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PubMed1991

Standardized and flexible batteries in neuropsychology: an assessment update.

This article summarizes current literature relevant to commonly used tests and test batteries in clinical neuropsychology. The first section contains a discussion of the philosophy and relative advantages of standardized and flexible battery approaches in neuropsychology. The second contains historical background and a literature review of the two major standardized test batteries: the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska. The third section includes reviews of tests that are frequently used in the flexible battery approach. Various tests of intellectual functioning, attention, memory, language, and spatial analyses are critiqued in this section. Contributions of the process approach are noted. The article ends by underscoring the need for continued research into the nature of neuropsychological measures and the abilities they assess.

Attention↗
PubMed1976

Diagnostic follow-up to consultant physicians by computer feedback.

A computer follow-up system has been developed which automatically prepares follow-up summaries for consultant physicians. This makes it possible to provide reliable feedback of diagnostic information in place of the traditional but haphazard word-of-mouth process. This system has been tested initially for surgical and autopsy-pathology follow-up of neuroradiology and nuclear medicine consultations using report conclusions available from the UCLA Natural Language Information Storage and Retrieval System.

Computers↗
PubMed1975

The reading Miscue Inventory. A promising approach to diagnosis of the reading-disabled.

Reading Miscue Inventory--RMI--opens avenues of dealing with the reading process in a scientific and process-oriented fashion which can lead to further refining of the theoretical base upon which reading is founded as well as providing diagnostic information for use by reading specialists. From such information, reading specialists are able to develop remediation on an individualized basis. Appropriate materials, procedures, and practices are developed from the qualitative analysis of miscues rather than from the information provided by standardized achievement or diagnostic reading tests. In sights are gained regarding a child's ability to use the complex process of reading. Remediation of disability, at the appropriate place in the process, is based on assumptions regarding the interrelationship of thought and language. Reading specialists are looking to psycholinguists for theoretical bases upon which to build models of the reading process. Qualitative miscue analysis is based upon recently proposed notions of the psycholinguistic nature of reading. Common concepts and understanding regarding reading and assessment of reading disability may facilitate learning disability teams in their diagnostic and remedial procedures. Until recently, these discussions have occurred mainly in reading-related research and in education circles, but learing disabilities teams are beginning to participate in the refining and clarifying of these notions of assessment and remediation. Regardless of the eventual outcome, the necessity for considering these views is basic to a fuller understanding of ways in which learning-disabled children may be helped.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Knowing the meaning, getting the point, bridging the gap, and carrying the message: aspects of discourse following closed head injury in childhood and adolescence.

Pragmatic communication or discourse was studied in 33 children and adolescents following closed head injury. Three-quarters of the sample was impaired on at least one of four discourse tests (knowing the alternate meanings of ambiguous words in context; getting the point of figurative or metaphoric expressions; bridging the inferential gaps between events in stereotyped social situations; and producing speech acts that express the apparent intentions of others). Resolution of ambiguity was correlated with word fluency and verbal domain knowledge, but not with object naming; understanding of metaphor was correlated with verbal domain knowledge, but not with literal sentence comprehension or with the formation of analogies; making inferences was correlated with working memory capacity but not with social knowledge; and producing speech acts was not correlated either with sentence construction or with social knowledge. These associations and dissociations reveal some of the correlates of impaired discourse processing after closed head injury in childhood and adolescence, as well as bearing on theoretical questions concerning the nature of normally developing discourse processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Familiarity effects in visual comparison tasks and their implications for studying human intelligence.

Two experiments were carried out to study the effect of prior knowledge on cognitive processes related to human intelligence by examining its role in defining task novelty. In Experiment 1, Ss performed a letter-matching task involving same-different judgments based on 4 rules of sameness: physical identity, form, system, and name. When the stimuli were unfamiliar, performance on the name classification task was correlated with measures of fluid abilities, whereas when the stimuli were familiar, performance on this task was not correlated with measures of fluid abilities. In Experiment 2, Ss performed 3 different forms of a mental rotation task. When the stimuli were unfamiliar, the slope of the rotation function was correlated with a test of fluid ability, whereas when the stimuli were familiar, the slope of the rotation function was not correlated with a test of fluid ability. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the nature of task complexity and the way knowledge and processing interact in the development of skilled performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Visual and auditory event-related potentials elicited by linguistic and non-linguistic incongruities.

To test the hypothesis that violation of overlearned relations between stimuli in a sequence is critical for eliciting the event-related potential (ERP) N400, we recorded scalp ERPs in sequences where interstimulus relations were either overlearned (sentences or famous songs) or not (geometric figures or scale notes): 25% of the sequences ended with an incongruous stimulus. N400 occurred after incongruous words in sentences only. It seems to index the further processing necessary to specify the nature of the mismatch detected between attended and expected stimuli, when complex information is involved. Earlier components also varied as a function of experimental factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The integration of a continuous-speech-recognition system with the QMR diagnostic program.

We describe a continuous-speech interface for Quick Medical Reference (QMR), which allows physicians to input spoken descriptions of physical-examination findings, or observations. We analyze the difficulties in designing a continuous-speech interface for systems that use medical terminology. We present a method for matching spoken findings names expressed in natural language to QMR terms. The method is based on a semantic representation of findings that both minimize the effect of misrecognition and derive grammars that are necessary for supporting the recognition process.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1985

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: language and psychological profiles.

The velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCF) has been delineated as a relatively common recurrent-pattern malformation syndrome of clefting. As originally described, the syndrome's major features are clefting of the secondary palate, cardiac anomalies, characteristic facies, learning disabilities, and speech disorders. As characteristic of the syndrome, however, is a rather distinctive pattern of language disorders and personality characteristics that has not been previously described. The purpose of this report is to add to the phenotype of the velo-cardio-facial syndrome by providing a description of the language, academic, and psychological profiles of 26 patients. This information would prove useful in the process of differential diagnosis. Striking observations concerning changes manifest during the course of development from initial language acquisition through childhood and adolescence will also add to the information regarding this syndrome's natural history and prognosis.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cocaine recovery support groups and the language of recovery.

The authors have attempted to make clear that recovery is a lifelong process. In its early phases, clients are working primarily to achieve relief from guilt and pain created by their addiction. As recovery progresses, however, there is a movement from a relief mentality to a true experience of delight (Enright 1980). The goals of treatment have been achieved when this shift is evident: when one is living comfortably, responsibly and joyfully without cocaine or other drugs. The authors' experience indicates that treating cocaine addicts in cocaine-specific groups is useful in that the homogeneity facilitates group identification and the educational component of treatment. However, the content of the groups and nature of the recovery process are not drug specific or unique. The emergence of C.A., which is based on the same 12 steps as A.A., also illustrates this. What is being treated is addictive disease, not alcoholism or cocaine addiction. Regardless of the chemical, the essentials of treatment are the same: The language of recovery is universal.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Memory mechanisms in the processing of words and word-like symbols.

Modern functional imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) provide the opportunity to examine in some detail the implementation of mental activities in the human brain. Using measurements of changes in local brain blood flow obtained with PET as a marker of changes in local neuronal activity we have examined the processing of single words and word-like symbols. These studies reveal the very distributed, modular nature of this implementation and provide some preliminary insights into the role of memory mechanisms in the process.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1990

The information-processing approach.

The information-processing (IP) approach to perception and cognition arose as a reaction to behaviourism. This reaction mainly concerned the nature of explanation in scientific psychology. The "standard" account of behaviour, phrased in strictly external terms, was replaced by a "realist" account, phrased in terms of internal entities and processes. An analysis of the theoretical language used in IP psychology shows an undisciplined state of affairs. A great number of languages is simultaneously in use; no level of analysis is unambiguously referred to; and basic concepts such as information and processing remain largely undefined. Nevertheless, over the past 25 years the IP approach has developed into a disciplined and sophisticated experimental science. A look at actual practice hints at the basic reason for its success. The approach is not so much concerned with absolute or intrinsic properties of the human information processor, but with what can be called its relative or differential properties. A further analysis of this feature of the IP approach in terms of the formal language of a logical system makes explicit the basis of its success. The IP approach can be regarded as developing an empirical difference calculus on an unspecified class of objects, phrased in terms of a simulated "theory-neutral" observation language, and with operators that are structurally analogous to logical operators. This reinterpretation of what the IP approach is about brings a number of advantages. It strengthens its position as an independent science, clarifies its relation with other approaches within psychology and other sciences within the cognitive science group, and makes it independent of philosophical subtleties.

Cognition↗
PubMed1975

The syndrome of Gogi (word meaning) aphasia. Selective impairment of kanji processing.

In 1943, Imura described an aphasic syndrome shown by Japanese patients and designated it as Gogi ("word-meaning") aphasia. Salient features are selective impairment of processing kanji or Chinese characters and difficulty in finding access to the lexicon in both production and reception, with preservation of processing kana or phonetic signs, and fluent oral repetition. A patient with this syndrome is presented, with emphasis on the nature of his kanji impairment. Cases of Gogi aphasia in the literature are reviewed and contrasted to cases of Broca's aphasia with selective impairment of kana processing. The implications for a neurolinguistic model of language processing in aphasia are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exploratory analysis of the medical record.

Current patient information systems such as SCAMP have the capacity to store not only highly-structured information such as problem codes, drug lists and laboratory values, but also richer, clinically-descriptive information such as comprehensive natural language problem summaries and other textual data that retain the full clinical information used by physicians in managing their patients. The clinical importance, richness, and extensiveness of this information suggest that techniques which allow computers to process textual data may play a helpful role in clinical research. The analysis programs of the SCAMP system have been developed to explore the potential of this approach.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed1979

Critique of concepts and therapy in the action language approach to psychoanalysis.

Critical evaluation is made of the attempts to reformulate basic psychoanalytic concepts in terms of a theory of action language. The criticism focuses on issues of the scientific status of psychoanalytic knowledge, the role of experience as the basis of psychoanalytic knowledge, the role of metaphor in the formulation of psychoanalytic theory (focusing particularly on the issue of anthropomorphism and the forms of acceptable metaphor in the theory), and the problem of levels of abstraction in theoretical conceptualization. Particular issues in the action language approach, which are challenged from a more traditional process-oriented psychoanalytic perspective, are the notion of action; the status of mind; the specific formulations and conceptualizations of drives and motives, conflicts, resistance, affects, and internalization; the nature of the concepts of self and identity. The critique developed in these areas is then utilized as the basis for assessment of clinical implications, particularly their application in specific psychoanalytic contexts.

Affect↗
PubMed1991

Parallel distributed processing and neural networks: origins, methodology and cognitive functions.

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP), a computational methodology with origins in Associationism, is used to provide empirical information regarding neurobiological systems. Recently, supercomputers have enabled neuroscientists to model brain behavior-relationships. An overview of supercomputer architecture demonstrates the advantages of parallel over serial processing. Histological data provide physical evidence of the parallel distributed nature of certain aspects of the human brain, as do corresponding computer simulations. Whereas sensory networks follow more sequential neural network pathways, in vivo brain imaging studies of attention and rudimentary language tasks appear to involve multiple cortical and subcortical areas. Controversy remains as to whether associative models or Artificial Intelligence symbolic models better reflect neural networks of cognitive functions; however, considerable interest has shifted towards associative models.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1984

Prosodic disturbance in aphasia: vowel length in Thai.

The aim of this study is to determine to what extent a phonologically contrastive function of the prosodic feature of length is resistant to impairment in aphasia. The language chosen for investigation is Thai, a language which contrasts short and long vowels. Subjects included two Broca aphasics, one transcortical motor aphasic, one Wernicke aphasic, one conduction aphasic, one nonaphasic right-brain-damaged patient, one nonaphasic cerebellar dysarthric patient, and five normal controls. The subjects read a list of words containing short and long vowels. Vowel durations were measured from spectrograms. The results showed that the timing of vowel duration for signaling the contrast between short and long vowels remains relatively intact in nonfluent as well as fluent aphasic patients. These data are brought to bear on issues concerning the specialization of the left hemisphere for temporal processing, the contribution of the right hemisphere to the processing of nonaffective components of prosody, the nature of prosodic disturbance in Broca's aphasia and cerebellar dysarthria, and the separate disruption of prosodic features.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Subcortical transfer of cognitive information in subjects with complete forebrain commissurotomy.

Three complete commissurotomy subjects were tested for the ability to integrate cognitive information presented for a prolonged duration to opposite visual hemi-fields. A sample stimulus was projected to one hemi-field and a three-choice array to the other, with one choice related to the sample on an abstract or concrete basis. All subjects performed the non-verbal matching task at well above chance level, with scores comparable to those attained when the task was performed completely within one or the other hemisphere. Transfer was equally successful in the two directions, though the pathway originating in the right and terminating in the left hemisphere may be more sensitive to affective components of the stimulus. The information relayed subcortically is neither verbal nor imagic in nature, but appears to correspond to contextual or connotative associates of the stimulus. The results are discussed in terms of a cognitive system common to the two hemispheres and involving associational networks but not lateralized functions such as language and complex visuospatial processes.

Adult↗