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PubMed1980

Dematiaceous fungal pathogens isolated from nature.

This study was conducted to demonstrate the presence of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi in nature. Using hamster and mouse inoculation techniques, 43 isolates of dematiaceous fungi were recovered from 39 samples of woody plant material and soil from the Virginia environment. Thirteen species were identified and included 4 Phialophora spp., 3 Cladosporium spp., 2 Exophiala spp., Sporothrix sp., Wangiella dermatitidis, Bispora betulina, and Scytalidium lignicola. Evidence is presented for the first isolations of C. trichoides from nature in the United States; these isolates proved to be pathogenic for mice in which they produced disease and death in a course similar to that seen in man. Natural isolates of Phialophora verrucosa, Phialophora repens, Exophiala jeanselmei, and Wangiella dermatitidis were identical to those species isolated from man using the following criteria: morphology, 12% gelatin reaction, and survival in laboratory animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of the API 20C yeast identification system for the differentiation of some dematiaceous fungi.

Ninety-seven isolates of Cladosporium spp., Exophiala spp., Fonsecaea spp., Lecythophora hoffmannii, Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, Phialophora spp., Wangiella dermatitidis, and Xylohypha bantiana were used to evaluate the API 20C Yeast Identification System for the differentiation of dematiaceous fungi. Using the API 20C system, we were able to distinguish most species of Phialophora and Cladosporium and to separate L. hoffmannii from the species of Phialophora tested; X. bantiana from C. carrionii, C. resinae, and C. sphaerospermum; and W. dermatitidis from Exophiala jeanselmei and Exophiala spinifera. Ninety-two (60.1%) of 153 possible species-pair combinations were separated.

Cladosporium↗
PubMed1978

Taxonomy of Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis and Padhye.

The black yeast-like fungus Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis et Padhye was originally described as Torula jeanselmei by Langeron. Since its original description in 1928, this dematiaceous hyphomycete has been placed in the genera Phialophora, Pullularia and Rhinocladiella by various authors. Study of the type culture of E. jeanselmei has confirmed that the principle conidiogenous cells of this fungus are annellides, thus supporting its current generic disposition. After reviewing the neotype culture of Phialophora gougerotii (Matruchot) Borelli sensu Borelli, the type culture of Torula bergeri Langeron, authentic cultures of Margarinomyces heteromorpha (Nannfeldt) Mangenot sensu Mangenot, the type culture of Trichosporium heteromorphum Nannfeldt and the neotype culture of Exophiala mansonii (Castellani) de Hoog sensu de Hoog, as well as additional cultures, it was concluded that P. gougerotti sensu Borelli, T. bergeri and M. heteromorphis sensu Mangenot pro parte are conspecific with E. jeanselmei. Trichosporium heteromorphum and E. jeanselmei are not conspecific as suggested by some workers. Tr. heteromorphum is a distinct species and should be referred to as Phialophora heteromorpha (Nannfeldt) Wang. Sporotrichum gougerotti Matruchot is considered to be a later synonym of Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen et Perkins and E. mansonii sensu de Hoog as a later synonym of Microsporum mansonii Castellani. M. mansonii is held to be a later synonym of Malassezia furfur (Robin) Baillon. The neotype culture of E. mansonii produces phialides without collarettes.

Cryptococcus↗
PubMed2002

Fungal flora in groundwater-derived public drinking water.

In order to assess the dissemination of hygienically relevant fungi via the public drinking water distribution system, a 12-month survey was performed on groundwater-derived drinking water from 29 water supplies in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Frequencies of contaminated water samples, and the prevalent species and patterns of occurrence in raw water, waterworks, the network and house installations were studied on the basis of 2657 water samples. Results were obtained by long-term incubation of 1 ml aliquots of water samples on agar-based culture media, following bacteriological procedures documented in the German drinking water regulations (Anon, 1990). No correlation with standard hygiene indicators, such as E. coli or other coliform bacteria was observed. Common opportunistic and allergenic Aspergillus species were encountered only rarely. The fungal flora was dominated by a limited number of species of Acremonium, Exophiala, Penicillium and particularly Phialophora; some of them occurred throughout the entire drinking water system and are thought to constitute a resident fungal flora. Phialophora sp. nov., to be described as a new species elsewhere, was ubiquitous; it was found in 26.6% of the samples positive for fungi (7.5% of 2657). Fungal diversity in the network itself was significantly lower than in raw water and house installations, indicating that not all fungi gaining access to the system are capable of surviving for longer periods. For species such as Verticillium lecanii, found exclusively after the introduction of newly buried pipes and remaining localized at those sites, introduction via arthropod vectors is likely. The resident species of Phialophora, Exophiala and Acremonium are particularly significant as they are shown to be disseminated efficiently by public drinking water.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1985

Pathogenicity of Exophiala jeanselmei for ddY mice.

The pathogenicity of three cultures isolated as Phialophora jeanselmei was compared with that of three cultures of Phialophora gougerotii using ddY mice. One hundred and twenty mice were used. They were divided into 6 groups consisting of 20 each. Each culture was evaluated in 20 mice. Mice were inoculated intravenously with 0.2 ml of a 1% (wet weight/vol.) yeast-like cell suspension and sacrificed at adequate intervals until the 30th day. As results, 1) the virulence of the three cultures each of P. jeanselmei and P. gougerotii to ddY mice was mild. 2) These cultures were not neurotropic. 3) P. gougerotii survived longer in the mice than P. jeanselmei. 4) There were no major differences in histopathology of the lesions in the mice inoculated with the two taxa.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Diagnosis, clinical aspects and therapy of early chromoblastomycosis in a case example].

Despite the availability of modern antimycotics, which produce high cure rates in early infections, the therapy of advanced chromoblastomycosis is still unsatisfactory. An initial chromoblastomycosis caused by a hitherto unidentified species of the genus Phialophora was diagnosed in a 46-year-old teacher. The organism was isolated twice at an interval of 6 weeks from a partly psoriasiform, partly verrucous lesion on the 4th toe. The infection was apparently acquired 4 years ago during a holiday at Cape Verde. Treatment with itraconazole (Sempera). 200 mg/day, and amphotericin B (Ampho-Moronal) cream for 6 weeks initially resulted in rapid regression. However, 4 weeks after cessation of therapy, the Phialophora species was cultured again from skin scrapings. Complete healing was achieved after re-treatment with itraconazole for 20 weeks at the same dosage in combination with topical amorolfine and local hyperthermia. Until now, no relapse has occurred. The present case demonstrates that this rare disease, which mainly occurs as a traumatic mycosis in the rural population of tropical regions, must be included in the differential diagnosis of psoriasiform or verrucous skin lesions and also included in the list of diseases which may be acquired while on vacation in exotic locations.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

Identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa based on large subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis.

The nucleotide sequences of the D1/D2 domains of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA for 76 strains of 46 species of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa were determined. Intra-species sequence diversity of medically important dematiaceous fungi including Phialophora verrucosa, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fonsecaea compacta, Cladophialophora carrionii, Cladophialophora bantiana, Exophiala dermatitidis, Exophiala jeanselmei, Exophiala spinifera, Exophiala moniliae, and Hortaea werneckii were extremely small; as few as 0 changes were detected in C. bantiana, Fonsecaea and Exophiala species, 1 bp in C. carrionii and H. werneckii, and 2 bp in P. verrucosa. Inter-species nucleotide diversity between most species was higher. These data suggested that the D1/D2 domain is sufficiently variable for identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and relevant species. The phylogenetic trees constructed from the sequence data revealed that most human pathogenic species formed a single cluster and that Cladosporium and Phialophora species were distributed polyphyletically into several clusters.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1985

[Osteoarthritis caused by dematiaceous fungi. Apropos of 3 cases].

Three cases of osteoarthritis due to dematiaceous fungi are reported. The first case, a Drechslera longirostrata spondylitis complicating prosthetic valve fungal endocarditis responded only to the association of Amphotericin B and Ketoconazole. The second patient had chronic osteoarthritis of the knee due to Phialophora parasitica resistant to medical and surgical treatment after renal transplantation. These two cases are the first and the second known reports of clinical infection with these fungi. The third patient had osteoarthritis of the patella complicating a skin infection by a thorn prick. This was cured by surgical excision and 3 months' medical treatment. These cases of infections osteoarthritis of the knee followed subcutaneous abscesses. Deep tissue infections with dematiaceous fungi with osteoarthritic involvement are very rare (6 cases of Drechslera and 8 cases of Phialophora have been reported). These fungi are opportunist saprophytes of plants in subtropical regions. They are characterised on culture by their brown and black pigmentation and microscopy shows septated filaments. Cutaneous effraction is the usual portal of entry in man; patients commonly have depression of their immune systems. Osteoarthritis is generally due to local extension of a subcutaneous abscess. The functional sequellae can be very serious. Treatment comprises surgical excision of the infected tissues with antifungal drugs which may have to be given in association.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Phaeomycotic cyst. A clinicopathologic study of twenty-five patients.

The clinical and pathologic features of 25 cases of phaeomycotic cyst, collected at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology between 1959 and 1978, are described. Phaeomycotic cyst is infection of the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue by dematiaceous (brown) fungi. Species of Phialophora were most frequently isolated from these lesions. Synonyms for phaeomycotic cyst are--among others--phaeomycosis and phaeosporotrichosis. Phaeohyphomycosis includes phaeomycotic cyst and some other mycoses. The term "phaeo" is derived from the Greek phi alpha iota omicron sigma, meaning grey or black, and refers to the brown color in vivo and in vitro of these fungi. Phialophora species are world-wide saprophytes, common in soil, decaying wood, and vegetation. They have low virulence and low pathogenicity, and are inoculated along with slivers whose retention is probably an important causal factor in establishing infection. Proliferation of the fungi provokes a mixed suppurative and granulomatous reaction which remains localized. Early the characteristic histopathologic picture is one of multiple stellate abscesses. These progress to a single circumscribed lesion with a central cavity filled with pus and surrounded by a fibrous wall. There are no systemic signs or symptoms, regional lymph nodes are not involved, nor has any patient had systemic spread. The infection is rare but tends to be more common in warm climates. No race, sex, or age group is predisposed, but patients with immune deficiency or debilitating disease are at increased risk. In older publications phaeomycotic cysts have been described as variants of chromomycosis, sporotrichosis, and mycetoma. Phaeomycotic cysts, however, do not provoke hyperplasia of the epidermis or ulceration--characteristic features of both chromomycosis and sporotrichosis, nor do phaeomycotic cysts form sinus tracts or contain grains--both typical features of mycetoma. The strictly localized abscess or "cyst" is the characteristic feature of phaeomycotic cysts.

Abscess↗
PubMed1990

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Exophiala jeanselmei and Exophiala dermatitidis.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis with Hae III, Hind III and Msp I was performed in 45 Exophiala jeanselmei strains (30 Phialophora jeanselmei and 154 Phialophora gougerotii strains) and 31 Exophiala dermatitidis strains. The results were as follows, 1) P. jeanselmei and P. gougerotii are identical, 2) E. jeanselmei is classified into 18 types based on restriction profiles, 3) two strains of E. jeanselmei CBS 577.76 and CBS 578.76 are identified as E. dermatitidis, 4) E. dermatitidis has no intraspecific variation and is definitely distinct from E. jeanselmei, 5) E. jeanselmei is suggested to be a complex organism because of extensive mtDNA polymorphism.

DNA, Fungal↗
PubMed2006

Genetic diversity of naturally established ectomycorrhizal fungi on Norway spruce seedlings under nursery conditions.

We have assessed ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) seedlings in nine forest nurseries using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing analyses of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) amplicons. Restriction analysis of the amplified DNA fragments with HinfI, MboI, and TaqI enzymes allowed the definition of 17 RFLP genotypes; five of them could be unambiguously assigned to Thelephora terrestris, Hebeloma longicaudum, H. crustuliniforme, Tricharina ochroleuca, and Cenococcum geophilum species by comparison with the sporocarp RFLP-pattern database. The remaining genotypes have been sequenced and compared with sequences deposited in the GenBank database. The phylogenetic analysis of resulting sequences and their identified matches indicated that isolated genotypes have formed seven clades. The ascomycetes were predominant: we have determined eight species--Wilcoxina mikolae, Phialophora finlandia, Tuber sp., Cenococcum geophilum, Tricharina ochroleuca, Pulvinula constellatio, and two unidentified ascomycetes--whereas the basidiomycetes were less common (four species denoted: Amphinema byssoides, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, H. longicaudum, and Thelephora terrestris). Wilcoxina mikolae and Phialophora finlandia were the most frequent fungi. Analysis of variance revealed that ascomycetes abundance was higher in nurseries that used organic fertilizer.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

The relationship of Cladosporium carrionii to Cladophialophora ajelloi.

Twelve of 21 isolates of Cladosporium carrionii, when grown on nutritionally deficient media such as lactrimel agar, hay infusion agar, diluted corn meal dextrose agar, and water agar, produced urniform phialides and phialoconidia identical with those produced by two isolates of Cladophialophora ajelloi. All isolates of C. carrionii and Cph. ajelloi hydrolyzed urea in 7 days, but failed to liquefy gelatin. The decomposition of casein, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and tyrosine was found to be of no diagnostic value because of the variable results given by the isolates of C. carrionii. None of the C. bantianum isolates or commonly encountered saprophytic species of Cladosporium, such as C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum, showed the ability to form phialides on any of the media tested. Because of the identical nature of the two synanamorphs of Cph. ajelloi, namely the Cladosporium-type and the Phialophora-type, with those of C. carionii, Cph. ajelloi is considered to be a later synonym of C. carrionii. The Latin description of C. carrionii is emended to include the Phialophora anamorph.

Animals↗