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PubMed1991

[Clinical evaluation of intestinal absorption and use of potassium iodide in order to increase effectiveness of therapeutic measures in pneumoconiosis of coal miners].

The article deals with the effectiveness of alimentary enterosorbents (apple paste fibres) and iodine preparations (potassium iodide) in the complex treatment of pneumoconiosis-diseased miners. The use of the substances in combination with routine drug therapy increased the effectiveness of the treatment procedures. Simplicity of the proposed technique for detoxication and the functional systems' improvement, diet-based dosage regulation make the technique useful for both treatment and prevention purposes.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Colorimetric determination of certain phenothiazine drugs by using morpholine and iodine-potassium iodide reagents.

A colorimetric method was developed for the quantitative estimation of 11 phenothiazine drugs. The method is based on the interaction of unsulfoxidized drug with morpholine and iodine-potassium iodide reagents. The interaction for all studied phenothiazine drugs yields a blue product with 2 absorption maxima: one in the range of 620-640 nm with lower molar absorptivity and the other in the range of 662-690 nm with higher molar absorptivity. The color was stable for at least 10 h. The reproducibility and recovery of the method were excellent. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of various commercially available phenothiazines in different dosage forms. The results were comparable to those obtained by official procedures. The suitability of the method for detection and estimation of promethazine excreted in urine has been suggested by preliminary experiments. Reaction products have been isolated and identified.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1999

The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide in root canals pretreated with 5% iodine potassium iodide.

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is often used as a routine interappointment dressing during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. However, it fails to consistently produce sterile root canals. The present study was set up to find out whether an antimicrobial strategy including the use of CH could be made more effective if: 1) canals were pretreated with 5% iodine potassium iodide (IPI), and 2) the dressing period was extended up to 2 months. Fifty human teeth, with radiographically verified apical periodontitis, were microbiologically sampled. After chemomechanical preparation the canals were pretreated with IPI for 3-7 days. Teeth where microorganisms persisted were then treated with CH for 2 months. Following instrumentation and dressing with IPI, 43 bacterial strains were recovered in 22 of the teeth. Samples obtained after the CH dressing period disclosed growth of 13 facultative and two strict anaerobic strains in 10 teeth. Enterococcus faecalis was identified in two specimens. In conclusion, the present study gave no evidence for an increased antimicrobial effect of CH if it was left for longer periods in the root canal. Although pretreatment with IPI from a quantitative point of view did not seem to add antimicrobial power, it might reduce the frequency of persisting strains of E. faecalis.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Assessment of potassium iodide (KI) distribution program among communities within the emergency planning zones (EPZ) of two nuclear power plants.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate a joint state and local government-sponsored potassium iodide (KI) distribution program in New Jersey. This program is part of a radiological emergency response system for residents living within the Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs) of nuclear power facilities. KI pills and an informational fact sheet were distributed locally at six different public clinics in the summer of 2002. In this study, a mailed survey was developed, pilot tested, and sent to the general public to assess knowledge about KI use. The survey consisted of two groups of people, those who attended a KI distribution clinic and those that did not attend a clinic. There was a statistically significant difference in knowledge among the two groups of survey respondents regarding KI prophylaxis, with a mean of 46% of survey questions answered correctly by those who attended a clinic vs. 15% by those who did not attend. Certain questions were problematic for the public to answer correctly and included potential low compliance with government instructions for taking KI, confusion regarding where the public can obtain KI pills during an emergency, and the lack of awareness on the proper use of KI for children, pregnant women, and persons over the age of 40 y. Additional outreach in these specific areas is warranted. This study also found that there was a highly variable geographic pattern of homes that have a supply of KI pills, with some areas having 60% of the households supplied with pills from the clinic while other areas had as low as 1% of the homes supplied with KI pills.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Ion uptake into demineralized dentine from glass ionomer cement following pretreatment with silver fluoride and potassium iodide.

BACKGROUND: Diamine silver fluoride (Ag(NH3)2F), referred to as AgF, has been shown to provide a pronounced antimicrobial action against caries. The clinical application of this material has been limited by the staining associated with both teeth and tooth coloured restorative materials. The application of potassium iodide (KI) after AgF eliminates stain formation. The purpose of this study was to determine if a prior application of silver fluoride and potassium iodine to demineralized dentine affected the uptake of strontium and fluoride from a glass ionomer cement restoration. METHOD: Three cavities were prepared in each of five recently extracted human third molars. The cavities were demineralized and treated as follows. In each tooth, one cavity was left as a control, one cavity was restored with glass ionomer cement and one cavity was treated with 1.8M AgF and a saturated KI solution and then restored with glass ionomer cement. The penetration of the various elements into demineralized dentine was measured by their relative percentage weights using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). RESULTS: Fluoride uptake was significantly higher in the AgF and KI treated samples compared to the other two samples and significantly higher in the glass ionomer restored sample compared to the control. The application of AgF and KI did not significantly interfere with the transfer of strontium from glass ionomer cement into dentine. Silver and iodine deposits were present in the demineralized dentine treated with AgF and KI. CONCLUSIONS: The application of AgF and KI onto dentine prior to the placement of glass ionomer cement did not significantly affect the strontium uptake into the subjacent demineralized dentine and the fluoride levels in this zone were significantly increased.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2001

Consideration of potassium iodide in emergency plans. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Final rule.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is amending its emergency planning regulations governing the domestic licensing of production and utilization facilities. The final rule requires that consideration be given to including potassium iodide (KI) as a protective measure for the general public that would supplement sheltering and evacuation. KI would help prevent thyroid cancers in the unlikely event of a major release of radioactivity from a nuclear power plant. The final rule responds to petitions for rulemaking (PRM 50-63 and PRM 50-63A) submitted by Mr. Peter G. Crane concerning the use of KI in emergency plans.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1982

Nadolol and potassium iodide in combination in the surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis.

With the two aims of rapidly reducing circulating thyroid hormone levels and controlling the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, we have prepared 17 thyrotoxic patients for subtotal thyroidectomy, using a combination of potassium iodide administered for 10 days and the long acting beta-adrenoceptor antagonist nadolol. All 17 patients had normal serum thyroxine levels after 10 days of such treatment although 10 still showed elevation of serum tri-iodothyronine and considerable elevation in the most severely toxic patient. All patients were, however, clinically euthyroid preoperatively. Nadolol was administered once daily, hence avoiding the problems of drug administration in the immediate postoperative period, and plasma nadolol concentrations were high throughout the perioperative period. Serum thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine levels were significantly lower and reverse tri-iodothyronine levels higher 24 h postoperatively than before operation. All patients remained stable throughout the perioperative period. We conclude that this regimen has a number of advantages in the preparation of patients for thyroidectomy, in reducing the degree of thyrotoxicosis, in convenience of drug administration and in ensuring adequate circulating concentrations of beta-adrenoceptor antagonist whilst still retaining a relatively short preoperative phase of drug treatment.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2000

Potassium iodide and the wolff-chaikoff effect: relevance for the dermatologist.

The inhibition of organic binding of iodide in the thyroid gland by excess iodide, resulting in the cessation of thyroid hormone synthesis, is known as the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. This review explores the nature of the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, both in terms of its potential mechanisms and its relevance to dermatologists who use potassium iodide as a therapeutic agent.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed2003

Potassium iodide remains the most effective therapy for cutaneous sporotrichosis.

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous fungal infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Itraconazole has largely replaced older therapies, but we present a case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis that failed to respond to an adequate course of itraconazole yet responded dramatically to treatment with saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI).

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Successful therapy of refractory erythema nodosum associated with Crohn's disease using potassium iodide.

Erythema nodosum is a common extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease. While mild skin involvement often responds to conservative management, severe or refractory cases may require systemic corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy. This report describes successful treatment of severe, refractory erythema nodosum associated with Crohn's colitis using oral potassium iodide. While the mechanism of action of this agent is poorly understood, it appears to be an effective and nontoxic therapy for Crohn's-related erythema nodosum and warrants further evaluation in a placebo controlled trial.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of methimazole, methimazole and sodium ipodate, and methimazole and saturated solution of potassium iodide in the early treatment of hyperthyroid Graves' disease.

We have evaluated three regimens for the rapid control (10 days' therapy) of thyrotoxicosis in hyperthyroid Graves' disease: methimazole (MMI, 40 mg/day), MMI and sodium ipodate (MMI + Na Ipodate, 1 g/day and MMI and saturated solution of potassium iodide (MMI + SSKI, 6 drops twice daily). When serum T4 and T3 concentrations were analysed as the percent change from pre-treatment values, the following results were observed. Serum T4 concentration decreased in the three treatment groups and the decrease was similar in the MMI and MMI + SSKI groups but significantly lower than in the MMI + Na ipodate group. The serum T3 concentration decreased to the normal range in all seven MMI + Na Ipodate treated patients by the fourth day of treatment and the per cent decrease in serum T3 from pre-treatment values was significantly greater than in the MMI and MMI + SSKI treated patients. The decrease in serum T3 was similar in the latter two groups. Heart rate decreased in all three groups, but the decrease was significantly more in the MMI + Na Ipodate-treated patients. The present findings suggest that the rapid control of hyperthyroid Graves' disease is similar in patients treated with MMI and MMI + SSKI and that the combination of MMI + Na Ipodate is more efficacious since the decrease in serum T3 concentrations and heart rate was significantly greater in the MMI + Na ipodate-treated patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Potassium iodide changes the levels of thyroid hormones in goitrogenic rats on selenium deficient diet.

OBJECTIVE: A possible link was proposed between selenium [Se(-)], iodine deficiency and thyroid pathology. The aim of the study was to examine changes in FT3 and FT4 concentrations, weights of the thyroid glands and ioduria after potassium iodide (KI) in normal and goitrogenic rats on Se(-) diet. METHODS: Wistar rats in Group 1 received the standard diet. Other animals remained (3 months) either on a Se(-) diet alone [Groups 2-5] or supplemented with selenium [Se(+)] (Group 6-8). After 9 weeks, Groups 3, 4, 6, 7 received sodium perchlorate [I(-); 1 month]. KI (1 mg/rat) was injected in Groups 4, 5, 7, 8. The animals were decapitated 3 days after the injections. RESULTS: FT4 was higher in serum of Se(-) rats than in that of Se(+). The differences of FT3 were not statistically significant. In I(-) Groups, the levels of FT3 and FT4 were very low. KI increased both thyroid hormones in I(-) rats but the effect was especially pronounced for FT3. KI decreased the weights of the glands, enlarged in the I(-) animals, both on Se(-) and Se(+) diet. Urine iodide concentrations were lower in Se(-) animals; KI increased ioduria. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that selenium and iodine deficiencies may play an essential role in thyroid hormone metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

An in vitro model to measure the effect of a silver fluoride and potassium iodide treatment on the permeability of demineralized dentine to Streptococcus mutans.

BACKGROUND: Diamine silver fluoride (Ag(NH3)2F), referred to as AgF, has been used to reduce the incidence of caries in primary dentitions but has been limited by the associated staining of both teeth and restorative materials. The application of potassium iodide (KI), following AgF prevents staining but its effects on the ability of AgF to reduce caries are not known. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model that would provide an indication of the permeability of demineralized dentine to Streptococcus mutans after treatment of the dentine with AgF followed by KI. METHODS: Forty dentine discs were bonded to the base of forty 5mL polycarbonate screw top vials (that had had their bases removed), filled with nutrient medium, sterilized and placed into a continuous culture of S. mutans. Samples were divided into four groups as follows: 10 samples of demineralized dentine as a control, 10 samples of demineralized dentine treated with AgF/KI, 10 samples of demineralized dentine treated with KI and 10 samples of demineralized dentine treated with AgF. After two weeks the optical density of the growth medium chambers was measured to determine bacterial penetration and growth. Cultures were plated out to determine migration through the discs by S. mutans. RESULTS: S. mutans migrated through all dentine discs. However, the samples treated with AgF and AgF/KI had significantly lower optical densities than the corresponding controls. The range of optical densities was least amongst demineralized samples treated with AgF/KI. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study, treatment of demineralized dentine discs with AgF followed by KI allowed the penetration of S. mutans. Based on optical density measurements, the treatment resulted in significantly fewer microorganisms being present subjacent to the discs treated with AgF and KI than the control discs at the end of the experimental period.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Effects of time of administration and dietary iodine levels on potassium iodide (KI) blockade of thyroid irradiation by 131I from radioactive fallout.

Radioiodines, particularly 131I, may be released into the environment in breach-of-containment nuclear reactor accidents and localize in and irradiate the thyroid with an attendant risk of neoplastic growth and other adverse health effects. Pharmacologic thyroid blockade by oral potassium iodide (KI) (50-100 mg in adults) can substantially reduce thyroid uptake of and irradiation by internalized radioiodine. In the current analysis, computer modeling of iodine metabolism has been used to systematically elucidate the effects of two practically important but highly variable factors on the radioprotective effect of KI: the time of administration relative to exposure to radioiodine and the dietary level of iodine. In euthyroid adults receiving iodine-sufficient diets (250 microg d(-1) in the current analysis), KI administered up to 48 h before 131I exposure can almost completely block thyroid uptake and therefore greatly reduce the thyroid absorbed dose. However, KI administration 96 h or more before 131I exposure has no significant protective effect. In contrast, KI administration after exposure to radioiodine induces a smaller and rapidly decreasing blockade effect. KI administration 16 h or later after 131I exposure will have little effect on thyroid uptake and absorbed dose and therefore little or no protective effect. The 131I thyroid absorbed dose is two-fold greater with insufficient levels of dietary iodine, 2,900 cGy/37 MBq, than with sufficient levels of dietary iodine, 1,500 cGy/37 MBq. When KI is administered 48 h or less before 131I intake, the thyroid absorbed doses (in cGy/37 MBq) are comparably low with both sufficient and insufficient dietary iodine levels. When KI is administered after 131I intake, however, the protective effect of KI is less and decreases more rapidly with insufficient than with sufficient dietary iodine. For example, KI administration 2 and 8 h after 131I intake yields protective effects of 80 and 40%, respectively, with iodine-sufficient diets, but only 65 and 15% with iodine-deficient diets. In conclusion, whether exposed populations receive sufficient or insufficient dietary iodine, oral KI is an effective means of reducing thyroid irradiation from environmentally dispersed radioiodine but is effective only when administered within 2 d before to approximately 8 h after radioiodine intake.

Administration, Oral↗