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Results for “PHILOSOPHY”

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PubMed1988

Identifying the components of a nursing service philosophy.

A framework for writing a nursing service philosophy provides the nurse manager with a quick and easy reference to identify essential organizers for the philosophy. The framework described here pinpoints three areas of importance, nursing/nursing practice, the patient/client, and the nurse, and describes specific subject matter to be addressed with each area. By organizing the subject matter into three practical areas of concern, the nurse manager can explore each area and develop a realistic and operational philosophy for the Nursing Service Department.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comprehensive philosophy for nursing: the total approach.

The political, social, economic, and technological forces being experienced within health care today demand that we apply creative models and philosophies for the delivery of nursing services. This paper describes the application of a "Quality Management Model" and presents a "Philosophy of Nursing Quality" that incorporates the elements of quality, cost, caring and nursing in a holistic manner. Application of this Model and Philosophy could provide nurse managers the guidance required to survive the turbulent 90's. In combination, they maximize the potential for success for both the health care recipient and care provider.

Empathy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Philosophy of medical practice: a discursive approach.

In spite of the seminal work A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice, the debate on the task and goals of philosophy of medicine still continues. From an European perspective it is argued that the main topics dealt with by Pellegrino and Thomasma are still particularly relevant to medical practice as a healing practice, while expressing the need for a philosophy of medicine. Medical practice is a discursive practice which is highly influenced by other discursive practices like science, law and economics. Philosophical analysis of those influences is needed to discern their effect on the goals of medicine and on the ways in which the self-image of man may be changed. The nature of medical practice and discourse itself makes it necessary to include different philosophical disciplines, like philosophy of science, of law, ethics, and epistemology. Possible scenario's of euthanasia and the human genome project in the USA and Europe are used to exemplify how philosopy of medicine can contribute to a realistic understanding of the problems which are related to the goals of medicine and health care.

Ethics, Medical↗

PubMed2003

Commitment to philosophy, teacher efficacy, and burnout among teachers of children with autism.

Variables that may be related to burnout in teachers of students with autism, including commitment to an underlying philosophy of a treatment and professional self-efficacy, were explored. Teachers using one of two different treatment approaches to autism participated: those using Applied Behavior Analysis (n = 34), and those using TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Related Handicapped Children) (n = 30). Participants completed the Autism Treatment Philosophy Questionnaire, developed by the authors to differentiate between the philosophy of the approaches; Teacher Efficacy Scale, and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results indicate a significant difference in philosophical commitment between the groups, but no differences in teaching efficacy or burnout. The relationship between a commitment to one's teaching approach and certain dimensions of teaching efficacy and burnout was found to be significant. Implications include the need for adequate training of teachers of students with autism.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Human health in nature--towards a holistic philosophy of nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To explain how the philosophy of nutrition is part of the philosophy of health. To show that this link allows practical solutions for equity and sustainability. METHOD: An analysis of the historical philosophies concerned with nutrition and health. A comparison of the definitions in the history of mind from antiquity to the beginning of the twenty-first century. CONCLUSION: We are not individually healthy, but we are so in togetherness, even with animals and plants. Comprehensive nutrition science has physical, social and environmental attributes. It follows that nutrition is good for the enhancement of good company with human beings as well as with the connatural world. We recognise that we owe to others what we are and this constitutes the equity of being.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Aging in place in assisted living: philosophy versus policy.

PURPOSE: Support of older adults' capacity to age in place is a core concept of the assisted living philosophy. This research examined implementation of the aging-in-place philosophy in 1 midwestern state (Kansas). DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was part of a larger state agency and university collaborative project to examine admission and discharge policies in these settings. Data analysis was conducted with descriptive statistics. Kansas findings were compared to national findings. RESULTS: Residents' capacity to age in place was limited by facility admission and discharge policies that were more restrictive than state regulations in the areas of behavioral problems, incontinence, and cognition. In general, assisted living facility policies in Kansas were more restrictive than admission and discharge policies found nationally. IMPLICATIONS: More inclusive assisted living admission and discharge criteria, and concomitant staffing and funding, are necessary if the aging-in-place philosophy is to be more fully implemented.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

A survey of clinical prescribing philosophies for hyperopia.

BACKGROUND: Prescribing philosophies for hyperopic refractive error in symptom-free children vary widely because relatively little information is available regarding the natural history of hyperopic refractive error in children and because accommodation and binocular function closely related to hyperopic refractive error vary widely among children. We surveyed pediatric optometrists and ophthalmologists to evaluate typical prescribing philosophies for hyperopia. METHODS: Practitioners were selected from the American Academy of Optometry Binocular Vision, Perception, and Pediatric Optometry Section; the College of Vision Development; the pediatric and binocular vision faculty members of the colleges of optometry; and the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Surveys were mailed to 314 participants: 212 optometrists and 102 ophthalmologists. RESULTS: A total of 161 (75%) of the optometrists and 59 (57%) of the ophthalmologists responded. About one-third of optometrists surveyed prescribe optical correction for symptom-free 6-month-old infants with +3.00 D to +4.00 D hyperopia, but fewer than 5% of ophthalmologists prescribe at this level. Most eye care practitioners prescribe optical correction for symptom-free 2-year-old children with +5.00 D of hyperopia, and this criterion for hyperopia decreases with age. Most ophthalmologists (71.4%) prescribe the full amount of astigmatism and less than the full amount of cycloplegic spherical component, and most optometrists (71.6%) prescribe less than the full amount of both components. When prescribing less than the full amount of astigmatism, eye care practitioners do not tend to prescribe a specific proportion of the cycloplegic refractive error. CONCLUSION: Pediatric eye care providers show a lack of consensus on prescribing philosophies for hyperopic children.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2003

The National Science Foundation and the philosophy of chemistry.

Since its founding in 1950, the National Science Foundation has provided support for a variety of studies in history, philosophy, and social studies of science. The fact that a relatively small number of projects dealing with the philosophy of chemistry have received NSF support is due to the small number of such proposals that have been submitted. The NSF Science and Technology Studies Program (STS) welcomes proposals dealing with philosophy of chemistry.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1988

Crowd psychology and ideology: a psychoanalytic view of the reciprocal effects of folk philosophies and personal actions.

Folk philosophies are constituted by shared, mostly unconscious systems of rules--in the formal sense of rule theory. In the West, there has been a breakdown in the folk philosophies which define reality for most people. Disruption creates disorganization and regression of fragmented groups to more primitive forms, ruled by magic and authoritarian leaders. Psychoanalysis is a sub-group which can serve as an exemplar for both small and large groups. Freedom from the magical and value-ridden 'realities' of the past poses the danger of licence but the opportunity that more rational systems may emerge. If managed successfully, such systems may help replace an older and no longer viable folk philosophy with forms which are more rational and humane. The essay also considers the new technical means to store and make data accessible. The danger is accumulation of mountains of undigested data, unevaluated and out of context--often misunderstood as 'information'. But the opportunities lie in the possibilities to develop new epistemologies.

Authoritarianism↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Philosophy of care. A pilot study comparing certified nurse-midwives and physicians.

Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and physicians (MDs) are thought to differ in philosophy of pregnancy care and childbirth. However, these differences have not been documented quantitatively. This article describes and compares the beliefs and care philosophies of CNMs and MDs toward aspects of antepartum and intrapartum care of low-risk women. The sample included seven CNMs and 10 obstetricians at a large tertiary-care hospital. Using stringent statistical criteria for testing differences between the two groups, significantly more teaching was done by the CNMs than by the MDs. Other differences were all in expected directions.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The crisis of medicine: philosophy and the social construction of medicine.

During the past decade there has been a debate about the field of philosophy of medicine. The debate has focused on fundamental questions about whether the field exists and the nature of the field. This article explores the debate and argues that it has paid insufficient attention to the social dimensions of both philosophy and medicine. The article goes on to argue that by exploring this debate one can better understand some of the difficult questions facing contemporary medicine and health care.

Bioethical Issues↗

PubMed1989

The contributions of self-defeating philosophies, perceived helplessness, and repression to anxiety among psychiatric patients.

Four of the most influential psychological explanations for the development of anxiety attribute it to (1) repressed awareness of undesirable emotions; (2) the emergence of unacceptable feelings from the unconscious; (3) adherence to irrational, self-defeating philosophies; and (4) perceived helplessness/lack of control over one's affairs. To test these theories, the authors administered the Trait Anxiety, Denial, Irrational Beliefs, and Locus of Control scales to 190 psychiatric inpatients. Appropriate zero-order, attenuation-corrected, multiple, and partial correlations were run. Denial was correlated negatively with Trait Anxiety; this is consistent with the view that awareness of unpleasant emotions generates anxiety, but does not support the claim that it is the result of repression. The correlations of Trait Anxiety with the Irrational Beliefs scale were substantial. However, its relationships with Locus of Control were limited and nonsignificant after the effects of the Denial and Irrational Beliefs scales were removed statistically. The findings lend support to the positions that anxiety results from self-defeating philosophies and/or the emergence of unpleasant thoughts about oneself, but give only modest support to the "perceived helplessness" hypothesis and seem to contradict the "excessive repression" explanation.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1991

Retiree medical plan design: determining the philosophy, communicating the need.

Much has been written, both in benefit-related journals and in the general press, about the recent statement, FAS 106, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). This statement requires most employers to begin accounting for retiree health care benefit costs for active employees as well as current retirees, creating a significant negative financial impact. Most of the attention has been focused on getting the numbers that will tell the extent of the impact resulting from FAS 106. The next step has been to review retiree medical coverage to see how the affected companies can change it to reduce their liability. Although the urge is strong to adopt a quick-fix solution, employers can greatly benefit by reviewing their benefit philosophies and making plan decisions that make sense for them. This article discusses key questions that can help focus the issue on company philosophies and lays out a framework for determining suitable plan designs that can also help companies manage the retiree medical liability.

Accounting↗

PubMed1993

The philosophy of health-related quality of life translation.

Conventional translation strategies are limited because they enshrine deficiencies of the original questionnaire and do not permit modifications that reflect differences in culture and values. An alternative philosophy would require a conceptual definition of what one wanted to measure and would allow flexibility in the methods to achieve this goal. If an investigator had considerable time and resources, he or she could replicate the process used to construct the original English language questionnaire. With very limited resources, he or she could still omit irrelevant items, include new items, and modify the wording of questions and response options. This new philosophy allows improvement in content and presentation, and moves away from the hegemony of the American middle-class outlook in quality of life questionnaires.

Bias↗

PubMed1992

Philosophy of medicine--from a medical perspective.

In this commentary on the article by Arthur L. Caplan [1] the philosophy of medicine is viewed from a medical perspective. Philosophical studies have a long tradition in medicine, especially during periods of paradigmatic unrest, and they serve the same goal as other medical activities: the prevention and treatment of disease. The medical profession needs the help of professional philosophers in much the same way as it needs the cooperation of basic scientists. Philosophy of medicine may not deserve the status of a philosophical subspecialty or field, but is so closely linked to the main trends of contemporary medical thinking that it must be regarded as an emerging (or reemerging) medical subdiscipline.

Ethics, Medical↗

PubMed1995

The anthropological tradition in the philosophy of medicine.

The tradition of anthropological medicine in philosophy of medicine is analyzed in relation to the earlier interest in epistemological issues in medicine around the turn of the century as well as to the current interest in medical ethics. It is argued that there is a continuity between epistemological, anthropological and ethical approaches in philosophy of medicine. Three basic ideas of anthropologically-oriented medicine are discussed: the rejection of Cartesian dualism, the notion of medicine as science of the human person, and the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of disease. Next, it is discussed why the anthropological movement has been superseded by the increasing interest in medical ethics. It is concluded that the present-day moral issues cannot be interpreted and resolved without clarification of the underlying anthropological images.

Anthropology↗

PubMed1994

Does the philosophy of medicine exist? A commentary on Caplan.

Caplan has argued that the philosophy of medicine does not exist. Although I will not deny the points he makes, I will argue that the philosophy of medicine has characteristics of a developing field with the potential to meet all of Caplan's criteria. The argument is based on Dewey's established views on logical development for a field of inquiry, as well as pointing out how other criteria Caplan imposes can be fulfilled.

Philosophy, Medical↗

PubMed1994

Vision and cognition in the natural philosophy of Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus).

Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, ca. 1197-1280) descended from a nobleman's family in Upper Suebia and studied natural philosophy and theology at the University of Padova, where he joined the Dominican order. Confronted with Aristotelian thought mainly in its Arabic modification (Avicenna, Al-Farabi, Averroes, Alhazen, Costa ben Luca and others) from his days in Padova, he elaborated in several books on the principles of natural philosophy, biology, brain and sense functions and psychology in addition to his theological and exegetic works. His observations and concepts on vision are discussed in detail. It is pointed out that Albert discovered some phenomena of vision not before known such as vestibular nystagmus and rod monochromacy, i.e. total colour blindness accompanied by photophobia. Based on clinical observations Albert also postulated a decussation of the optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasm. Albert's concept of higher order cognitive function is discussed and some of his explanations of dreams and neuropsychiatric disease on the basis of his cognitive model are mentioned. Albert's thoughts on vision and other sense perceptions, higher brain functions and cognition are considered as progressive elaborations of Galenic concepts as adapted by some Patristic theologians and the Arabic natural scientists and philosophers of the 9th-11th century.

Cognition↗