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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Exposure-response relationships between lifetime exposure to residential coal smoke and respiratory symptoms and illnesses in Chinese children.

Data collected in a large epidemiologic study were analyzed to examine respiratory health effects of residential coal use in 7058 school children living in the four Chinese cities of Chongqing, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, and Wuhan. A Scenario Evaluation Approach was used to develop two exposure variables, heating coal smoke and cooking coal smoke. Estimated lifetime exposures to heating coal smoke and cooking coal smoke were both classified into four-level ordinal scales, as follows: no reported exposure (control); lightly exposed; moderately exposed; and heavily exposed. Zero-one dummy variables were constructed for each exposure level other than the control level (total six variables). These variables were entered into the analytical model. We tested for exposure-response relationships using logistic regression models, while controlling for other relevant covariates, including an indicator variable of ambient air pollution levels. We observed monotonic and positive exposure-response relationships of exposure to heating coal smoke with modeled odds ratios (ORs) of phlegm, cough with phlegm, and bronchitis. Other health outcomes were not associated with such exposure in a monotonic exposure-response pattern. However, ORs for cough, wheeze, and asthma were all higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. We observed no consistent associations between cooking coal smoke and the examined health outcomes. We conclude that exposure to heating coal smoke could have adverse effects on children's respiratory symptoms and illnesses in these four Chinese cities.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed1989

Risk factors for maladjustment in Puerto Rican children.

Data are presented on risk factors for childhood psychopathology derived from a study of an island-wide probability sample of children in Puerto Rico aged 4 through 16 years. Analyses estimated the effects of 12 demographic, health, and family variables on the probability of being a "case," using two different operational definitions of caseness, as well as on the probability of receiving the diagnoses of oppositional disorder, attention deficit disorder, separation anxiety, depression, functional enuresis, and adjustment disorder. When compared to other findings, the results from these analyses indicate that the relationship between maladjustment and the risk factors evaluated does not appear to be culturally specific.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of family structure and regular places of care on preventive health care for children.

Data from the 1982 National Access to Medical Care Survey were examined to answer questions on preventive health care received by children in families with one or two working parents and possible differences among their various regular sources of care. Evidence supports the general and expected conclusion that children of single female workers are most at risk. Children from these non-traditional families appeared to benefit most from care given in the offices and clinics of private physicians, while those of such families enrolled in health maintenance organizations benefitted least. When compared with HMO enrollees from the other two types of families (those where men were working and women stayed home, or where both parents worked), children of single parents were least likely to have received tine tests or DPT inoculations. Finding implications are discussed with suggestions for further research including investigating the effects of modifying hours of service and the provision of institutional supports for working parents.

Child↗

PubMed1975

Acute cholecystitis in children.

Data from retrospective review of 16 patients treated for acute cholecystitis indicate that the cause of this disease is different in children than in adults. The incidence of acute acalculous cholecystitis is higher in children. Congenital abnormalities of the gallbladder or bile ducts were not found in our patients. Cultures of the bile failed to establish a relationship with preceding infection, although infection seems to be an important etiologic factor. Diagnosis should be based on clinical signs and cholecystography. Early cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice. In patients with jaundice, operative choledochography is recommended.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

A comparison of mothers with co-occurring disorders and histories of violence living with or separated from minor children.

Data from the Women with Co-occurring Disorders and Histories of Violence Study are used to examine characteristics distinguishing mothers currently providing care for all their minor children (n = 558) from mothers separated from one or more minor children (n = 1396). Mothers are described and compared on background characteristics and experiences, well-being and current functioning, situational context, and services used. Analyses control for number of children, race, and years of education. Mothers separated from children have more children, less education, have more often been homeless, in juvenile detention or jail, and have lower incomes than mothers living with all their children. Mothers separated from children have more extensive experiences of traumatic and stressful life events, and the groups differ in current functioning and patterns of services used. While cross-sectional data do not allow causal inferences, challenges faced by mothers have significant implications for policy and programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Yeast colonization in hospitalized and nonhospitalized children.

Data have been accumulated to determine the prevalence of yeast colonization of the skin and digestive tract of hospitalized and nonhospitalized infants and children. There was no difference in the prevalence between hospitalized patients at the time of admission and nonhospitalized children. However, there was a positive correlation of the duration of hospitalization and the prevalence of yeast colonization. There were no correlations of hospitalization with site of colonization, age of the patient, or type of yeast isolated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Underestimation of the incidence of measles in a population of French children.

Data on titres of specific antibodies against measles virus and information given by families and physicians were analysed in 133 vaccinated and 117 unvaccinated children. Only 2 of the 133 vaccinated children reported a history of measles, while 131 had detectable levels of antibodies. Measles antibodies were detected in 102 (87.2%) of the unvaccinated children, but a history of measles diagnosed clinically by a physician was reported in only 42 of them. These findings suggest that subclinical cases of measles are possible and contribute to the high circulation of the measles virus in the child population in France.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

The financial burden of medical care expenses for children.

Data from the 1980 National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey are used to assess whether financial burdens incurred in obtaining medical services for children are distributed equitably among families with different incomes. When measured in absolute terms, out-of-pocket charges appear to increase in a progressive fashion with family income. However, when out-of-pocket charges are measured relative to ability to pay, a regressive pattern is demonstrated. Within the poverty population, children with continuous Medicaid coverage have much lower out-of-pocket costs than other children. Extension of Medicaid coverage to additional children below poverty is suggested as one approach toward reducing current inequities.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Effects of parental separation and divorce on very young children.

Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care were analyzed to explore effects of marital separation on children in the first 3 years of life. The sample included 73 never-married mothers and 97 separated mothers; a comparison group of 170 was conditionally randomly selected from the 2-parent families. Children in 2-parent families performed better than children in 1-parent families on assessments of cognitive and social abilities, problem behavior, attachment security, and behavior with mother. However, controlling for mothers' education and family income reduced these differences, and associations with separated-intact marital status were nonsignificant (the effect size was .01). Thus, children's psychological development was not affected by parental separation per se; it was related to mothers' income, education, ethnicity, child-rearing beliefs, depressive symptoms, and behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Neighborhood disadvantage moderates associations of parenting and older sibling problem attitudes and behavior with conduct disorders in African American children.

Data from 296 sibling pairs (mean ages 10 and 13 years), their primary caregivers, and census records were used to test the hypothesis that African American children's likelihood of developing conduct problems associated with harsh parenting, a lack of nurturant-involved parenting, and exposure to an older sibling's deviance-prone attitudes and behavior would be amplified among families residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods. A latent construct representing harsh-inconsistent parenting and low levels of nurturant-involved parenting was positively associated with younger siblings' conduct disorder symptoms, as were older siblings' problematic attitudes and behavior. These associations were strongest among families residing in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods. Future research and prevention programs should focus on the specific neighborhood processes associated with increased vulnerability for behavior problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Evoked otoacoustic emissions in normal-hearing infants and children: emerging data and issues.

Evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs) are a promising tool for evaluating cochlear status in children. Preliminary data from normal-hearing subjects ranging from birth to 29.9 years old are discussed. EOAEs are present and robust in infant ears. However, there is a statistically significant decrease in EOAE amplitude for a fixed stimulus level with increasing age even in a carefully screened sample. At the present time it is unclear if these age-associated changes are due to normal developmental changes in the external and/or middle ear acoustics, normal developmental changes in cochlear mechanics and/or everyday cochlear wear and tear. Issues related to further application of evoked emissions to pediatric populations are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

The incidence and prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female children.

Data obtained from a random sample of 930 adult women in San Francisco provide the soundest basis heretofore available for estimating the prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female children. This article describes the methodology of this survey, as well as some of the key findings. For example: 16% of these women reported at least one experience of intrafamilial sexual abuse before the age of 18 years; 12% reported at least one such experience before the age of 14 years; 31% reported at least one experience of extrafamilial sexual abuse before the age of 18 years; and 20% reported at least one such experience before the age of 14 years. When both categories of sexual abuse are combined, 38% reported at least one experience before the age of 18 years; and 28% reported at least one such experience before the age of 14 years. Only 2% of the cases of intrafamilial and 6% of the cases of extrafamilial child sexual abuse were ever reported to the police. A plea is made for the urgent need to recognize the magnitude of the problem of child sexual abuse, and to act to prevent it.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking trends in Portuguese school-aged children and approaches for a control--an analysis based on the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) data.

While smoking has negative health consequences for children and adolescents, the major risk of smoking onset by these age groups is tobacco dependence, in most cases for the rest of their lives, which can later lead to the suffering of diseases related to smoking. This fact shows the importance of smoking prevention in teens to avoid the negative health, economic and environmental effects related to smoking. Although Portugal does not have a National Smoking Prevention Programme, some schools have developed prevention campaigns to control the spread of the tobacco epidemic. To determine the efficacy of smoking prevention campaigns developed in Portuguese schools we compared the data of smoking prevalence provided by Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) (11-15 years old) from 1997/98 and 2002. The results show the rise of smoking prevalence in students on both sexes, especially among girls. Data supports the conclusion that Portuguese schools are not effective in smoking prevention and in Portugal it is necessary to continue smoking prevention campaigns aimed at the younger children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Nutritional status measures as predictors of nutritional risk in preschool children.

Data from 19 dietary and biochemical indices of nutritional status for 419 participants in the Preschool Nutrition Survey were analyzed to determined the smallest number of variables that could be used to identify all children with any of measure below a criterion of adequacy. Serum transferrin iron and dietary iron intake identified 74% of those at nutritional risk. Additional information on dietary calories, calcium, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and vitamin A identified all subjects at risk.

Ascorbic Acid Deficiency↗

PubMed1990

Predictions of normal forced vital capacity and forced expired volume in one second in Tanzanian children.

Data on ventilatory function with particular reference to forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1 expressed as percentage of FVC (FEV1%FVC) were obtained in 1413 healthy Tanzanian school children aged between 8 and 18 years. All subjects were nonsmokers and had neither symptoms nor history of cardiopulmonary diseases. Subjects in this study were significantly smaller in stature (P less than 0.05) and had smaller FVC and FEV1 (P less than 0.001) compared to values reported in children of comparable age and stature in the west. Lung volumes could best be described as a power function of standing height (y = a.Hb). The power derived from ln FVC on ln H were 3.39 and 3.24 for boys and girls respectively, while the power derived from ln FEV1 on ln H were 3.11 and 3.03 for boys and girls respectively. Constructed prediction formulae gave FEV1 and FVC which showed good agreement with FEV1 and FVC computed from prediction equations based on a similar mathematical model for black children in the Caribbean.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

National survey beverage consumption data for children and adolescents indicate the need to encourage a shift toward more nutritive beverages.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently issued recommendations for 100% fruit juice consumption for children and adolescents. National survey data (1994-1996, 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals) were used to evaluate intake of 100% fruit juice for comparison with AAP recommendations. Mean daily intakes of 100% fruit juice were 0.9, 4.6, and 3.4 ounces in children aged <6 months, 6 months-6 years, and 7-18 years, respectively, which fall within AAP recommendations for these age groups. At age 5, mean intake of fruit drinks and ades exceeded that of 100% fruit juice (P=.009). Carbonated soft drink intake exceeded that of 100% fruit juice at age 5 and of milk at age 13 (P<.04). By age 13, adolescents drank more carbonated soft drinks than 100% fruit juice, milk, or fruit drinks and ades. Increased consumption of nutrient-dense beverages (100% fruit juice, milk) and water as part of a varied diet should be encouraged.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of toothbrushing in a group of 531 school aged children].

Data concerning the evaluation of tooth brushing collected during odontostomatological screening in Val Pellice are reported. The screening was carried out by a dental team from Turin's Mauriziano Hospital and covered a population of 531 children aged between six and twelve.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Sturge-Weber syndrome: age of onset of seizures and glaucoma and the prognosis for affected children.

Data were obtained on 171 individuals with Sturge-Weber syndrome via questionnaire and medical records. The age of the study group ranged from 2 months to 59 years; the median was 8 years. In addition to the facial location of port-wine stains in the areas of the trigeminal dermatomes present in 170 patients, 45% also had extracranial port-wine stains over the torso and/or extremities, and 17% had other vascular or pigmentary lesions. Seizures were present in 80% of all patients (87% of those with bilateral and 71% of those with unilateral port-wine stains); in all but one case, seizures were associated with port-wine stains in V1 alone or V1 and V2 trigeminal dermatomes location. The age of onset of seizures ranged from birth to 23 years; 75% had onset of seizures before 1 year of age; these children had an 83% incidence of developmental and academic problems. Fifty-eight percent showed early developmental delay and required special education classes. The rate of retardation showed a decreasing tendency with increasing age of onset of seizures; of the children without seizures, only 6% had developmental delay and 11% required special education classes. Glaucoma was present in 48% of patients (67% unilateral and 33% bilateral). Of all patients with glaucoma, 92% had port-wine stains in both V1 and V2 dermatomes and 8% only in V1. The laterality of glaucoma did not correspond to the trigeminal distribution of the port-wine stains in all instances. Glaucoma was diagnosed during the 1st year of life in 61% and by 5 years in 72%; one patient did not have onset of symptoms until 38 years. The results of our data can serve as a guide for estimating relative risk figures for seizures, glaucoma, and mental retardation in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Adolescent↗