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[Music for rheumatism--a historical overview].

The history of the use of music to lessen the pain of rheumatism is seen in the use of musical therapy in medicine as a whole. Sources citing the use of music specifically in rheumatism are rare; often, rather than rheumatism, terms like "gout (podagra)" or "joint-pain" are mentioned. This is connected with the obscure and pathognomic perceptions of rheumatism. In the archeo-medicine and for primitive cultures the considered potency of music was primarily dominated by animistic thinking. In antiquity humoral pathology developed a philosophy that tried to explain the benefits of music, even for rheumatism, but found little acceptance. In the Middle Ages and in the Baroque period iatromechanistic conceptions determined music as useful in fight against pain. In the Romantic period there was speculation about music as a causal therapy, but it was shortlived. In the 20th century music is applied as an active therapy in the care of persons suffering from rheumatism; its empiric success as a remedy in rehabilitative and palliative therapy is recognized.

Arthritis, Gouty↗
PubMed1993

Principles of paramunization. Option and limits in veterinary medicine.

The so-called primitive immune system has not changed during evolution. Even in primates it plays the most important role in first line defence against invading microorganisms. Cellular components such as macrophages, granulocytes, Natural Killer cells and gamma delta-T cells and soluble humoral factors--the cytokines--are the representatives of the primitive immune system. An interlocking communicative network regulates flexible response of effector cells towards "non-self" antigens. It also ensures close connection with the repertoire of specific immune response, e.g. antibody formation. Multifactorial diseases, nosocomial infections, tumour diseases and various forms of immuno-suppression initiated alternative methods in immunotherapy. Immunostimulation at the non-specific defense level has first been noticed as "side effects" of vaccination. Today it should be differentiated between substitution of the immune system with cytokines and induction of the non-specific defense repertoire mimicking natural antigen contact that is called paramunization. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. In vitro as well as in vivo experiments with poxviruses document safety and efficacy of purified and inactivated virus particles in paramunization protocols. The main stimulative components of the poxvirus particles are located in the envelope of the virions. Poxvirus-induced stimulation of non-specific defense reactions is likely to have remote effects on the quality of further antigen processing. Besides the induction of a high short-term alertness in the primitive immune system paramunization may efficiently influence ongoing specific responses, e.g. immunoglobulin isotype selection. Therefore the term paramunization should not be used to characterize a separate part of the immune system, however, for didactic reasons it will facilitate the understanding of principles of the immune system.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Possibility in unification of oriental and western medicine education by combination of educational curricula].

The authors attempted a possibility of unification in the educational curricula of both Oriental and Western medical schools for the unification of two medicines. Historically the two medicines were originated from the most primitive state like instinctive method and we can say two medicines were entirely the same. However, after abrupt and current development of science in the 19th century by discovery of microscope and bacteria as well as cells, changed medicine into recent unbelievable current medicine from old ancient style medicine like Chinese Medicine which was just the remnant old medicine. The unification of educational curricula is thought to be possible to combine each other by technical adjustment from mutual understanding and cooperation for the most high quality of peoples lives. There were good equality to partial correspondences between two educational curricula around 90% at two pre-and schools from the study to analyse. The combined medicine is thought to be more efficient to the diagnosis and treatment of patients because of the effectiveness of Oriental medicine in certain disease conditions like chronic illness by acupuncture as a alternative medicine or herbs.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1975

Days beyond recall: subsistence homesteading in the rural south, circa 1920.

Accented in some 100 semi-structured interviews with Southern aged poor is the bitter struggle to survive. People worked long hours for little, bartering farm produce for the few store-bought necessities. Primitive housing, education and medicine sufficed. Both black and white poor suffered brutal exploitation, despite which they review their life with satisfaction. We hypothesize that, to maintain mental health, it is better to idealize the unalterable past. Several global assessments of "morale" are discussed. It is also suggested that this journal become a clearing house for questions that measure psychic wellbeing in the aged more naturally and by indirection than do scales in current use.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

[The ophthalmologist-internal medicine duo: apropos of a case of chronic uveitis].

The ophthalmologist is often faced with recurrent or apparently primitive uveitis. The specialist in internal medicine almost never meets first with this type of disease. Taking advantage of a seldom seen sarcoidosis case (almost exclusively ocular), the authors point out the interest of a systematic collaboration when confronted with an endocular disease so called "inflammatory", or vascular and in appearance isolated.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2006

The results of the treatment of childhood medulloblastoma with radiotherapy at Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital in 1994-2000.

UNLABELLED: Medulloblastoma, a primitive neuroectodermal tumor growing in cerebellum, is one of the most sensitive to radiation therapy childhood brain tumors, therefore, this method of treatments is justly considered to be the standard for the treatment of medulloblastoma. The outcome of this malignant brain tumor differs in standard and high-risk groups of patients. The aim of the work was to evaluate the survival rate for children with medulloblastoma according to two risk groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients aged from 3 to 18 years with histological proven medulloblastoma treated with standard craniospinal and additional posterior fossa radiotherapy were investigated in our study. Nine patients with disseminated and partial removed medulloblastoma were assigned to the high-risk group and other 9 patients with local ant totally removed medulloblastoma were allocated to the standard risk group. RESULTS: Radiological response of medulloblastoma to the radiation therapy was observed in 15 (83.3%) out of 18 patients: complete radiological response was observed in 6 (67%) out of 9 standard-risk patients and in only 1 (11.1%) out of 9 high-risk patients (p<0.05). Medulloblastoma progressed in 15 (83.3%) patients treated with radiation therapy: relapse rate in the high-risk group was 100% and in the standard-risk group--66.7% (p>0.05). The mean time to progression for all patients was 18.2 months: 28.9 months in standard and 7.4 months in high-risk group (p=0.02). The overall survival for all investigated patients was 25.8 months: 37.2 and 14.3 months in the standard and high-risk groups, respectively (p=0.01). Five years progression-free and overall survival rate for all patients was 16.7%: 0% in the high-risk group and 33.3 % in the standard-risk group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In our study the difference in survival rate between standard and high-risk patients with medulloblastoma was shown. We observed a statistically significant longer time to progression and better overall survival in the standard-risk group. However, we did not find any significant differences in other survival indices (response, relapse rates, mortality, five years progression- free and overall survival) between those two risk groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Barefoot in the OR.

In 1988 Dr. Sylvia Uhthoff Munro, an Ottawa general practitioner, and her husband Martin Munro, a professional engineer, spent a year at a small hospital in Ialibu, in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. The way medicine is practised there may be primitive by Canadian standards, she learned, but the country also proved to be a valuable classroom, one where the lessons came very quickly.

Health Services↗
PubMed1975

Medicine's great schism: prevention vs. cure: an historical interpretation.

All societies, primitive and advanced, demand therapeutic services, but a society must develop sophisticated prerequisites before it can support preventive services. This discordance in the origins of curative medicine and public health does not explain why a schism between them still persists. This gap should be closed since medicine has cured most curable diseases and the residue of chronic conditions is best handled by preventing them or detecting them before they become medical crises. Reasons for persistence of the schism include; early concentration of public health on environmental sanitation to the exclusion of medicine; identification of public health was governmental bureaucracy; linking care of the poor with tight-fisted welfarism; existence of two separate educational systems, the view of doctors, who are activists by nature, toward the excitement of cure; the custom of paying only for active therapy; and the orientation of the Hippocratic ethic toward individuals.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

A history of otology through the development of scientific and medical thought.

The story of the development of civilisation and of humanity is at the base of science, medicine and otology in particular. The evolution of knowledge is better understood by dividing the story into chronological periods. Through primitive, archaic, hellenistic, byzantine, arabian, monastic, scholastic, Renaissance, modern and finally contemporary medicine, otology has progressively found its way. The key to progress is within man, in his conception of life and of the world around him. Otology will be affected by these different trends of thought and will find its place in medicine during the XIX Century, the XX Century being its most prolific period.

Byzantium↗
PubMed1995

Medicine: the first step on the road to holiness?

The connections of Medicine and Religion are thoroughly documented in the primitive societies, and it comes as no surprise to see them together. Here we describe the true story of a Portuguese physician of the late 19th century whose image today is venerated in such a way as to compare him to a saint and to bestow upon him miraculous powers of healing. We propose that modern day physicians can learn from the example of this man that the role of doctor encompasses not only scientific and technical mastery but, most of all, piety, humanity and compassion.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2006

[The evolutionist fallacy of early visitors. Analogies between 'primitive peoples' and prehistoric man in medical historiography].

Accounts of 'prehistoric medicine' and 'ethnomedicine' have sometimes led to conclusions by analogy in medical historiography that are seen as highly problematic in modern cultural anthropology. However, this review of medical historical writings of the last three centuries shows that evolutionist identifications of early with foreign medicine were not a permanent trait of medical historiography. This approach flourished mainly in the climate of certain movements or periods that were characterised by fanatical belief in progress and by social utopias: the French Revolution, Darwinism and the period of industrial expansion in Germany, and National Socialism. Medical historiography shared this problematic approach with contemporary (social and cultural) anthropology, and - despite this methodological misuse - both acknowledged the legitimacy or even requirement of studying also similarities in the development of different periods and cultures.

Anthropology↗