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PubMed1977

Cholinomimetic teratogens. V. The effect of oximes and related cholinesterase reactivators.

Pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide and pyridine-2-aldoxime methyl methane sulfonate (P2S) used as supplements to carbachol or neostigmine, greatly lowered the incidence of chicken embryos of vertebral defects and muscular hypoplasia. With 4-pyridine aldoxime the effect of the teratogens was less reduced. Supplementation of carbachol or neostigmine with either ambenonium or toxogonin lessened the occurrence of muscular hypoplasia, but did little, if anything, to prevent malformation of the neck vertebrae. In tests with physostigmine P2S as supplement reduced or prevented cervical defects, but failed to protect the nicotinamide-sensitive parts of the embryo.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2006

Direct reaction of oximes with crotylsarin, cyclosarin, or VX in vitro.

The direct reaction of seven pyridinium oximes with the organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) crotylsarin, cyclosarin, and VX was studied by spectrophotometry. This method allows to quantify different parameters: (a) the half-life times (t (1/2)) of the oxime-OPC reactions on the basis of the changes in the absorption at the zwitterion (betaine) peak maximum, (b) the first- and second-order rate constants (k (1), k (2)), and (c) the maximum reaction velocities (v (max)). The results of the study show that the reaction velocity of the nerve agents with any of the oximes investigated decreased in the order crotylsarin > cyclosarin > VX. The comparison of the reaction rates of the three therapeutically used oximes (2-PAM, obidoxime, HI 6) with the respective OPC gave the highest rate for crotylsarin and cyclosarin with obidoxime and to a similar degree with HI 6, while in the case of VX the most reactive oxime was HI 6. The reaction velocity of the nerve agents with the monopyridinium oxime 2-PAM was lower as compared to the bispyridinium oximes (obidoxime, HI 6). The results obtained with the two sarin analogues indicate that the direct reaction with 2-PAM, obidoxime, or HI 6 could be used for non-corrosive decontamination purposes, especially, if sensitive biological surfaces like skin, mucous membranes, or wounds are considered. However, in view of the concentrations of nerve agents and oximes, which could be expected during OPC poisoning in man, the maximum reaction velocities would not be high enough to contribute markedly to the detoxication of nerve agents in vivo.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors↗