts of virus-specific antigens. In the stabilized latent phase, the cultures demonstrated no virus-specific CPE, replicated steadily, and generated reduced amounts of virus-specific antigens. The results of our studies indicate that the establishment and maintenance of persistent measles virus infections in AV3 cells are dynamic processes involving numerous variables, and that there are similarities between these latent-carrier cell lines and certain virus-carrier cell lines derived from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis brain tissues.

Amnion↗