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PubMed1980

Variations of meal-to-meal liver glycogen in rats.

Liver glycogen content was determined in free feeding rats sacrificed at the beginning of nocturnal meals or 60 min later. It was found that the glycogen content at the beginning of meals and 60 min later was highly correlated with the cumulative food intake since the beginning of the dark cycle, and therefore, increased from meal to meal. The comparison of these correlations between the cumulative food intake and the liver glycogen at the beginning of the meal and 60 min after ruled out the possibility that a constant decrement of glycogen might be involved in both meal onset and prandial periodicity of feeding. Rather the results are consistent with the view that the glycogen load during the night is a minute carbohydrate store which, like the fat store, is involved in the diurnal 12/12 hr feeding periodicity.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Replacement value of hatchery waste meal for fish meal in layer diets.

An experiment was conducted in which hatchery waste meal (HWM) replaced fish meal (protein for protein) in layer diets at 0%, 33%, 66% and 100% levels. Both feed and protein intake were superior on HWM diets. The highest hen-day production of 73.97% was obtained on diet 2 in which 33% of fish meal was replaced with HWM. Egg weight and egg length were also superior on HWM diets. All birds fed on HWM diets had thicker egg shells (0.33 mm) than did those fed on the control diet, fish meal diet (0.32 mm). Results obtained for yolk weight were statistically different (P < 0.05). Highest values for yolk weight (16.91 g) and albumen weight (40.93 g) were recorded for birds fed with diet 4 in which 100% fish meal was replaced with HWM. HWM can replace fish meal completely in layer diets without adverse effect on egg quality characteristics.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

Maize meal predisposes to endemic squamous cancer of the oesophagus in Africa: breakdown of esterified linoleic acid to the free form in stored meal leads to increased intragastric PGE2 production and a low-acid reflux.

Endemic cancer of the oesophagus in Africa is associated with the use of maize as the staple. In one African community endemic cancer of the oesophagus has been shown to have a strong statistical association with the consumption of foods based on maize in the meal form. A strong association with consumption of maize meal has also been shown in a region of Italy. It has been argued in the past that the association with maize consumption is due to a fortuitous association; or due to the nutritional deficiencies of maize meal; or due to fungal contamination. We argue that maize meal is a distinctly different food from whole maize, and that nutritional content as much as deficiency is responsible for predisposition of the oesophagus to carcinogenesis. An important factor is the breakdown of esterified linoleic acid to the free form in stored maize meal. This leads to excess production of prostaglandin E2 in the stomach. The excess Prostaglandin E2 causes a low-acid duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux, which predisposes to carcinogenesis. Supporting evidence is available that the steps of this mechanism occur in endemic areas, and that they are associated with the carcinogenic process. Health measures including poverty alleviation, health education, and monitoring and control of maize meal storage and content may be required to reduce the incidence of this disease in Africa.

Africa↗

PubMed1989

Comparison of tissue pyruvate dehydrogenase activities on re-feeding rats fed ad libitum or meal-fed rats with a chow-diet meal.

Meal-fed rats and rats fed ad libitum had similar rates of hepatic glycogenesis at 60 min after the initiation of re-feeding a chow meal after 22 h starvation, but hepatic PDHa (active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase) activities were 4-fold higher in the meal-fed group. In heart, PDHa activities were 3-fold higher before re-feeding and 2-fold higher after re-feeding in the meal-fed group compared with the group fed ad lib. The blood metabolite profile suggested diminished fat oxidation in starved meal-fed rats and accelerated flux through PDH in meal-fed re-fed rats compared with the group fed ad lib.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Comparison of low-fat meal and high-fat meal on postprandial lipemic response in non-obese men according to the -1131T>C polymorphism of the apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene (randomized cross-over design).

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare low-fat (LF) meal and high-fat (HF) meal on the postprandial lipemic responses according to the -1131T>C polymorphism of the APOA5 gene in a population usually consuming a LF diet and having a high frequency of the variant allele at the APOA5 -1131T>C SNP. METHODS: This study was conducted using a cross-over design and 49 non-obese healthy men (42.8 +/- 0.7 yrs, 23.9 +/- 0.25 kg/m(2)) participated in the meal tolerance test. They were randomly assigned to consume one of two types of experimental enteral formulae (LF vs HF) with a seven-day interval. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 3, 4 and 6h after ingestion and analyzed for total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin and free fatty acid. RESULTS: No differences were found in anthropometic parameter, calorie and macronutrient intakes and total energy expenditure between TT (n = 23) and TC + CC (n = 26) men. Fasting total TG were higher in TC + CC men than TT men, but fasting chylomicron TG were not significantly different between TT men and C carriers, TT subjects had no significant differences in postprandial responses of total TG and chylomicron TG and postprandial mean changes of chylomicron TG between LF and HF meal. On the other hand, C carriers had delayed peak time of total TG compared to TT subject and higher postprandial response and mean changes of chylomicron TG at HF meal compared to LF meal. CONCLUSION: The capacity to clear chylomicron-TG or hydrolyze TG might become a rate-limiting factor on HF diet in TC + CC men resulting in higher postprandial triglyceridemia. Therefore, HF diet for C carriers of the APOA5 gene may be one of important CVD risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effect of extrusion on trypsin inhibitor activity and nutrient digestibility of diets based on fish meal, soybean meal and white flakes.

The effects of moist extrusion processing of diets containing fish meal (FM) and conventional defatted soybean meal (SBM) or untoasted defatted soybean meal (white flakes [WF]) on amino acid composition, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were studied. Three diets with the nutritional characteristics of feeds for salmonid fish were formulated: one control based on FM as protein source and two others where 40% of total amino acids from FM were substituted by either SBM or WF. Each diet was fed to mink either as an unextruded mixture of the ingredients or as extruded pellets in order to determine the effect of extrusion processing. Extrusion did not change the amino acid composition of the diets significantly, but reduced the TIA of both diets containing soy products by approximately 76%. Intake of the unextruded WF diet was only one-third compared with the other diets. The dry matter concentration in faeces from mink fed diets containing soy products was significantly lower than in mink fed the FM diet. Digestibility of crude protein, all amino acids and fat was lower, but starch higher, in the unextruded WF diet than in the FM and SBM diets, whereas no significant differences were found among the extruded diets. Extrusion of the WF diet increased digestibility of protein and all amino acids. The greatest increase in digestibility after extrusion of the WF diet was observed for cysteine followed by tryptophan. Extrusion of the FM and SBM diets had no significant effect on amino acid digestibility. Digestibility of starch was, in general, increased by extrusion. It is concluded that the heat treatment involved in typical moist extrusion processing used for fish feed may be sufficient to inactivate most of the TIA in unheated soybean meal, and to increase digestibility of the protein in WF to approximately the same level as found for SBM and FM. Still, extrusion is a lenient process with minor effects on nutrient digestibility of diets containing fish meal or toasted soybean meal as major protein sources.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2006

Meal induced rectosigmoid tone modification: a low caloric meal accurately separates functional and organic gastrointestinal disease patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is based on arbitrary criteria due to the lack of an accurate diagnostic test. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether rectosigmoid tone modification after a meal represents an accurate diagnostic approach. METHODS: In a secondary care setting, 32 constipation predominant and 24 diarrhoea predominant IBS patients, 10 functional diarrhoea and 10 functional constipation patients, 29 organic gastrointestinal disease patients, and 10 healthy volunteers underwent a rectal barostat test to measure fasting and postprandial rectosigmoid tone. Rectosigmoid response was assessed following three meals containing different amounts of calories: 200 kcal, 400 kcal and 1000 kcal. RESULTS: After 200 kcal, healthy volunteers and patients with organic diseases showed a reduction in rectosigmoid volume of at least 28% of fasting volume, indicating a meal induced increase in muscle tone. In contrast, patients with diarrhoea predominant IBS showed dilation of the rectosigmoid colon, indicative of reduced tone, and patients with constipation predominant IBS showed a mild volume reduction or no modification. Functional diarrhoea and constipation patients showed rectosigmoid tone modification resembling that of the corresponding IBS subtype. A 400 kcal meal normalised rectosigmoid tone in more than half of the constipation predominant IBS patients but none of the diarrhoea predominant IBS patients. In contrast, a 1000 kcal meal normalised tone response in all IBS patients. Sensitivity of the test was 100%, specificity 93%, positive predictive value 96%, and negative predictive value 100%. CONCLUSION: A postprandial reduction in rectosigmoid tone of at least 28% of fasting value after a low caloric meal accurately separates organic and functional gastrointestinal disease patients. This parameter may therefore be used in the positive diagnosis of IBS.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Efficacy of phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in soybean meal and corn-soybean meal diets for pigs.

Four experiments involving 225 pigs were conducted to assess the efficacy of a microbial phytase (FINASE, Alko Ltd. Biotechnology, Rajamäki, Finland) produced by Aspergillus niger in corn-soybean meal or dextrose-cornstarch-soybean meal-based diets. In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs, fortified corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to be adequate (.50%) or inadequate (.40 or .30%) in P during the growing phase followed by adequate (.40%) or inadequate (.30%) P in the finishing phase. Mono-dicalcium phosphate was the source of supplemental P. Half the diets were supplemented with phytase (500 phytase units/g). Rate and efficiency of gain and bone breaking strength were decreased when P-deficient diets were fed. Phytase supplementation of the low-P diets restored growth rate and feed:gain to levels that approached those of pigs fed the adequate-P control diet. Bone strength was partially restored to that of the controls. In two additional experiments, pigs were fed low-P basal diets in which all the dietary P came from soybean meal or a corn-soybean meal blend. Both diets contained .05% available P. Graded levels of monosodium phosphate were added to these diets, up to .15% added P, to establish a standard curve. Phytase was added to the basal diet at 250, 500, or 1,000 units/g. Growth rate and bone strength improved linearly (P < .01) with added monosodium phosphate and with increasing levels of supplemental phytase. Based on estimates of total and available P intakes, the highest level of phytase (1,000 units/g) increased the bioavailability of the P from 25% in the soybean meal diet to 57% in the phytase-supplemented diet, and from 15% in the corn-soybean diet to 43% in the phytase-supplemented diet. Expressed on the basis of the improvement in phytate P availability, this level of phytase converted approximately one-third of the unavailable P to an available form. The results indicate that the phytase was efficacious in improving the bioavailability of phytate P for pigs.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed1997

A blend of animal and cereal protein or fish meal as partial replacement for soybean meal in the diets of lactating Holstein cows.

Six replications in Experiment 1 and four replications in Experiment 2 of a 3 x 3 Latin square arrangement of treatments were used to compare soybean meal or soybean meal partially replaced with fish meal or a protein blend for response in intake, milk yield and composition, ruminal NH3 N, blood urea, and ruminal fermentation in lactating Holstein cows. The blend contained 30% corn gluten meal, 30% poultry by-products, 30% blood meal, and 10% feather meal. Periods were 28 d, and the first 7 d were used for adjustment. In addition to these protein sources, diets contained corn silage, alfalfa haylage, dried cracked corn, ground barley plus added fat, and a mineral and vitamin mixture. In Experiment 1, mean DMI was 24.4 kg, mean milk yield was 36.7 kg, mean fat percentage was 3.48%, and mean milk protein percentage was 3.06%; there were no significant differences. In Experiment 2, DMI was different for soybeans (22.6 kg) versus other sources (21.4 kg), but milk yield (32.1 kg) and fat (3.39%) and protein (2.87%) percentages did not differ among diets. In Experiment 1, ruminal NH3 N was greatest for cows consuming soybean diets (11.0 mg/dl) and lowest for cows consuming diets containing the protein blend (8.7 mg/dl). No differences in VFA were found. The lack of response to RUP can be explained by a rather high intake of a fermentable diet, which supplied sufficient absorbable AA according to the Cornell AA model.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1989

Nutritional evaluation of blood meal and feather meal for turkeys.

Three samples each of commercial blood meal (BL) and feather meal (FEA) were obtained in Minnesota. True amino acid availability (TAAA) and TMEn contents were determined using Large White male turkeys at 8 wk of age. Average TMEn were 3,458 and 2,976 kcal/kg (DM basis) for BL and FEA, respectively. The TAAA of BL ranged from 86 to 91% for each of 15 amino acids except for isoleucine (74%) and cystine (79%). The TAAA of FEA ranged from 59 to 83%. The three feather meals averaged 72, 72, and 76% in amino acid availability. Two ring-dried blood meals averaged 86 and 82% and one spray dried blood meal averaged 91% in amino acid availability. A positive linear relationship was found between TMEII and TAAA of blood and feather meal samples, suggesting the possibility of approximating the estimation of one from the other in certain ingredients of high protein content.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1986

Effect of ascorbic acid on iron absorption from different types of meals. Studies with ascorbic-acid-rich foods and synthetic ascorbic acid given in different amounts with different meals.

The effect of ascorbic acid on the absorption of non-heme iron was studied in 299 subjects. Different meals in which the non-heme iron was labelled with two different radio-iron isotopes were served with and without ascorbic acid to the same subject. Other meals containing foods with a known high content of ascorbic acid were also studied. Studies were also made giving different amounts of ascorbic acid with different meals. Marked differences in the enhancement of iron absorption were seen when ascorbic acid was given in different meals. It is suggested that ascorbic acid promotes iron absorption from the diet by reducing the negative effect on iron absorption of certain ligands such as phytates and tannins present in the diet. This interpretation is supported by observations that the most pronounced effects of ascorbic acid were found in meals with a high content of ligands known to inhibit iron absorption. Crystalline ascorbic acid and native ascorbic acid in foods appeared to have the same effect in promoting absorption of iron. The results indicate that ascorbic acid has a key physiologic role in facilitating the absorption of non-heme iron from the diet and that about 50 mg of the vitamin in each main meal is desirable for optimum effect.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Are physiological changes in meal-fed rats determined by the amount of food ingested in the last meal or due to feeding schedule?

Rats trained to eat a single meal from 0800 to 1000 AM, (MF rats), increased food intake from the 1st (7.0 g) to the 13th (16.1 g) day and showed higher hepatic glycogen concentration and glycemia during fasting. To verify if these changes were determined by the higher food intake or due to the disciplining condition we compared rats at the 1st (MF(1st day-5 g) group) and 13th day (MF(13th day-5 g) group) of training, refed with a fixed amount of food (5 g). In addition, a third group (MF(13th day-12 g) group) composed by trained meal-fed rats, refed on day 13 with approximately 75% of food ingested by MF rats on day 13 ( 12 g) of feeding training was included. The experiments with these 3 groups were performed at zero (1000 h), 6 (1600 h), 13 (2300 h), 18 (0400 h) and 22 (0800 h) h after meal. Our results demonstrated that part of the physiological changes of MF rats is consequence of feeding training (increased food intake during the fixed meal time and spontaneous elevation of glycemia 13 h after meal) and part of the differences (hepatic glycogen concentration, gastric and intestinal emptying) correlate well with effective time of fasting. In addition, hepatic gluconeogenesis from L-lactate and glycerol was influenced by both factors.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The relation between meal size and the time between meals: effects of cage complexity and food cost.

Certain popular models of the regulation of food intake predict a positive correlation between the size of a meal and the preceding and/or following intermeal interval. However, the reported strength of these prandial correlations has varied widely in the literature. To determine what factors may influence the strength of these relationships, we measured the timing of and amount consumed in meals of laboratory rats as a function of 1) whether they were housed in isolation or with partial access to peers or a running wheel, 2) whether they were disturbed daily or weekly for maintenance procedures, and 3) whether food was free or contingent on operant responding. We also compared two definitions of "meal" and "intermeal interval." Strong prandial correlations were found only occasionally. Caging, food cost, and maintenance frequency did not affect the size of the correlations, although these factors did influence the rats' meal patterns. We conclude the regulation of food intake cannot be explained by models relying on a regular relationship between meal size and intermeal interval.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Proton pump inhibitors: better acid suppression when taken before a meal than without a meal.

BACKGROUND: Proton pump inhibitors including omeprazole and lansoprazole inhibit gastric acid secretion by selectively and non-competitively inactivating the H+, K+ ATPase molecules of the parietal cell, but possibly only those that are actively secreting acid. This might imply that stimulation of acid secretion by a meal is necessary for optimal inhibition of gastric secretion. AIM: To quantify and compare the effect on daytime gastric acidity of omeprazole 20 mg or lansoprazole 30 mg daily taken 15 min before breakfast, with that of the same drug taken without a meal. METHODS: Twenty-one healthy volunteers were randomized to receive either omeprazole or lansoprazole. They were given the drug for two separate periods of 7 days in randomized order and at least 7 days apart. During one period the study medication was taken before breakfast; during the other it was taken at the same hour, but with no meal until 12:00 hours. Lunch was standardized. On day 7, intragastric pH-metry was performed, starting at 08:00 hours. Tracings were analysed for the 8-h period from 08:00 hours until 16:00 hours with regard to percentage time for which gastric pH was below 4.0 and 3.0, and median gastric pH. Tracings were also analysed after removing the 1 h breakfast period, to exclude the buffering effect of the meal. RESULTS: When taking the drug with breakfast, the median percentage time for which gastric pH < 4.0 was 17.2 (interquartile range 4.6-45.5), compared with 42.0 (interquartile range 31.4-48.8) when taken without food (P=0.01). Fifteen subjects had better control of gastric acidity when the medication was taken with breakfast. A pH threshold of 3 and median pH showed similar differences. When the breakfast period was removed, the differences were no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: When therapy with omeprazole or lansoprazole is indicated, medication should be taken before a meal for optimal control of daytime gastric acidity.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗

PubMed1978

[Assessment of the proteins in crill meal and lucerne meal extract].

In a feed test with rats lucerne meal extract and crill meal were used as protein sources in order to test their quality in comparison to casein. On the basis of the applied criteria, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio productive protein value and efficiency of the gross energy we can conclude that lucerne meal extract alone is unsuitable to cover the protein requirement of growing rats. Lucerne meal extract can be supplied particularly on a higher protein level if casein is given in addition. Crill meal as protein source proves to be superior to casein concerning feed conversion and inferior concerning protein accumulation. In this case, complementary doses of casein did not lead to better results.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[The use of a partly-hydrolysed straw meal for the feeding of weaned piglets. 1. Increased production and feed expense as well as nutrient digestibility and buffer capacity in rations with various high portions of partly-hydrolysed straw meal].

In studies with weaned piglets of the land race the usability of partly hydrolysed straw meal (PSM) in concentrate - straw meal mixtures was tested over a period of 56 days (42nd-98th day of life; 1st-8th week of feeding. The hydrolysed straw product was there tested in a parallel experiment each without and after neutralization (by means of CaCO3) in quotas of 5, 10 and 15% as supplement to the concentrate feed (based on dry matter) in comparison to a sole concentrate feeding. Daily weight gain and feed and energy expenditure as well as nutrient digestibility and the buffer effect of the PSM rations were ascertained. Measured by weight gain, feed intake and concentrate- and energy expenditure related weight gain, a 10% quota of partly hydrolysed straw meal in a period near weaning (1st-4th week of feeding) had the highest effect and was far superior to traditional concentrate feeding. Lower quotas of PSM in this period did not show a sufficient dietetic effect (diarrhea symptoms), higher reduced the effect on the performance parameters. In the period more remote from weaning (5th-8th week of feeding) the effect of the straw meal integration was generally reduced, a quota of about 5% proved optimal. The registered higher daily weight gains in the total test period (1st-8th week of feeding in which concentrate - straw meal mixtures (relative 106-130%) were closely related to the daily intake of digestibility organic matter. The decrease in digestibility of organic matter in the total ration remained small with the use of the well fermentable crude fibre from the hydrolysed straw product and the balance was overcompensated by higher feed intake. A pH-value decrease of the feed mixtures and a physiologically suitable influence on the pH-value in the stomachs of the test animals could be ascertained due to the buffer capacity of the hydrolysed straw products used. With regard to this, the non-buffered hydrolysed straw product had a higher effect, which was, among other things, reflected in higher performances.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1982

Self-selected meal composition, circadian rhythms and meal responses in plasma and brain tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine in rats.

Relationship among food composition, plasma and brain tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were studied by measuring both carcadian feeding and meal responses in self-selecting rats. Under ad libitum feeding conditions in which young rats were given a choice between two isocaloric diets (0 and 60% casein) and groups were killed at 3-hour intervals throughout the day, several circadian rhythms become apparent. Protein and carbohydrate energy, the plasma tryptophan:neutral amino acid ratio (TRP:NAA) and brain TRP, but not 5-HT concentrations showed statistically significant circadian variations. During the dark hours of plasma TRP:NAA ratio and brain TRP concentrations were inversely associated with the protein concentration of meals previously selected. In meal response studies, rats were similarly given a choice of diets, but were killed 20 minutes after their selected meals. Plasma TRP:NAA ratios, brain TRP and 5-hydroxyindole levels were inversely correlated with the protein concentration of the meals selected. Absolute quantities of protein, but not carbohydrate, fat or total energy, were inversely related to the plasma TRP:NAA ratio and brain TRP concentration. It is concluded that the circadian changes in the plasma TRP:NAA ratio and in brain TRP amd 5-hydroxyindole concentrations are under the continual influences of food choices made during spontaneous feeding activity.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2004

Gastric emptying of a solid meal starts during meal ingestion: combined study using 13C-octanoic acid breath test and Doppler ultrasonography. Absence of a lag phase in 13C-octanoic acid breath test.

Scintigraphy and the 13C-octanoic acid breath test are both applied to assess gastric emptying. Using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test, excretion curves show 13C excretion immediately after ingestion of a solid egg meal, in contrast with scintigraphy where gastric emptying is observed after a lag phase. The aim of our study was to investigate whether transpyloric flow occurs during and directly after meal ingestion. Therefore, transpyloric flow was measured during and after ingestion of an egg meal labeled with 13C-octanoic acid, using Doppler ultrasonography. The breath test was performed simultaneously, with samples taken at regular intervals. The first emptying episode was observed 6.9 (3.9-16.2) min after start of meal ingestion. A significant relation between recovery of 13C and total duration of gastric emptying during the first 20 min was observed (partial correlation coefficient r = 0.80, p < 0.001). In conclusion, transpyloric flow starts during ingestion of a solid egg meal and results in detectable excretion of 13C.

Adult↗