[The use of peptides for contraception].
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Contraceptive Agents, Female↗
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Results for “Menstrual Cycle--changes”
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Menstrual pattern changes following laparoscopic sterilization: a comparative study of electrocoagulation and the tubal ring in 1,025 cases.
This investigation compared the effects of the laparoscopic occlusive techniques of unipolar electrocoagulation and the tubal ring on subsequent menstrual patterns. The question of whether sterilization, in general, causes menstrual pattern changes is also addressed. The 1,025 cases constituted a data set collected by investigators at five institutions in five countries. After controlling for prior contraceptive use, the two techniques were compared with respect to menstrual cycle regularity, cycle length, flow duration, amount of flow, dysmenorrhea and intermenstrual bleeding. In this series, approximately 10% to 50% (depending on the menstrual parameter) of the menstrual pattern changes seen within six months following sterilization could be attributed to the discontinuation of the Pill or IUD at the time of sterilization. The majority of the women experienced no menstrual pattern changes following sterilization. There was no statistically significant difference between the two occlusion techniques in terms of the proportion of women who reported changes in any of their menstrual parameters. The theory that sterilization causes menstrual pattern changes rests on the hypothesis that the greater the degree of destruction of the uteroovarian vascular anastomosis (as with unipolar electrocoagulation), the greater the amount of subsequent menstrual pattern disturbance. Our findings suggest that this hypothesis is not valid.
Adult↗
Menstrual patterns after female sterilization: variables predicting change.
Previous studies of the changes in menstrual pattern characteristics following sterilization have been flawed by methodologic errors. As a result, contradictory findings have been reported. Appropriate methodologic approaches to the study of poststerilization menstrual patterns are presented, and a new methodologic approach-an index of menstrual pattern change-is offered, which evaluates four menstrual parameters simultaneously. A carefully controlled study using this index indicates that most women report no change in menstrual pattern at 12 months poststerilization, and among those who do experience change, changes in one direction are balanced by changes in the other direction. The changes reported include improvements as well as changes for the worse. The best predictor of whether a woman would experience menstrual pattern change after sterilization is whether her pattern had any abnormal characteristics during the three months prior to the procedure. Surgical variables and special subgroups of women are also evaluated.
Adult↗
Contraception in adolescence: a review. 2. Biomedical aspects.
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Adolescent↗
Menstrual pattern changes following laparoscopic sterilization.
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Female↗
Anemia and menstrual blood loss.
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Anemia, Hypochromic↗
Late complications of sterilization according to method.
By using a patient questionnaire, we checked the effects of two tubal sterilization procedures (high-frequency [HF] and endocoagulation techniques) in relation to late complications. In the years following high-frequency sterilization, 23 women (8.9%) had hysterectomies; in the endocoagulation group only 9 patients (2.3%) underwent hysterectomy. Patients sterilized by the unipolar high-frequency technique required one to three curettages in 7.8% of cases, whereas only 2.1% of the endocoagulation group required this procedure. Seventy-nine patients in the high-frequency group (30.9%) exhibited menstrual disorders as compared to only 45 (11.7%) in the other group. The combination of menstrual irregularities and menopausal complaints was found in 7.4% of the HF group, while only 2.8% of the endocoagulation group experienced these problems. Menopausal complaints only, without menstrual disorders, occurred in 4.7% and 3.9% of the women, respectively. Eighty-five percent of 330 patients sterilized by the Semm endocoagulation technique had no menstrual complaints or menopausal symptoms; in the HF group this was the case for 160 women (62%). Our results demonstrate that late postoperative complications arise less often in patients sterilized by endocoagulation.
Adult↗
Focus on primary care diagnosis and management of headache in women.
Women experience unique changes in headache pattern related to changes in their reproductive cycles. Changes predictably occur in association with menarche, menstrual cycling, the use of oral contraceptives, pregnancy, and menopause. These predictable headache changes are linked to changing levels of sex hormones. This article describes important relationships between estradiol and neurotransmitters involved in the pathogenesis of headache, such as serotonin. Treatment of headache in women includes the use of acute care and preventive treatments. The effectiveness of both medication and nonmedication treatments is reviewed. Also, unique aspects of treating headache with menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause are described.
Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗
Lipids and cardiovascular disease: do the findings and therapy apply equally to men and women?
Dyslipoproteinemia is prevalent in women as well as in men. In both, its consequences--premature atherosclerosis and CAD morbidity and mortality--are more common. Although clinical evidence of the benefits of cholesterol lowering is less abundant in women, it is not entirely absent. As in men, cholesterol lowering in women is associated with a decline in CAD risk and with regression of coronary atherosclerosis. Lipoprotein risk factors have some special characteristics in women. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may be a less important risk factor in women, perhaps because estrogen protects the arterial wall against LDL deposition. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a better predictor of risk in women than in men. Triglycerides are an independent predictor of CAD risk in postmenopausal women. The effects of endogenous gonadal hormones in life-cycle changes in women is evident. As girls pass through puberty, HDL-C levels do not fall as they do in boys of the same age. In pregnancy, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglyceride levels all rise. However, LDL-C stays elevated until well after delivery, whereas triglycerides fall to baseline at about the time of delivery, and HDL-C levels begin to fall at about 24 weeks. Interestingly, this fall in HDL-C is not accompanied by a fall in apoA-I levels, implying a change in HDL composition during the latter portion of pregnancy. After menopause, LDL-C levels rise sharply, whereas HDL-C levels decline modestly. Again, this decline in HDL-C is accompanied by a rise in apoA-I levels, implying a change in HDL composition. Diet, weight loss, and exercise are less effective in altering lipoprotein levels in women than in men. The reasons for this are not clear, although it is reasonable to speculate that endogenous gonadal hormones play a role. Genetic dyslipoproteinemia occurs in women, although the effect on CAD rates may be mitigated by the generally higher levels of HDL-C enjoyed by women. Exogenous hormones in the form of OCs and postmenopausal HRT affect circulating lipoprotein levels according to their composition. Generally, estrogens have favorable effects, raising HDL-C and lowering LDL-C levels. Progestins are either neutral or oppose estrogen effects, depending on their dose and androgenicity. Use of modern OCs probably does not adversely affect CAD risk except in combination with cigarette smoking. However, HRT has a strong favorable effect on CAD risk when unopposed estrogen is used, probably due to increases in HDL-C levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adult↗
[Menopausal risk factors (author's transl)].
Menopausal disorders coincide with the onset of luteal insufficiency and the resulting relative hyperestrogenism. At this stage the risks to be assessed are mainly related to a worsening of the menstrual syndrome (heaviness of the legs, abdominal distention, water retention, mastodynia, depressive syndrome), cycle changes, or various genital types of hemorrhage requiring investigation for detection of a possible fibroma, hyperplasia, endometriosis, or genital cancer. Once the menopause is settled a reduction in estrogen levels comes with reactive increases in FSM and LM levels, and the principal risk is the development of a cancer. The role of endogenous (obesity, diabetes, Stein-Leventhal, adenomatous hyperplasia) or exogenous (prolonged estrogen therapy alone) estrogens has to be evaluated in endometrial cancer. Cancer of the vulva also appears to be more frequent in menopausal women (natural or artificial), as well as cervical cancer and cancer of the breast. There is an apparent increase in cardiovascular risks in untreated menopausal women, but this is still discussed, as to the benefits of estrogen therapy.
Adult↗
Menstrual irregularities and the perimenopause.
The perimenopause is defined as the phase of women's reproductive life between the time when cycles change and become irregular until menopause. Compared with younger women, follicle-stimulating hormone is elevated. In ovulatory cycles, luteal insufficiency frequently occurs. Estrogen secretion is elevated throughout the menstrual cycle during some phases of the perimenopause. Perimenopausal women are deficient in the hypothalamic-pituitary estrogen positive feedback mechanism on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. We challenged young and perimenopausal women with earlier follicular-phase estrogen boluses to attempt to induce LH surges. Whereas six of eight young women exhibited surges, only one of eight perimenopausal women had a surge of LH to estrogen challenge. Thus, perimenopausal changes involve mechanisms other than ovarian hypofunction. Complex central nervous system mechanistic changes also occur. A better understanding of the physiology in control mechanisms should allow for better symptom management of the perimenopause.
Corpus Luteum↗
Do women have a hidden heat period?
This article aims to throw light on the controversial topic of whether women have a 'heat' period within their menstrual cycle. The majority of publications in this field report, in addition to a periovulatory peak, no changes at all or even rises in male- and female-initiated sexual activity, woman's sexual desire, autosexual activity and sexual arousability, and interpersonal sexual activities during the mid-follicular and late luteal phases. The lack of a distinct pattern of women's sexual behaviour across the menstrual cycle may be explained by the interplay between cyclical endocrine fluctuations and many psychological, social, cultural and environmental factors, as well as the methodological shortcomings associated with menstrual cycle research. However, studies focused on cycling changes in women's olfactory and visual perception show that, in comparison with women at other phases of the menstrual cycle, women at mid-cycle exhibit increased sexual motivation that biases recognition performance towards objects with a sexual meaning, evaluate the unattractive sweat substance androstenone as more pleasant, and display enhanced preference for the odour and face shape of masculinized, physically attractive and symmetric men. On the other hand, men find the scent of women at mid-cycle more pleasant and sexually attractive than during the luteal phase.
Cues↗
Effects of menstrual cycle on spatial information-processes.
The present study examined effects of menstrual cycle (i.e., ovulatory vs menstrual phase) on performance on spatial information-processes. Participants included 20 spontaneously cycling women (with regular 28- to 30-day menstrual cycles) who were tested on a reaction-time task developed to assess specific spatial information-processes and the Spatial Relations subtest of the PMA battery. For the spatial information-processing task, women responded faster and applied relatively less stringent criteria in the decision process during the ovulatory phase. No effects of cycle changes were found for accuracy of performance on either of the spatial tasks. It is suggested that studies examining effects of menstrual cycle on spatial ability consider an information-processing approach in measuring spatial performance and an application of signal-detection theory to separate components (strategy vs aptitude) of problem solving.
Achievement↗
An ultrasound study of the effect of chronic lead exposure on endometrial cycle changes in the female cynomolgus monkey.
The effect of up to 10 years of lead (Pb) exposure (1500 micrograms/kg BW/day) on endometrial cycle changes in adult cynomolgus monkeys (n = 30) were examined by real-time ultrasound. Pb exposure had no effect on peak serum estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4) concentrations, menstrual cycle length, and endometrial response to gonadal steroids as determined by ultrasound.
Animals↗
A randomized, controlled trial of a low-dose contraceptive containing 20 microg of ethinyl estradiol and 100 microg of levonorgestrel for acne treatment.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a low-dose oral contraceptive (OC) containing 100 microg of levonorgestrel (LNG) and 20 microg of ethinyl estradiol (EE) compared with placebo for the treatment of moderate acne. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Outpatient dermatology clinics. PATIENT(S): Women (> or =14 years old; n = 350) with normal menstrual cycles and moderate acne were randomized to receive LNG/EE or placebo for six cycles. INTERVENTION(S): Twenty microg of EE and 100 microg of LNG. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Acne lesion counts and clinician global assessment were performed at baseline and at each cycle. Patient self-assessment was carried out at baseline and at cycles 4 and 6; blood pressure and weight were measured at baseline and at cycles 1, 3, and 6. RESULT(S): Inflammatory, noninflammatory, and total lesion counts at cycle 6 with LNG/EE were significantly lower compared to placebo. Patients in the LNG/EE group also had significantly better clinician global and patient self-assessment scores than those in the placebo group at cycle. Changes in weight from baseline were similar between patients in the LNG/EE and placebo groups at all measured time points. CONCLUSION(S): This double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrates that a low-dose OC containing 20 microg of EE and 100 microg of LNG is an effective and safe treatment for moderate acne.
Acne Vulgaris↗
[Transvaginal pulsed Doppler measurement of flow velocities in pelvic vessels following cycle stimulation].
The availability of pulsed Doppler probes has made it possible to sample signals at a chosen depth and thus to detect the flow in any selected deep vessel. Pulsed Doppler signal processing combined with real-time imaging, the so-called "duplex" method, is now also available for transvaginal transducers. The advantage of endosonographic ultrasound investigation is the possibility of using higher frequencies leading to a better resolution of anatomical structures of the small pelvis. Therefore this method allows the precise localisation of a deep vessel and the positioning of the Doppler sample volume within it. The transvaginal approach enables one to position the transducer close to the artery for better measurements. For our study we used a vaginal probe with 7.5 MHz with a pulsed Doppler equipment linked to a Combison 320 (Kretztechnik, Zipf, Austria). The integrated pulsed Doppler is not attached at a fixed angle but can be moved in the whole sector of 240 degrees. We investigated, if during follicle phase of the cycle changes of the pelvic blood flow velocity could be observed. 14 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization for sterility reasons participated in our study. We performed daily measurements of the blood-flow velocity of the ovarian artery and the internal iliac artery from cycle day 8 until the day of induction of ovulation. During cycle stimulation the observed decrease of the A/B ratio was dependent on cycle day and number of follicles. We found a decrease of the A/B ratio in the ovarian artery from 3.85 in cases with 2 follicles to 2.71 in cases with 5 follicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Blood Flow Velocity↗
Immunocytochemical studies on the pituitary pars distalis of the tropical vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi, with reference to the ovarian cycle.
Changes in the anterior pituitary in relation to the ovarian cycle and ovulation in female Scotophilus heathi are described. TSH, LH, FSH and PRL cells have been identified in the pars distalis (PD) by immunocytochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. LH, FSH and PRL cells exhibited significant variation during the reproductive cycle of female S. heathi. The areal fractions of the PD occupied by LH and FSH cells were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during winter dormancy and the breeding phase as compared to the quiescence phase. The mean areal fraction of LH and FSH cells declined in March, following ovulation. The areal fraction of PD occupied by PRL cells varied from a minimum during winter dormancy to a maximum during pregnancy. Several of the PRL cells exhibited a degranulated appearance during winter dormancy suggesting PRL release. The areal fraction of TSH immunoreactive cells did not show a significant (p > 0.05) variation during the reproductive cycle. No evidence of involution was observed in the PD cells during the period of delayed ovulation.
Animals↗