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THE STUDY OF DIRECT PSYCHOANALYSIS.
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[ON THE CONCEPT OF THE SUPER-EGO. II].
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[PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS IN PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS].
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[PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOLOGY. REPORT ON AMERICAN PAPERS].
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HYSTERICAL PERSONALITY: A RE-EVALUATION.
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[A thief compelled to delinquency by a misguided reaction of her conscience].
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[Transference reactions to fees; one aspect of an obsessive neurosis].
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[Analysis of fear of poisoning in an adolescent girl in connection with problems of transference].
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Ego psychology and interpretation in psychoanalytic therapy.
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[Quantitative analysis of explorations and interpretations in the initial psychoanalytic interview].
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The effect of interpretation in psychoanalytic treatment in the light of an integrated model of internal objects.
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Interpretation and empathy: reading Lacan with Kohut.
This paper reads Lacan's exploration of the unconscious through the prism of Kohut's emphasis upon empathy as the basis for psychoanalytic interpretation. Lacan described the disconnexion characterizing human relationships; our experience of each other and of ourselves is radically alienated by the unconscious. Lacan's unconscious is structured like a language, revealing its complexity through symbolic forms. Language and desire always belong to the Other, a dislocation underlying all transferences. In psychoanalysis, transferences provide interpretive access to the language of the unconscious. For Kohut, interpretation depends on the prior establishment of a stable, sustaining transference; human connexion is a lifelong necessity and full understanding an achievable aim. Lacan's more structural approach to the inner world provides an important counterweight to Kohut's narrow preoccupation with the two-person field, while Kohut's concept of maternal mirroring lends a humane dimension to the icy realms of Lacan's intellectual structures. Despite enormous differences, each of these contemporary rediscoverers of Freud's legacy serves to supplement the perspective of the other.
Affect and the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis.
In connection with controversial IJP articles by Stern et al. and Fonagy on the interpretation of the repressed and the recovery of past memories, the author maintains that the affect that is inherent in positive transference is at the heart of therapeutic action. Points of view put forward in the controversy (based on neurobiological knowledge) are related to Freudian metapsychology, as well as to their precursors whose scope was necessarily limited by a lack of access to more recent scientific discoveries. The author demonstrates metapsychological elements of therapeutic action inherent in the intersubjective relationship, especially identification, manifested in introjection and empathy. He describes cognitive development as spontaneously blossoming from the affective nucleus, and he explains the neuroscientific bases of this step forward. The classic (interpretative) psychoanalytic method makes up the cognitive superstructure necessary for the organisation of the mind that has sprung from the affective substructure. As a primary factor in psychic change, interpretation is limited in effectiveness to pathologies arising from the verbal phase, related to explicit memories, with no effect in the pre-verbal phase where implicit memories are to be found. Interpretation--the method used to the exclusion of all others for a century--is only partial; when used in isolation it does not meet the demands of modern broad-spectrum psychoanalysis, as the clinical material presented illustrates.
Interpretation, psychoanalysis, and the philosophy of mind.
I suggest that a conflict between two philosophical models of the mind so far unremarked in discussions of psychoanalysis is at the heart of questions about its status as a science, the objectivity of psychoanalytic interpretations, and the nature of the unconscious. In philosophy one model is embodied in the tradition of Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, Kant, among many others, which construes thought as prior to and independent of language. According to this tradition the mind is self-contained and mental contents or "ideas" are essentially subjective phenomena. It follows that knowledge of other minds and the material world is radically problematic. In the second and more contemporary model the phenomenon of meaning is dependent on interactions between minds, and between mind and the world. Since meaning is understood to be intrinsically social, so in an important sense is mind. I develop this second philosophic model, indicating its relevance for psychoanalysis. I also point out some of the contributions of psychoanalysis to philosophy of mind.
An intersubjective view of the therapeutic process.
The author presents an intersubjective view of the therapeutic process, emphasizing the investigative and interpretive tracking of the figure-ground relationships among the various dimensions of the transference as they take form within the analyst-patient system. The author proposes that a crucial ingredient of the therapeutic action of psychoanalytic interpretations can be found in their specific transference meanings for the patient.
The dream in contemporary psychiatry.
OBJECTIVE: This article offers selective reviews of cogent sectors of research regarding the dream in contemporary psychiatry. METHOD: First, the author discusses relatively recent research (1953-1999) on the neurobiology and clinical psychophysiology of dreaming sleep; second, he reviews experimental cognitive neuroscientific studies of perception, emotion, and memory and the putative interrelationships among them in generating dream imagery; and third, he interprets psychoanalytic studies (1900-1999) on related aspects of dreams and the dream process. RESULTS: Exploration for interrelationships among information from these three areas entails discussion of the mind/brain problem. These considerations illuminate some of the logical and interpretive dilemmas that enter into debates about Freud's theory of the dream. CONCLUSIONS: The author proposes a preliminary psychobiologic concept of the dream process and discusses, in light of the foregoing considerations, the importance of collaborative research for developing a realistic perspective concerning the proper place of the dream in contemporary psychiatry.