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PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of psychological and physiological parameters during an Arctic ski expedition.

Considerable data (primarily physiological) have been collected during expeditions in extreme environments over the last century. Physiological measurements have only recently been examined in association with the emotional or behavioral state of the subject. Establishing this psychophysiological relationship is essential to understanding fully the adaptation of humans to the stresses of extreme environments. This pilot study investigated the simultaneous collection of physiological, psychological and behavioral data from a two-man Greenland expedition in order to model how specific relationships between physiological and psychological adaptation to a polar environment may be identified. The data collected describes changes in adrenal and other hormonal activity and psychological functioning. Levels of cortisol and testosterone were calculated. Factors influencing the plasma profiles of the aforementioned included 24-hour sunlight, high calorific intake of more than 28 000 kJ/day and extreme physical exercise. There was a difference between individual psychological profiles as well as self-report stress and physiological stress.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Effect of Ferula hormonis extract on social aggression, fertility and some physiological parameters in prepubertal male mice.

The effects of an aqueous extract of Ferula hormonis on social aggression, fertility and some physiological and biochemical parameters were investigated in male mice. The ingestion of 3 mg/kg of aqueous extract of F. hormonis for six weeks clearly inhibited social aggression. Body wet weight and other sex accessory organ weights were significantly reduced by this treatment. The ingestion of this extract by male mice resulted in a significant reduction of their fertility. This treatment caused a significant decrease in the number of pregnant females, number of implantations and viable fetuses in females impregnated by males that ingested this extract. Additionally, the numbers of epididymal sperm and their motility were dramatically reduced in F. hormonis-treated mice. Concomitant increases in sperm abnormalities were also observed when compared with control. These data indicate that F. hormonis exposure during this period puts the exposed animals at significant risk for reduced reproductive capacity in adulthood.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Locomotor performance of closely related Tropidurus species: relationships with physiological parameters and ecological divergence.

Tropidurid lizards have colonized a variety of Brazilian open environments without remarkable morphological variation, despite ecological and structural differences among habitats used. This study focuses on two Tropidurus sister-species that, despite systematic proximity and similar morphology, exhibit great ecological divergence and a third ecologically generalist congeneric species providing an outgroup comparison. We quantified jumping capacity and sprint speed of each species on sand and rock to test whether ecological divergence was also accompanied by differences in locomotor performance. Relevant physiological traits possibly associated with locomotor performance - metabolic scopes and fiber type composition, power output and activity of the enzymes citrate synthase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase of the iliofibularis muscle - were also compared among the three Tropidurus species. We found that the two sister-species exhibited remarkable differences in jumping performance, while Tropidurus oreadicus, the more distantly related species, exhibited intermediate values. Tropidurus psamonastes, a species endemic to sand dunes, exhibited high absolute sprint speeds on sand, jumped rarely and possessed a high proportion of glycolytic fibers and low activity of citrate synthase. The sister-species Tropidurus itambere, endemic to rocky outcrops, performed a large number of jumps and achieved lower absolute sprint speed than T. psamonastes. This study provides evidence of rapid divergence of locomotor parameters between sister-species that use different substrates, which is only partially explained by variation in physiological parameters of the iliofibularis muscle.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1986

Influence of hatcher holding times on several physiological parameters associated with the immune system of chickens.

Two experiments were conducted with broiler chicks to study the effects of posthatch holding time in the incubator on physiological and disease parameters. In each experiment, half of the chicks were removed shortly after hatching and half of the chicks were allowed to remain in the hatcher for an additional 30 hr. Bursa weights, hematocrits, total plasma protein, and blood glucose concentrations were measured at various times up to 35 and 28 days of age in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, chicks hatched from eggs with one of two specific gravities (less than or equal to 1.065 and greater than or equal to 1.075) were tested in the second experiment. Spleen weights, heterophil:lymphocyte ratios and the influence of an aerosol Newcastle disease-Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine challenge were also measured in the second experiment. In Experiment 1, when chicks were held in the hatcher for an additional 30 hr, bursa weights were reduced through 8 days of age; however, they were significantly heavier by 21 days of age. In Experiment 2, both bursa and spleen weights were significantly reduced through 14 days of age when chicks were held in the incubator. Total plasma protein and glucose concentrations, hematocrits, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios were all significantly higher for chicks held in the incubator. Chicks held in the incubator and then exposed to an aerosol vaccine challenge at 1 day of age had a significantly greater percentage of air sac lesions and the lesions were more severe at 28 days of age. Egg specific gravity had no influence on any of the parameters measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Physiological and metabolic response to isolated closed-head injury. Part 1: Basal metabolic state: correlations of metabolic and physiological parameters with fasting and stressed controls.

Studies of the metabolic and physiological response to closed-head injury have intimated the presence of persistent hypermetabolism. To more fully define and evaluate the metabolic response to head trauma, a prospective study was conducted in patients with isolated closed-head injuries. Metabolic and cardiopulmonary data were obtained for a 7-day period. Patients with multiple injuries or infections, or those who received steroids, were excluded. The basic treatment regimen utilized hyperventilation, bed rest with head elevation, intracranial pressure monitoring, mild fluid restriction, and mannitol as needed. No exogenous nutritional support was given. Intrastudy trends and comparsion with data from unstressed fasting patients and stressed patients were noted. Mean Glasgow Coma Scale scores were 4.4 +/- 1.5 initially, but rose to a mean of 8.2 +/- 3.7 by Day 7. While the responses of cardiac index, CO2 production, lactate/pyruvate ratio, and arteriovenous O2 content difference (AVO2D) were initially elevated, these parameters declined over the course of 7 days. The AVO2D was equivalent to the fasting level by Day 5. Metabolic data, including most amino acid levels in plasma, showed an initial equivalence to stress control levels and a pattern similar to that in non-stressed control subjects by Day 7. Nitrogen and 3-methyl histidine excretion were persistently elevated for the full 7 days. Patients with isolated closed-head injury seemed to be initially hypermetabolic, but this process appeared to resolve by 1 week; the persistent nitrogen excretion may reflect equilibration of muscle mass to the existing level of activity (bed rest). After the first few days, nitrogen excretion may give an erroneous index of the level of metabolic stress and the type or amount of nutritional support needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A system for rapid analysis of long-term recordings of heart rate and other physiological parameters.

Using miniature cassette tape recorders, measurement of ECG and other physiological measures is possible in industrial or working situations. The development of a semi-automatic high speed processing system for analysis of the tape recorded data is described. This system decodes the signals on the tape, converts ECG to heart rate and presents a listing of the heart rate variation over the recording period, which may be up to 24 hours. A punched paper tape copy of the listing is used for input into a mainframe computer for subsequent analysis. The recorders and processing system have been used extensively for three years on a study of industrial work stress, and have proved reliable, accurate, and of sufficient sensitivity for in-depth analysis. They allow considerable data to be collected, permitting the thorough statistical analysis necessary for the interpretation of complex physiological responses.

Computers↗
PubMed1995

The placebo effect in healthy volunteers: influence of experimental conditions on physiological parameters during phase I studies.

1. Although placebo administration is now commonly used as a control condition during clinical pharmacology studies conducted in healthy volunteers, data in placebo-treated subjects usually receive little attention. 2. The profile of several physiological and hormonal parameters was reviewed during the placebo sessions of five double-blind phase I studies involving hospitalisation of healthy volunteers for 2 weeks or more. 3. A clear trend towards an increase in heart rate, which culminated at about 10 beats min-1 at the end of the placebo period was observed, whereas both systolic and diastolic blood pressures remained globally unchanged. 4. Increases in the time to sleep initiation or in asthenia self-ratings during the placebo sessions suggested poor neuropsychiatric tolerability of experimental conditions in some of the studies. 5. In conclusion, all these data confirm that subjects change during the course of these studies. This is an important reason for conducting phase I studies under double-blind placebo-controlled conditions and to refrain from within-group comparisons (vs baseline, first-day effect).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Biochemical and physiological parameters on the healthy skin surface of patients with common warts.

Biochemical and physiological examinations were carried out on the healthy surface of the skin of 24 test persons who had had contracted common warts during the 2 years prior to examination and on a control group of 46 healthy persons of the same age and sex. The following significant results were obtained: (1) There was a significant reduction in the percentage amount of squalene in the lipids of the skin surface in the patients with common warts as compared with the healthy control persons. (2) The alkali neutralization time in the patients with common warts was significantly shortened as compared with the healthy control group. (3) The degree of moistening of the skin with water was significantly less in the patients with common warts than in the control persons. These results indicate important predisposing factors for common warts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effect of various therapeutic solutions including colloidal chromic 32P via an intratumoral injection on the tumor physiological parameters of AsPC-1 human pancreatic tumor xenografts in nude mice.

To overcome the physiological barrier in solid tumors (i.e., tumor hypertension), a large volume of material is required via an intratumoral injection. Alternatively, a method of reduction in tumor hypertension is also feasible. In this study, we focused on the physiological response after an intratumoral infusion of various therapeutic agents. Tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) was intermittently monitored for up to 7 days after treatment using AsPC-1 human pancreatic tumors in nude mice. Macroaggregated albumin (MAA), colloidal chromic 32P (32P-CP), albumin, dexamethasone, 5-fluoro-2'deoxyuridine, dextrose, saline, and trypan blue increased TIFP within approximately 5 min, and TIFP returned to the original level within 1 h, except in the case of MAA and 32P-CP. We also found that the maximal uptake for AsPC-1 tumors in both the exponential and plateau growth phases occurred at approximately 100 min postincubation; the maximum value in the exponential growth phase was approximately 2 times less than that of plateau growth phase (P < 0.01). Therefore, this study supports intralesional 32P-CP brachytherapy for nonresectional pancreatic cancer patients. This may offer a promising treatment modality for delivering high doses of tumor-selective radiation, mainly due to two physiological mechanisms: (a) the high adherence of 32P-CP to the infused regions; and (b) reduction in either tumor blood flow or TIFP by this therapeutic colloid.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Effects of octacosanol in food physiological parameters in tail-suspended rats].

The purposes of the experiment were to observe the physiological effects of octacosanol in food on tail-suspended rats and to investigate the possibility of using octacosanol in health food for astronauts. 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into free action control, tail-suspension and tail suspension plus octacosanol (TSO) groups. Octacosanol was emulsified into water by supersound and given to TSO rats with a dosage of 25 mg/kg wt d. The results showed that octacosanol elevated the weight of thymus, improved biomechanical properties of the femur and improved membrane fluidity of red blood cell. It suggests that octacosanol can counteract some effects of simulated weightlessness on rats. Therefore, octacosanol may be added to natural foods to benefit the health of cosmonauts.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1997

Physiologic parameters associated with sexual arousal in women with incomplete spinal cord injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the physiologic sexual responses of women with incomplete spinal cord injuries (SCIs) with and without preservation of the ability to perceive T11-L2 pinprick sensation. DESIGN: Controlled laboratory-based analysis of responses to varying combinations of audiovisual erotic stimulation, manual genital stimulation, and performance of a distracting task coupled with manual genital stimulation. SETTING: The sexual physiology laboratory at our freestanding rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A volunteer sample of 17 women with incomplete SCIs. INTERVENTIONS: Two 78-minute protocols using 6-minute baselines alternating with 12-minute testing conditions. One protocol was designed to study the effects of psychogenic and psychogenic combined with manual sexual stimulation, while the other was designed to examine the effects of genital sexual stimulation performed in conjunction with a distracting task. DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Vaginal pulse amplitude, subjective arousal, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. RESULTS: Subjective arousal increased in both groups of subjects with isolated audiovisual erotic stimulation; however, only those subjects with the ability to perceive T11-L2 pinprick sensation had concomitant increases in vaginal pulse amplitude. In contrast, when manual genital stimulation was added to the audiovisual erotic stimulation, both groups of subjects developed increases in vaginal pulse amplitude, whereas only those subjects with the ability to perceive T11-L2 demonstrated a further increase in their level of subjective arousal. Performance of manual genital stimulation in conjunction with a distracting task resulted in significantly increased vaginal pulse amplitude and arousal level only in those subjects with preservation of the ability to perceive T11-L2 pinprick sensation. With the changeover to masturbation, neither group of subjects developed significant increases in vaginal pulse amplitude. During masturbation, both groups of subjects had increases in their level of sexual arousal; however, only those subjects with T11-L2 pinprick preservation had a significant increase. CONCLUSIONS: Women with preservation of the ability to perceive T11-L2 pinprick sensation tended to maintain the ability for psychogenic genital vasocongestion. Psychogenic protocol results showed that all subjects appeared to develop reflex genital vasocongestion when manual stimulation was added to audiovisual erotic stimulation. Manual genital stimulation in conjunction with the performance of a distracting task only resulted in increased vaginal pulse amplitudes in those subjects with preservation of T11-L2 pinprick sensation. We believe that this was due to increased subjective sexual arousal and that the reason all subjects did not develop increased genital vasocongestion under these conditions was due to poor hand function. Further research examining women with lower levels of SCI is necessary to understand the neurophysiology of female sexual response after SCI.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Psychological and physiological parameters of masticatory muscle pain.

The objective of this research was to identify the psychological and physiological variables that differentiate persons reporting masticatory muscle pain (MMP) from normal controls (NC). This study examined the characteristics of 35 MMP patients in comparison to 35 age-, sex-, and weight-matched NCs. All subjects completed a series of standardized questionnaires prior to undergoing a laboratory evaluation consisting of a psychosocial stressor and pressure pain stimulation at multiple body sites. During the evaluation, subjects' emotional and physiological responses (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, skin temperature, and muscle activity) were monitored. Results indicated that persons with MMP reported greater fatigue, disturbed sleep, depression, anxiety, menstrual symptoms, and less self-deception (P's < 0.05) than matched controls. At rest, MMPs had lower end tidal carbon dioxide levels (P < 0.04) and lower diastolic blood pressures than the NCs (P < 0.02). During laboratory challenge, both groups responded to the standard stressor with significant physiological activity and emotional responding consistent with an acute stress response (P < 0.01), but there were no differences between the MMPs and NCs. Muscle pain patients reported lower pressure pain thresholds than did NCs at the right/left masseter and right temporalis sites (P's < 0.05); there were no differences in pressure pain thresholds between MMPs and NCs for the left temporalis (P < 0.07) and right/left middle finger sites (P's > 0.93). These results are discussed in terms of the psychological and physiological processes that may account for the development of muscle pain in the masticatory system.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Use of allometry in predicting anatomical and physiological parameters of mammals.

One challenge for veterinarians, animal facilities and research scientists is the making of physiological estimates appropriate to a variety of species for which data are often either completely lacking or are incomplete. Our intent in compiling the data in this paper is to provide the best possible database of normal physiological and anatomical values primarily (though not exclusively) for four common mammalian model species: mouse, rat, dog and man. In order to make those data as accessible and applicable as possible, we have presented the results of this study in the form of body-size dependent allometric equations in which some variable (Y) is expressed as a dependent function of body mass (M) in the power-law equation, Y = aM(b). By compiling these data, it is apparent that the resultant equations are quantitatively grouped (with similar slope or 'b' values). These emergent patterns provide insights into body-size dependent 'principles of design' that seem to dictate several aspects of design and function across species among all mammals. In general, the weights of most individual organs scale as a constant fraction of body mass (i.e. the body mass exponent, b approximately equal to 1.0). Biological rates (e.g. heart rate, respiratory rate) scale as b approximately equal to -1/4. Finally, volume-rates (the product of volume and rate) such as cardiac output, ventilation and oxygen uptake vary as b approximately equal to 3/4.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Physiological parameters associated with psychogenic sexual arousal in women with complete spinal cord injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the physiological sexual responses of women with complete spinal cord injuries (SCIs) with those of able-bodies women. DESIGN: Controlled laboratory-based analysis of responses to audiovisual erotic and audiovisual erotic combined with manual stimulation. SETTING: The sexual physiology laboratory at our free-standing rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A volunteer sample of 13 women with complete SCIs above T6 along with eight able-bodies women, matched for age and educational status. INTERVENTIONS: A 78-minute protocol using 6-minute baseline alternating with 12-minute testing conditions was conducted. DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Included vaginal pulse amplitude, subjective arousal, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. RESULTS: Showed comparable increases in subjective arousal in both groups with audiovisual but not audiovisual combined with manual stimulation. Vaginal pulse amplitude increased in able-bodied subjects but no SCI subjects with isolated audiovisual stimulation; however, with the addition of manual stimulation all subjects responded similarly. Other nongenital correlates of sexual arousal were similar between SCI and able-bodies subjects. CONCLUSION: These results provide physiological validation of the hypothesis that women with complete SCI can respond with audiovisual stimulation similarly to able-bodies women in those functions that are controlled neurologically above the level of their injuries, whereas, genital vasocongestion will not occur because the neurological pathway is interrupted. In contrast, reflex genital vasocongestion can occur in women with complete SCI despite a lack of subjective arousal. These findings can be used to educate women with complete SCIs about their sexual responses.

Adult↗