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PubMed1999

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 validity patterns: an elucidation of Gulf War syndrome.

The potential effects of psychological distress on physical symptoms observed in Persian Gulf War veterans were evaluated in 48 veterans using neuropsychological evaluation that included personality assessment (the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2). Cluster analysis of the validity scales resulted in a solution with two viable subgroups. Members of cluster 1 had significantly higher scores on five Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 clinical scales, a measure of trait anxiety, and a number of subjective complaints, as well as lower scores on a task of attention. Neuropsychological functioning did not otherwise differ between the groups, Contributions of personality style in coping with physical and mental health stressors were indicated. Experience of distress appeared to be attributable to individual differences rather than factors that have been associated with the elusive Gulf War syndrome. Persian Gulf War veterans' emotional reactions to clinical laboratory findings, perceptions of exposure risks, war experience, and stress may represent a variation of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Structure of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory Personality Disorder Scales from the five-factor model perspective.

Coolidge, et al. in 1994 tested the generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model of personality as applied to personality disorder by performing a canonical correlation analysis for the scales from the Coolidge Axis II Inventory and the NEO Personality Inventory testing 178 undergraduates (106 men and 72 women). Their results did not support the generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model for interpreting the structure of personality disorders. A major problem with this study was that the data did not show good simple structure and meaningfulness because no rotation was performed for the canonical variates. The present study tested the hypothesis that the results of Coolidge, et al. might be attributed to the failure to rotate canonical variates to obtain good simple structure. For 220 students in introductory psychology (104 men and 116 women), canonical correlation analysis with varimax rotation was performed for scores on the Coolidge Axis II Inventory scales and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory scales. The analysis indicated five canonical variate pairs which were interpreted as Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Disagreeableness, and Conscientiousness, supporting the tested hypothesis as well as the generality and comprehensiveness of this model for describing the structure of personality disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Premorbid personality of monopolar and bipolar depressives. A comparison based on personality inventories (author's transl)].

Premorbid personalities are studied in 65 monopolar endogennous depressives (ICD-Nos. 296.0, 296.2) and in 45 bipolar depressives (ICD-No. 296.3) by a retrospective self-rating evaluation after recovery. The instruments used are two questionnaires of v. Zerssen, especially constructed for that purpose, along with the AUPI questionnaire, which is based on Eysenck's system of personality description. The two groups are compared according to each test scale. Significant differences result in two of the scales. Monopolar depressives score higher than bipolars in the scale representing Tellenbach's "melancholic type". This can be described with terms such as orderly, strenous, and conscientious. Bipolars show more extroversion than monopolars. None of the patients' groups can be distinguished fr-m the normal population in any of the AUPI scales (extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Revised NEO Personality Inventory profiles of male and female U.S. Air Force pilots.

The study of pilot personality characteristics has a long and controversial history. Personality characteristics seem to be fairly poor predictors of training outcome; however, valid personality assessment is essential to clinical psychological evaluations. Therefore, the personality characteristics of pilots must be studied to ensure valid clinical assessment. This paper describes normative personality characteristics of U.S. Air Force pilots based on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory profiles of 1,301 U.S. Air Force student pilots. Compared with male adult norms, male student pilots had higher levels of extraversion and lower levels of agreeableness. Compared with female adult norms, female student pilots had higher levels of extraversion and openness and lower levels of agreeableness. Descriptive statistics and percentile tables for the five domain scores and 30 facet scores are provided for clinical use, and a case vignette is provided as an example of the clinical utility of these U.S. Air Force norms.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effects of positive impression management on the NEO Personality Inventory--Revised in a clinical population.

Sixty adults in outpatient psychotherapy completed the NEO Personality Inventory--Revised (NEO PI-R, P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992a). Half were instructed to fake good and half were given standard instructions. All completed the Interpersonal Adjective Scale--Revised, Big Five (J. S. Wiggins & P. D. Trapnell, 1997) under standard instructions, and their therapists completed the observer rating form of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. A comparison group of 30 students completed the NEO PI-R under standard instructions. Standard and fake-good participants obtained significantly different NEO PI-R domain scores. Correlations between the NEO PI-R and criterion measures were significantly lower for faking than for standard patients. Validity scales for the NEO PI-R (J. A. Schinka, B. N. Kinder, & T. Kremer, 1997) were moderately accurate in discriminating faking from standard patients, but were only marginally accurate in discriminating faking patients from students.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in tinnitus disorders.

The relation between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and tinnitus was examined in 100 subjects with tinnitus disorders. The overall profile of tinnitus sufferers on the MMPI was normal. Higher scores on the depression scale were obtained in males. High hypochondria scores were related to long duration of tinnitus. High psychoasthenia scores were associated with hearing loss. Despite an analogy previously described between chronic pain and tinnitus, the psychometric parameters of tinnitus and of headaches are quite different.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The relationship of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profile clusters to pain behaviors.

Previous research involving cluster analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles among persons with chronic low back pain has suggested the existence of four distinct profile clusters. The present study had two goals: (1) to replicate the previous finding independently and (2) to investigate the relationship of the profiles to the subjects' self-reported pain history and response to treatment. Subjects were 92 patients in a multimodal inpatient low back-pain treatment program. A cluster analysis of the MMPI profiles was performed and the resultant clusters were compared in terms of histories and treatment outcome. The four clusters were successfully replicated for the total sample and for males and females separately. The profiles were significantly related to subjects' pain histories, but only one outcome difference was found. It was inferred that the MMPI is of value in understanding patients' pain coping behaviors but that further research is needed to explore the utility of the MMPI in understanding their response to treatment.

Back Pain↗
PubMed2006

Prediction of all-cause mortality by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Optimism-Pessimism Scale scores: study of a college sample during a 40-year follow-up period.

OBJECTIVE: To examine a measure of explanatory style, the Optimism-Pessimism (PSM) scale derived from college-entry Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scores, as a predictor of all-cause mortality. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 7007 students entering the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory during the mid-1960s. Of those students, 6958 had scores on the PSM scale and data for all-cause mortality through 2006. Scores on the PSM scale were evaluated as predictors of mortality using the Cox proportional hazards regression model, adjusted for sex. During the 40-year follow-up period, 476 deaths occurred. RESULTS: Pessimistic individuals who scored in the upper tertile of the distribution had decreased rates of longevity (hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence Interval, 1.13-1.77) compared with optimistic individuals who scored in the bottom tertile of the distribution. CONCLUSION: In a model that adjusted only for sex, a measure of optimistic vs pessimistic explanatory style was a significant predictor of survival during a 40-year follow-up period such that optimists had Increased longevity.

Female↗
PubMed2003

The narcissistic personality inventory: applicability in a Swedish population sample.

A Swedish translation of the 40-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was mailed to 410 participants, aged 21-61 years, randomly sampled from the Swedish general population. The participation rate was 62%. The applicability of a previously published seven-factor structure (Raskin & Terry) and a four-factor structure (Emmons) was investigated. The factor structure found in the present in the Swedish sample corresponded better with Emmons's version. Therefore the four-factor structure was chosen. Because the correspondence to Emmons's factor structure was not perfect, a revised NPI for Swedish use was constructed. The total scale score is usually used, although the Swedish NPI includes four subscales: Leadership/Power, Exhibitionism/Self-admiration. Superiority/Arrogance, and Uniqueness/Entitlement. For the total scale, the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.80 and the test-retest correlation was 0.93. The total scale score correlated with self-esteem as well as the interpersonal style and emotional aspects of psychopathy, supporting the validity of the scale.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Confounded versus nonconfounded correlations among the neo-personality inventory's domain and facet scales.

The 18 subscales constituting the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness domain scales of Costa and McCrae's NEO-Personality Inventory were correlated with all five NEO-PI domain measures using data from 303 university students. Their residual domain scale scores correlated less than .50 with those on nine facet scales. A divergent domain scale correlated + or - .30 or more with 11 facets, including correlations of -.34 or more by Conscientiousness with the Impulsiveness, Vulnerability, and Depression facets of neuroticism. These latter values were even stronger in the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised. The correlation of a facet scale with its preassigned residual domain scale and with a divergent domain scale did not differ significantly in 6 of the 18 cases. Unconfounded (part vs whole-minus-part) correlations had a median value of .52 versus .68 for their confounded (part vs whole) counterparts. A full report of unconfounded correlations clarifies the structure of composite personality measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Detection of faking on the Personality Inventory for Children.

Evaluated the effectiveness of various techniques for the identification of faking on the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC). Seventy undergraduate students were asked to complete two PICs on their child using various permutations of the options: Faking bad, faking good, and legitimate. The results were cross-validated against a clinical sample in which there was reason to believe that the informant had completed the PIC in a faked bad, faked good, or legitimate fashion. The results indicate that a clinician cannot be absolutely certain whether a PIC profile is valid. However, given our current level of understanding, Adjustment (ADJ) greater than or equal to 84 T for the identification of faking bad and either Social Desirability (SD) greater than or equal to 54 T or K greater than or equal to 59 T for the identification of faking good are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Clinical validity of a Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) profile typology.

We evaluated the validity of a profile typology for the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC), a parent-informant measure of child psychiatric status. For referred children, we studied (a) the convergence of PIC profile types with diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1980) and (b) the incremental validity of the PIC over diagnoses in the prediction of symptom ratings completed by teachers and clinicians. We found a high diagnosis-PIC correspondence only for developmentally disordered children; the overlap for children with emotional-conduct problems was poor. For the latter group, however, the correlation of diagnoses with symptom ratings was low, but the incremental validity of the PIC over diagnoses was high. We discuss the use of this profile typology in the clinical evaluation of children and present a case example.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Characteristics of items in the Eysenck Personality Inventory which affect responses when students simulate.

A large sample of students completed Form A of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and four subgroups were later asked to simulate extraversion, introversion, neuroticism or stability. It was found that subjects could simulate these four personalities successfully. The changes in individual item responses were correlated with the items' factor loadings, validity, response bias, and detectability. The different scales and types of item were considered separately. In some cases the changes in item responses when simulating introversion and extraversion were related to the extraversion validities and factor loadings of the items. More often, however, the behaviour of items under simulation was correlated with aspects of the items that made them more like an item from another scale and thus lessened their susceptibility to a particular type of simulation.

Deception↗
PubMed1987

Cluster analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles in a chronic headache population.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles from 123 chronic headache sufferers (48 migraine, 47 muscle contraction, 28 mixed) were cluster analyzed in order to replicate results from other pain populations and to examine differences among the clusters along headache parameters and demographic variables. Four homogeneous subgroups were obtained and a multiple discriminant analysis was successful in correctly classifying 97.56% of the headache subjects. Obtained clusters closely resembled those evidenced in previous pain research. Results indicated that diagnostic category was unrelated to cluster membership; however, frequency of headache occurrence was a differentiating factor. Implications for headache treatment and future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[A study on standardization of the Five-Factor Personality Inventory for Children (FFPC)].

The purpose of this study is to construct and standardize the Five Factor Personality Inventory for Children (FFPC). Fifty items were chosen through two preliminary surveys. Then the 50-item questionnaire was administered to 3,386 primary school children. Based on the results of principal component analysis, 40 items were selected for the FFPC final version. The mean scores, standard deviations, and score distributions of the five-factor scales were computed. One sample of 215 children was tested twice, the interval being 9 weeks. The test-retest correlations ranged between .778 and .854. Scale scores correlated with teacher nominations of the various kinds of personality. The FFPC five-factor scales were shown to have high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The factorial validity, construct validity, and concurrent validity were also confirmed.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Psychological correlates of functional dysphonia: an investigation using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Abnormal psychological factors have been implicated in the development of functional dysphonia (FD). This investigation describes the personality and psychological characteristics of 25 female subjects who had received the diagnosis of FD. In all subjects symptoms were resolved after voice therapy. While vocally asymptomatic, these remitted subjects with FD completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), an objective personality questionnaire. When compared with a medical outpatient control group, the results showed that subjects with FD scored significantly higher on 7 of 10 clinical scales, suggesting an elevated degree of emotional maladjustment. A stepwise logistic discriminant analysis identified 2 clinical scales that provided valuable discriminatory power between the two groups. Scale 1 (Hs-hypochondriasis), which measures the number and type of reported somatic complaints, and scale 7 (Pt-psychasthenia), a measure of diffuse anxiety, discriminated the groups with 88% sensitivity and 89% specificity. The results suggested that in spite of symptom improvement after voice therapy, the subjects with FD continued to exhibit poor levels of adaptive functioning, which may represent trait-like vulnerability. The clinical implications of these results for voice practitioners are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of the short and original scales of the Personality Inventory for Children.

The original (Wirt, Lachar, Klinedinst, & Seat, 1977) and shortened scales (Lachar, 1982) of the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) were compared in a sample of 230 clinic children. The short versions of the ADJ and SSK scales produced significantly lower T scores than the original version, while the short version of ACH, D, FAM, ANX, and HPR produced higher scores. Mean differences were small and never exceeded 3 T score points. Scales were classified by use of a T greater than 69 criterion or the actuarial criteria of Lachar and Gdowski (1979). The percentage of identical classifications ranged from 87% to 97% with the T greater than 69 criterion and 92% to 99% with the Lachar and Gdowski criteria.

Child↗