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PubMed2026

Comparative Effectiveness of Oral Ivermectin, 1% Permethrin Shampoo, and 4% Dimethicone Liquid Gel in Treatment of Pediculosis Capitis among School Children in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand.

Pediculosis capitis remains a persistent public health issue, especially in developing countries where resistance to standard neurotoxic pediculicides like permethrin is increasingly prevalent. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of alternative treatment options against the standard care in a resource-limited setting. We conducted a single-blind randomized controlled trial involving three primary schools in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06332872). Eighty-five female participants ages 6-13 years with active infestations were enrolled. Schools were randomly assigned to three treatment arms: 1) oral ivermectin (200 µg/kg) on Days 0 and 7; 2) 1% permethrin shampoo on Days 0 and 7, or 3) 4% dimethicone liquid gel as a single dose on Day 0. The primary outcome was the cure rate, defined as the absence of live lice and viable nits upon clinical assessment on Day 9. Of the 66 participants included in the final per-protocol analysis, oral ivermectin achieved a cure rate of 95.5% (21/22), which was significantly higher than that of the 1% permethrin standard of care (37.0%; 10/27) and the 4% dimethicone physical suffocant (29.4%; 5/17) (P <0.001). Although dimethicone achieved high initial parasitic clearance on Day 0 (88.2%), a rapid reinfestation rate of 58.8% was observed by Day 9, indicating that a single-dose protocol may be clinically insufficient. Adverse events were mild and temporary across all groups. Oral ivermectin appears significantly more effective than both 1% permethrin and single-dose 4% dimethicone in this population. These findings suggest that permethrin resistance is clinically prevalent and relevant in this area.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Efficacy of two 65 % permethrin spot-on formulations against canine infestations of Ctenocephalides felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

The efficacy of two formulations of a topically applied 65% permethrin spot-on for dogs (Defend EXspot Treatment for Dogs, Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp.) was evaluated against experimental infestations of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Thirty dogs were randomly allocated to treatment with 65 % permethrin in diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (original formulation), 65 % permethrin in propylene glycol monomethyl ether (test formulation), or to an untreated control group. Dogs assigned to treatment with a permethrin formulation received either 1 or 2 ml of the formulation in accordance with label directions on Day 0. One hundred unfed, adult cat fleas and 50 unfed, adult ticks were placed on each dog on Days -1, 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, and 40. Live fleas and ticks were counted on each dog on Days 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Treatment of dogs with either formulation of 65 % permethrin significantly (P <.05) reduced the number of live fleas and ticks from Days 2 through 42. No statistical differences were noted between the formulations regarding efficacy against C. felis or R. sanguineus.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2005

Comparative efficacy of the combination fipronil-(S)-methoprene and the combination permethrin-imidacloprid against Dermacentor reticulatus, the European dog tick, applied topically to dogs.

This study compared the efficacy of two of the most widely veterinary-dispensed topical products for control of ticks on dogs: fipronil-(S)-methoprene and imidacloprid-permethrin. Eighteen healthy beagle dogs of both sexes were divided into three groups of six dogs. Group 1 served as the untreated control. Dogs in group 2 were treated with fipronil 10% + (S)-methoprene 9% w/v applied once on day 0, and those in group 3 were treated with imidacloprid 8.8% and permethrin 44% w/v, applied once on day 0. All dogs were infested with approximately 50 unfed Dermacentor reticulatus ticks on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, and ticks remaining were counted and removed 48 hours after each infestation. The 48-hour efficacy of the fipronil-(S)-methoprene combination remained at 100% at all assessment points through and including day 37, declining to 95.30% on day 44. The 48-hour efficacy of the imidacloprid-permethrin combination peaked at 86.46% on day 9, decreased to 73.37% by the third week, and fell to 63.53% by the end of the study (day 44). Significantly (P < .05) fewer ticks were recovered from dogs treated with fipronil-(S)-methoprene or imidacloprid-permethrin than from untreated control dogs at each infestation. Notably, the dogs treated with fipronil-(S)-methoprene had significantly (P < .05) lower tick counts at every assessment than the dogs treated with imidacloprid-permethrin.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1989

Efficacy and transdermal absorption of permethrin in scabies patients.

The clinical efficacy and transdermal absorption of permethrin, a new synthetic insecticide was investigated in ten scabies patients. All patients were successfully treated with one application of a cream, containing 5% permethrin. Apart from mild postscabies dermatitis no side-effects were observed. The mean weight of cream used per patient was 25 g (range 21-32; mean content of permethrin 1250 mg). The degree of permethrin absorption was assessed indirectly by determination of conjugated and unconjugated cis- and trans-CVA (a metabolite of permethrin) excretion in urine using two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry. It was found that during the first 48 hours the mean estimated absorption was 6 mg (range 3-11), which is approximately 0.5% of the total dose.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effectiveness of controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellents and permethrin-impregnated clothing in the field.

Two topical controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellent formulations of diethyl methylbenzamide (deet) and permethrin-impregnated clothing were tested on human volunteers in a tropical rain forest near Innisfail, Queensland, Australia. The field trials were arranged in a four-way factorial design which compared fabric types, permethrin treatment and repellent treatments over a 14-hour test period. An analysis of variance with each factor treated as a fixed effect indicated that treatment of the clothing with permethrin and use of topical repellents were effective in preventing bites. The controlled release formulations were not significantly better than the current U.S. Army formulation of deet under field conditions. The repellent formulations and the permethrin-treated clothing used as one system provided better protection than the repellent formulations or permethrin-treated clothing used separately.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1988

Comparative effects of synthetic insecticides--endosulfan, phosalone and permethrin--on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algal cells.

Presence of insecticide-endosulfan, phosalone or permethrin in the growth medium caused concentration dependent inhibition in the vegetative growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algal cells. The rate of inhibition produced by endosulfan was two-fold higher than that of phosalone or permethrin. Endosulfan affected the cell growth completely at 100 times less concentration as compared to that of phosalone or permethrin. Non-dividing cell populations encountered significant losses in cells during their exposure (2 h) to endosulfan and did not show further loss in the 72 h post-treatment period. The populations treated with phosalone exhibited losses of considerable magnitude in the post-treatment period. Permethrin treated non-diving cell populations did not lower the cell number, either after the treatment period (2 h) or the post-treatment period (72 h). However, these populations showed reduced levels of chlorophyll following the exposure of the insecticide and did not display recovery or further reduction in the levels in the post-treatment period. The chlorophyll levels of endosulfan or phosalone treated cell populations remained unaffected. The cells remaining intact after the treatment (2 h) of endosulfan or phosalone exhibited significant decreases in their post treatment vegetative growth abilities. The growth ability of such permethrin exposed cells was similar to that of untreated cells.

Cell Count↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Permethrin and its two metabolite residues in seven agricultural crops.

Metabolite residues of permethrin are not reported in the literature for most agricultural crops. This paper reports residues of permethrin and its 2 metabolites (dichlorovinyl acid and metaphenoxybenzyl alcohol) in 7 different agricultural crops (Chinese cabbage, spinach, asparagus, raspberries, green peas, turnip roots, and turnip greens). Permethrin residues declined approximately 85% within 7 days after treatment in all crops. In most cases, the acid metabolite residues peaked at 3 days, and declined after that. Translocation of residues into turnip roots was very slight; the average was less than 0.05 ppm for permethrin and alcohol metabolite residues and none was detected for the acid metabolite residue. Permethrin residues in the turnip greens averaged approximately 2 ppm for the 0.112 kg ai/ha treatment, and 6 ppm for the 0.224 kg ai/ha treatment.

Food Contamination↗

PubMed1983

Residual toxicity of deltamethrin and permethrin on various surfaces for mosquito species culex pipiens molestul Forskal.

The culicine mosquito species Culex pipiens molestus Forskal were exposed by tarsal contact to various surfaces sprayed with the photostable synthetic pyrethroid preparations deltamethrin (NRDC 161) and permethrin (NRDC 143) used in the form of emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and wettable powders (WP) at doses 0.001, 0.005, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 g/m2. The time to appearance of the knock down effect and the residual toxicity were tested for each preparation and type of surface studied. The onset of deltamethrin and permethrin knock down effects was found to be very rapid at higher insecticide doses. The mean KT 100 value for permethrin EC at 0.5 g/m2 and for deltamethrin EC and WP at 0.1 g/m2 measured within the first month after insecticide application were almost invariably below 60 min on all the surfaces tested. Taking the 2-month interval as a sufficiently long period of operationally effective residual activity, the following insecticide doses can be recommended as optimal for the Culex mosquito control inside the dwelling space: deltamethrin EC and WP doses of 0.001 g/m2 for plywood, 0.005 g/m2 for whitewashed surface, 0.02 g/m2 for ceramics, and 0.02 (WP) and 0.1 (EC) g/m2 for limewashed surface; permethrin EC doses of 0.1 g/m2 for all types of surfaces and permethrin WP doses of 0.005 g/m2 for plywood and 0.02 g/m2 for the remaining types of surfaces.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Acute toxicity of permethrin to four size classes of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and observations of post-exposure effects.

The mean static acute 96-h LC50 of permethrin [(3-phenoxybenzyl (+) cis, trans, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate)] to red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) 8-12 mm (0.017 g), 25-35 mm (0.64 g), 45-55 mm (2.45 g), and 65-75 mm total length (8.98 g) was 0.44, 0.85, 1.30, and 0.81 micrograms/L, respectively. Permethrin toxicity did not differ among immature or mature male and female P. clarkii. Crayfish surviving permethrin exposures exhibited no differences in post-exposure growth, survival, onset of sexual maturity, or the reproduction of viable young when compared to non-exposed controls. Teratogenesis was not observed in third-instar crayfish produced from permethrin-exposed parents.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

A trial of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of malaria in Gambian children.

A trial was undertaken in a rural area of The Gambia to investigate the impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria. Two groups of children, matched for age, sex, and malaria exposure, were followed through the rainy season of 1985 for illness and febrile episodes. One group of 205 children slept under permethrin-treated bed nets (0.5 g/m2); 184 children who slept under placebo-treated nets formed the control group. At the end of the rains the children were examined for splenomegaly and blood samples were taken for determination of packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitaemia. Permethrin treatment of bed nets was well accepted and was without side-effects. Children who slept under treated nets had significantly fewer episodes of clinical malaria than control children. However, at the end of the rains there was no significant difference in the prevalence of splenomegaly or parasitaemia or in the mean PCV between the groups. It is suggested that permethrin treatment of nets may have a greater effect on the duration of probing by mosquitoes for a blood meal than on the number of bites received.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Permethrin-impregnated bed nets for the prevention of malaria in schoolchildren on the Thai-Burmese border.

A double-blind controlled trial was undertaken from August 1990 to February 1991 among Karen children on the Thai-Burmese border to evaluate the effects on malaria incidence and prevalence of permethrin-treated bed nets. Three hundred and fifty schoolchildren, aged 4 to 15 years, were allocated at random to receive either a permethrin-impregnated net or a non-treated net. The incidence of malaria infections, confirmed by a blood film, was assessed during 6 months. Three surveys were conducted, on admission and 3 and 6 months later, to measure the prevalence of infections and spleen rates. Compliance was assessed by monthly home visiting. The use of permethrin-treated bed nets reduced the number of parasitaemic Plasmodium falciparum infections by 38% and the number of symptomatic episodes by 42%. The number of P. vivax malaria attacks was similar in each group. The prevalence of positive blood films in the 2 groups did not change significantly during the study. A reduction in spleen rate by 50% in both groups at the end of the study period could not be related to the overall use of nets. Compliance was high and no side-effect was reported. The long-term effects on morbidity and mortality need to be assessed after distribution of permethrin treated bed nets at the village level.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Bioenergetics of acclimation to permethrin (NRDC-143) by rainbow trout.

Metabolic rates associated with sustained, prolonged and critical swimming speeds were examined in 10 g trout exposed to 5% 96 hr LC50 (0.75 microgram X l-1) and 10% 96 hr LC50 (1.50 micrograms X l-1) at 12 degrees C. Permethrin did not influence the metabolic cost for swimming at sustained and prolonged speeds. Basal metabolic rate increased on initial exposure to permethrin reaching maximum values after 7 days and declined to the control level after 13 days in 5% and after 32 days in 10% 96 hr LC50. Critical swimming speeds were adversely affected in a manner reflective of the effects of permethrin on basal metabolic rate. Elevation in basal metabolic rate in fish exposed to permethrin was a result of increased energy requirements due to physiological stress, detoxication and tissue repair.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Permethrin-treated chaddars and top-sheets: appropriate technology for protection against malaria in Afghanistan and other complex emergencies.

Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITN) provide excellent protection against malaria; however, they have a number of shortcomings that are particularly evident in politically unstable countries or countries at war: not everyone at risk can necessarily afford a net, nets may be difficult to obtain or import, nets may not be suitable for migrants or refugees sleeping under tents or plastic shelter. There is a need to develop cheaper, locally appropriate alternatives for the most impoverished and for victims of complex emergencies. Afghan women, in common with many Muslim peoples of Asia, wear a veil or wrap known as a chaddar to cover the head and upper body. This cloth doubles as a sheet at night, when they are used by both sexes. A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in which 10% of the families of an Afghan refugee camp (population 3950) in north-western Pakistan had their chaddars and top-sheets treated with permethrin insecticide at a dosage of 1 g/m2 while a further 10% had their chaddars treated with placebo formulation. Malaria episodes were recorded by passive case detection at the camp's health centre. From August to November the odds of having a falciparum or vivax malaria episode were reduced by 64% in children aged 0-10 years and by 38% in refugees aged < 20 years in the group using permethrin-treated chaddars and top-sheets. Incidence in refugees over 20 years of age was not significantly reduced. The cost of the permethrin treatment per person protected (US$0.17) was similar to that for treating bednets (and cost only 10-20% of the price of a new bednet). An entomological study simulating real-life conditions indicated that host-seeking mosquitoes were up to 70% less successful at feeding on men sleeping under treated chaddars and some were killed by the insecticide. Permethrin-treated top-sheets and blankets should provide appropriate and effective protection from malaria in complex emergencies. In Islamic and non-Islamic countries in Asia, treated chaddars and top-sheets should offer a satisfactory solution for the most vulnerable who cannot afford treated nets.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The synaptosomal membrane bound ATPase as a target for the neurotoxic effects of pyrethroids, permethrin and cypermethrin.

Pyrethroids are used widely as insecticides both in agriculture and in households. A cellular target of pyrethroids is the sodium channel in the membrane. In the present study, the activity of the membrane bound integral protein ATPase was studied as a biomarker for the membrane effect of the pyrethroids permethrin and cypermethrin. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for cerebral synaptosome preparation. The isolation of synaptosomes was performed with the Percoll gradient method. Both total ATPase and Mg(2+) activated ATPase were studied by determining inorganic phosphate liberated from the substrate ATP. One hour exposure to permethrin (Biokill) and cypermethrin (Ripcord) insecticide products affected ATPase activities. The activity of Na(+), K(+) ATPase decreased dose-dependently in 10-50 microM concentrations of permethrin, and Mg(2+) activated ATPase increased over twofold in the same concentrations of the active components. The effect of the cypermethrin compound Ripcord was not clearly dose-dependent. The activity of total ATPase was almost entirely lost in the concentrations of 100 microM of permethrin and cypermethrin. The results support the idea that membrane ATPases are one target of the neurotoxic effect of pyrethroid compounds.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Striatal dopaminergic pathways as a target for the insecticides permethrin and chlorpyrifos.

Because insecticide exposure has been linked to both Parkinsons disease and Gulf War illness, the neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides on behavior and striatal dopaminergic pathways were investigated in C57BL/6 mice treated with permethrin (three i.p. doses at 0.2-200 mg/kg) or chlorpyrifos (three s.c. doses at 25-100 mg/kg) over a 2-week period. Permethrin altered maximal [3H]dopamine uptake in striatal synaptosomes from treated mice, with changes in Vmax displaying a bell-shaped curve. Uptake was increased to 134% of control at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. At higher doses of PM (25 mg/kg), dopamine uptake declined to a level significantly below that of control (50% of control at 200 mg/kg, P < 0.01). We also observed a small, but statistically significant decrease in [3H]dopamine uptake by chlorpyrifos, when given at a dose of 100 mg/kg. There was no significant effect on the Km for dopamine transport. Evidence of cell stress was observed in measures of mitochondrialfunction, which were reduced in mice given high-end doses of chlorpyrifos and permethrin. Although cytotoxicity was not reflected in decreased levels of striatal dopamine in either 200 mg/kg PM or 100 mg/kg CPF treatment groups, an increase in dopamine turnover at 100 mg/kg CPF was indicated by a significant increase in titers of the dopamine metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Both permethrin and chlorpyrifos caused a decrease in open field behavior at the highest doses tested. Although frank Parkinsonism was not observed, these findings confirm that dopaminergic neurotransmission is affected by exposure to pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides, and may contribute to the overall spectrum of neurotoxicity caused by these compounds.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗

PubMed1986

Permethrin 5% dermal cream: a new treatment for scabies.

Permethrin 5% dermal cream (Burroughs Wellcome Co.) was compared in an investigator-blinded, randomized study against lindane 1% lotion (Kwell) for the treatment of microscopically confirmed scabies. Eleven of twenty-three patients treated with permethrin cream were cured in 2 weeks (48%). Only two patients had scabies 1 month following a single treatment with this product, giving a cure rate of 91%. One of these two patients was considered to have a reinfestation. Only three of twenty-three (13%) patients treated with 1% lindane lotion (Kwell) were free of scabies 2 weeks after a single treatment and fifteen of twenty-three (65%) were cured at 1 month. The unusually high percentage of treatment failures (35%) following lindane therapy may have been related to extensive use of this agent for head lice and scabies in this village during the preceding 5 years. The higher cure rate at 1 month seen with permethrin cream was significant (p less than 0.025). Permethrin 5% dermal cream offers a new, cosmetically elegant alternative to lindane therapy and was effective in a community in which lindane demonstrated an unacceptable level of treatment failures.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2000

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the pyrethroid permethrin.

Permethrin is a predominant pyrethroid widely used in agriculture and public health. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of permethrin was developed. Two haptens, the trans- and cis-isomers of 3-(4-aminophenoxy)benzyl-3-(2, 2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, were synthesized and conjugated with thyroglobulin as immunogens. Four antisera were generated and screened against six different coating antigens. The resulting ELISA has an I(50) value of 2.50 microg/L and relatively low cross-reactivities with other major pyrethroids, such as esfenvalerate, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and cyfluthrin. Methanol was found to be the best solvent for this ELISA, with optimal sensitivity observed at a concentration of 40% (v/v). The assay parameters are unchanged at pH values between 5.0 and 8.0, whereas higher ionic strengths (>0.2 M PBS) strongly suppress the absorbances. River water samples fortified with permethrin were analyzed according to this method and validated by GC-MS. Good recoveries and correlation with spike levels were observed, suggesting this immunoassay is valuable for environmental monitoring and toxicological studies at parts per trillion levels of permethrin.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗

PubMed2004

Hapten and antibody production for a sensitive immunoassay determining a human urinary metabolite of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin.

Permethrin is the most popular synthetic pyrethroid insecticide in agriculture and public health. For the development of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate human exposure to permethrin, the glycine conjugate (DCCA-glycine) of a major metabolite, cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (DCCA), of permethrin was established as the target analyte. Four different types of the cis- and trans-isomers of immunizing haptens were synthesized as follows: N-(cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)glycine (hapten 3), N-(cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)-4-amino-l-phenylalanine (hapten 5), N-(N-(cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)glycine)amino-6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminohexanoic acid (hapten 9), and N-(cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)glycine-4-oxobutanoic acid (hapten 24). Sixteen polyclonal antibodies produced against each cis- or trans-hapten-thyroglobulin conjugate as immunogens were screened against numerous hapten-bovine serum albumin conjugates as coating antigens. Six ELISAs with both a heterologous hapten structure and a heterologous hapten configuration (cis/trans or trans/cis) between antibody and coating antigen showed a high sensitivity for the target analyte. The IC50 was 1.3, 2.1, and 2.2 microg/L for the trans-target analyte and 0.4, 2.3, and 2.8 microg/L for the cis-target analyte. The immunizing haptens, except for hapten 5, provided the target specific antibodies. Molecular modeling of the haptens supported the selection of reasonable immunizing haptens that best mimicked the target analyte. Hapten 5 was suitable as a coating antigen rather than as an immunogen since it had a different geometry. Very low cross-reactivities were measured to permethrin, its free metabolite (DCCA), PBA-glycine conjugate, and glycine. The ELISA will be optimized for the detection of total cis/trans-DCCA-glycine in human urine samples.

Antibody Formation↗