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Results for “Placenta, Retained”

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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Short-term changes in serum luteinizing hormone, ovarian response and reproductive performance following gonadotrophin releasing hormone treatment in postpartum dairy cows with retained placenta.

Thirty-six postpartum Holstein cows consisting of eighteen cows that shed the placenta soon after calving (NRP) and eighteen cows that retained placenta greater than 24 h (RP) were used. There were four treatment groups. Group I consisted of 9 NRP cows which received intramuscular injection of sterile saline on day 15 postpartum. The second group consisted of 9 NRPN cows which received 100 micrograms of gonadotrophin releasing hormone on day 15 postpartum (NRPT). The third group consisted of 9 RP cows which received saline on day 15 postpartum (RPN) and the fourth group consisted of 9 RP cows which received 100 micrograms of gonadotrophin releasing hormone on day 15 postpartum (RPT). Blood samples were collected once daily during the first month and once every other day during the second month postpartum. In addition fourteen cows (RPT, n = 7; NRPT, n = 7), were used to study short-term changes in serum luteinizing hormone concentrations following gonadotrophin releasing hormone treatment on day 15 postpartum. Blood samples were obtained from these cows every 15 min during 1 h before and 6 h after gonadotrophin releasing hormone administration. Sera from all samples were assayed for progesterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations. Starting from four days after calving rectal palpations and ultrasound examinations of the ovaries were carried out once every four days until day 28 postpartum in order to monitor ovarian changes. All cows were inseminated on the first estrus after day 60 postpartum and examined for pregnancy between 35 and 42 days after insemination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Umbilical vein administration of oxytocin for the management of retained placenta: is it effective?

In a multicenter randomized controlled trial involving 220 women with retained placenta no beneficial effects could be established of intraumbilical vein administration of 10 IU of oxytocin in 20 ml of saline solution. A reduction was not gained in the rate of manual removal of the placenta and there was no decrease in the amount of blood loss. Oxytocin only induced a minor shortening of the median time interval from administration to the spontaneous expulsion of the placenta as compared with a placebo injection. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels before and after intraumbilical vein injection did not show evidence of fetomaternal transfusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A dystocia and caesarean section model to characterize uteroplacental prostaglandin concentrations associated with retained placenta in dairy cattle.

Plasma concentrations of prostaglandin F(2a) (PGF(2a), 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F(2a) (PGFM), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E(2) (PGEM) were determined by RIA in blood samples taken from the jugular vein and the uteroplacental circulation (umbilical vein, umbilical artery and uterine vein) of 13 Holstein Friesian cows during caesarean section. According to discharge of placenta cows were divided in 2 groups. Group I (shedding of placenta within 12 hours, NRP, n=8) and Group II (retained placenta, RP, n=5). In blood samples taken from the jugular vein before surgery, no significant differences existed between groups regarding PGF(2a), PGFM, PGE(2) and PGEM. Concentrations of PGF(2a) and PGFM in the uteroplacental circulation of NRP cows were significantly higher than those of RP cows (except for PGFM in the umbilical vein). For all sampling sites except the jugular vein before surgery, PGE(2) and PGEM levels of NRP cows were significantly higher compared to RP cows.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Retained placenta in cattle: the effect of treatment or nontreatment on puerperal diseases and subsequent fertility.

In order to examine the effect of treated and untreated retained placenta (RP) on fertility and on the occurrence of puerperal and fertility diseases, the records of 248 cows with RP were examined: 199 cows were treated with intrauterine tetracycline or systemic therapeutics, and 49 were left untreated. One hundred and ninety-six herd mates without RP served as controls. The fertility of the cows with RP was lower than that of the controls. The effect of treatment on fertility was neither beneficial nor harmful. The untreated cows with RP seemed to be treated more often for endometritis and repeat breeding than either the treated animals or the controls. Mastitis within 1 week after calving was more common in both groups of RP cows than in the controls. Most cases of mastitis in the treated RP group could be diagnosed at the time of RP treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The relationship between bovine clinical mastitis at the time of parturition and retained placenta].

868 parturitions were examined to determine the relation between the clinical mastitis around partition and the loosening process of the placenta in the bovine. The occurrence of mastitis in heifers and cows around parturition was 18.7%. The frequency of retained placenta in animals with mastitis was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that in animals without mastitis influenced the loosening process of the afterbirth. The results support an hypothesis, that mastitis and retentio secundinarum can regard as signs of the decrease in the activity of the immune system.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Changes in milk production, fertility and calf mortality associated with retained placentae or the birth of twins.

The milk yield and fertility records of cows which at any time either gave birth to twin calves or retained their placenta have been examined. Milk yield was higher in the lactation preceding the birth of twins than in any other lactation and the lactation following the birth of twins tended to be longer. Milk yields of cows which retained their placenta were not significantly different from those of cows which cleansed normally. Many cows which gave birth to twins or which retained their placenta were subsequently barren. There was significantly greater mortality among twin calves and after the birth of twins placentae were more often retained.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of caesarean section, retained placenta and vaginal or uterine prolapse on subsequent fertility in beef cattle.

Data collected at the Livestock and Range Research Station, Miles City, Montana, on 13,296 calving from the years 1963 through 1977 were used to evaluate subsequent reproductive performance of dams experiencing caesarean section, retained placenta or vaginal or uterine prolapse. A total of 121 caesarean sections (.9% of all calvings) was performed from 1963 through 1977, with the highest incidence reported among first-calf 2- and 3-year-old dams. Fall pregnancy rate among the 105 dams that had caesarean deliveries was 52.4%, which was 26.6% lower (p less than .01) than the herd average. Fetal membranes were retained after 49 natural parturitions. Pregnancy rates among dams retaining fetal membranes were not significantly altered (82.2 vs 79.4%). A total of 153 calvings was associated with prolapse of the reproductive tract, including 124 (81.0%) vaginal prolapses and 29 (19.0%) uterine prolapses. Subsequent pregnancy rate of all dams experiencing prolapse was lower (p less than .01) than the herd average. Pregnancy rates following prolapse among primiparous and multiparous dams were 28.0 and 57.9%, respectively. These data indicate that caesarean section and vaginal or uterine prolapse result in significant reductions in subsequent pregnancy rates of affected dams, with no detrimental effect on dams retaining fetal membranes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Pre-partum leucocytic activity and retained placenta.

An investigation concerning the association of the leucocytecotyledon reaction and the expulsion of the placenta is described. The in vitro reaction does not appear to be individual-specific. It is thus possible to determine the activity of the leucocytes against a cotyledon before parturition. The leucocytes of cows which will develop a retained placenta have lowered activity against the chemotactic stimulus of a cotyledon; this reduced activity of the leucocytes can be observed some days before parturition.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of retained placenta using intraumbilical oxytocin injection.

Manual removal of the placenta carries significant risk of hemorrhage and infection plus the risks associated with general anesthesia, if used. Transporting the patient from home or birthing center to hospital or from birthing room to delivery room or operating room is also disruptive to the patient and the initial parent-infant attachment process. The injection of oxytocin into the umbilical vein is a safe procedure that can cause placental separation and delivery, thus preventing the need for manual removal for some women. This technique can be useful in a nurse-midwifery practice in the management of a retained placenta or prolonged third stage of labor. The following review of current research and example of a protocol used in a nurse-midwifery service will provide guidance for incorporating this procedure into practice. As with any new technique, the need to continue to collect and publish outcome data is important.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed2003

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in bovine retained and not retained placenta.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) synthesizes poly(ADP-ribose) in response to DNA strand breaks using NAD+ as a substrate. It leads to consequences for metabolism not only on a cellular level, but also on a tissue level, among others: NAD+ and ATP depletion. Retention of foetal membranes (RF) in cows is supposed to be connected with the imbalance between production and neutralization of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins. The aim of this preliminary study was to detect the presence of PARP in bovine placenta and to describe the enzyme with respect to type of placental tissue, time and mode of delivery. Placentomes, collected after spontaneous delivery or caesarian section, were divided into maternal and foetal parts of placenta, homogenized, and subjected to electrophoresis. Cows were divided into six groups as follows: (A) caesarian section before term with RF, (B) caesarian section before term without RF, (C) spontaneous delivery at term with RF, (D) spontaneous delivery at term without RF, (E) caesarian section at term with RF, (F) caesarian section at term without RF. PARP was detected by Western blotting using commercially available bovine anti PARP antibody. Bands referred to as bovine PARP standard were present in all examined tissues as well as the products of its cleavage. However, the patterns of bands were different with respect to type of tissue, time, and mode of delivery. Further experiments on detailed relationship between PARP activity and the process of releasing and retaining of bovine placenta are necessary.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Prostaglandin E(2) 9-keto reductase activity in bovine retained and not retained placenta.

Prostaglandin E(2) 9-keto reductase (9-KPR) activity shifts reversibly PGE(2) into PGF(2 alpha) and may be responsible for the control of prostaglandins (PGs) levels in, among others, placental tissues. The retention of fetal membranes in cows is the postpartum disorder where the disturbances in PGs metabolism have been reported. It has been argued whether these disturbances are due to alterations in 9-KPR activity. In this study, the activity of the enzyme was determined in maternal and fetal bovine placental tissues which were divided into 6 groups as follows: (A) caesarian section before term without retained fetal membranes (n=10), (B) caesarian section before term with retained fetal membranes (n=10), (C) caesarian section at term without retained fetal membranes (n=12), (D) caesarian section at term with retained fetal membranes (n=12), (E) spontaneous delivery at term without retained fetal membranes (n=12), (F) spontaneous delivery at term with retained fetal membranes (n=12). The enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically and expressed in nanokatals (nkat) per protein content. The activity increased towards parturition and was significantly higher in maternal than in fetal part of placenta in all groups examined. The significantly higher values in retained than in not retained placental tissues were observed in the samples examined. The present results indicate that the disturbances in 9-KPR activity in bovine retained placenta exist but their reasons still require further experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of injections of collagenase and oxytetracycline via the umbilical artery as treatment for retained placenta in cattle.

OBJECTIVES: To test whether oxytetracycline inactivates collagenase when combined as a potential treatment for retained fetal membranes in cattle and to determine whether oxytetracycline passes to blood from fetal membranes after intraplacental injection. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 288 placentomes from 12 cows in their third trimester of pregnancy and 4 cows at term pregnancy. PROCEDURE: 8 experimental groups were established: saline control, collagenase, collagenase plus oxytetracycline at 3 dosages, and oxytetracycline at 3 dosages. Placentomes were infused through an umbilical vessel with the test solutions and incubated at 39 C for 4 hours. Immediately after incubation, the force needed to detach cotyledons from caruncles was measured by a manometric technique. Cotyledon-caruncle interface fluids were analyzed for hydroxyproline (collagen breakdown) and total protein contents. A combination of collagenase and oxytetracycline was injected via umbilical arteries of cows undergoing cesarean section and in cows with retained fetal membranes after natural delivery. Antibiotic residue in blood was determined by the Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among collagenase and collagenase plus oxytetracycline groups in the amount of pressure needed to separate cotyledon from caruncle, amount of hydroxyproline released, and amount of total protein broken down. The 4 cows tested negative for oxytetracycline in the blood. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oxytetracycline and collagenase may be a potential combination treatment for retained fetal membranes in cattle. In addition, the lack of antibiotic residue detection in blood may be of regulatory relevance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Protein peroxidation processes in bovine retained and not-retained placenta.

Proteins as well as lipids and other biologically active substances may undergo peroxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was the determination of this damage in cases of retained (RFM) and not-retained bovine foetal membranes. The levels of thiol groups were measured spectrophotometrically. Tryptophan, formylokinurenine and bityrosine bridges were determined using spectrofluorimetric methods. All parameters were determined in placental maternal and foetal homogenates collected from cows divided into six groups as follows: A, pre-term caesarian section without RFM; B, pre-term caesarian section with RFM; C, term caesarian section without RFM; D, term caesarian section with RFM; E, spontaneous delivery without RFM; F, spontaneous delivery with RFM. All parameters except tryptophan showed statistically significant differences between the maternal and foetal parts of the placenta. The concentrations of the thiol groups were lower in RFM than in not-RFM cases, whereas formylokinurenine and bityrosine concentrations showed the opposite relationship. Tryptophan levels were lower in cases of RFM rather than not-RFM samples but statistically significant differences occurred in groups C and D and the foetal part of groups E and F. Further experiments are necessary to determine the oxidative status of other biologically active substances in cases of retained bovine placenta.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Acyloxyacyl hydrolase activity of neutrophil leukocytes in normal early postpartum dairy cows and in cows with retained placenta.

Acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH) is an enzyme of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) that is capable of detoxifying endotoxin (25). The activity of AOAH in PMN isolated from the blood was investigated in dairy cows that expelled the fetal membranes normally (Group NFM) and in cows with retained fetal membranes (Group RFM) to obtain better insight into the role of the AOAH enzyme of neutrophils in endotoxin-related diseases, which occur frequently in dairy cows during the early postpartum period, especially in RFM cows. Twenty early postpartum dairy cows were used in the study: 13 NFM cows and 7 RFM cows. In the RFM cows, the percentage of PMN in blood (29+/-4%) was significantly (P<0.05) lower than in NFM cows (43+/-4%). The average AOAH activity in RFM cows (mean +/- SEM = 89+/-13 pmol fatty acid/10(7) PMN/h) was lower than in NFM cows (107+/-6 pmol fatty acid/10(7) PMN/h), but the difference in neutrophil AOAH activity between the 2 groups was not significant. There was also a higher percentage of immature neutrophils in isolated leukocyte suspensions from RFM cows (22+/-8%) than from NFM cows (15+/-4%), so that impairment of AOAH activity in early postpartum cows could be explained, in part, by immaturity of the neutrophils. These results suggest that the decreased AOAH activity of PMN could play a role in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-related diseases in dairy cows during the early postpartum period.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The diagnosis and management in suspected retained placenta in the late puerperal period].

The aim of this retrospective study is to find out the reasons for RICU in late postpartum period and the reliability of methods for diagnosis of retained placental pieces. We investigated the medical records of all cases with RICU from 24th ours postpartum up to 2 weeks after it. The rate is 0.9% of all births. Hystological confirmation of retained placental tissue there are in 25% of cases. Our data shows that the anamnesis does not help in the diagnosis of retained placental tissue in late puerperium. Most often the curettage is undertaken because of hemorrhage and ultrasound data of retained placental tissue. At the same time the transabdominal ultrasound is of low diagnostic value for residua post partum. The febrility, the subinvolution of the uterus and the number of symptoms in given case are of no importance in the diagnosis of retained placental tissue. The suspicion in the integrity of the placenta after its birth is a reason for RICU in spite of well contracted uterus and lack of hemorrhage. As the diagnosis of retained placental tissue in late puerperium is uncertain the RICU should be undertaken after failed conservative management.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Predictive value of sonographic examination to visualize retained placenta directly after birth at 16 to 28 weeks.

A prospective study was performed to assess the predictive value of an ultrasonographic examination directly after a spontaneous birth at 16 to 28 weeks' gestation to exclude the possibility of retained placental tissue. The aim of this procedure is to prevent routine curettage, which can induce Asherman's syndrome, uterine perforation, and anesthetic complications. Over a 2 year period the clinical course in 64 women, who had been delivered of their infants at 16 to 28 weeks' gestation, was followed through 6 weeks post partum. Sonographic examination was performed within 30 min after delivery of the placenta independent of macroscopic judgment of completeness of placenta. The examination was classified into three categories (with subsequent clinical interpretation): sharp lining of echogenic uterine wall with translucent cavity (uterine cavity containing fluid blood), sharp lining of the wall with echogenic area in cavity not continuous with the wall (uterine cavity with blood clot), and irregular lining with echogenic area continuous with the uterine wall and extending into the cavity (uterine cavity containing retained placental tissue). Women with sharp uterine lining without (n = 32) or with (n = 7) echogenicity in the cavity had no direct operative removal of placental tissue; 3 underwent curettage at a later stage (17, 18, and 34 days, respectively). A direct digital removal of placenta or curettage was performed on 25 women who revealed echogenicity continuous with the uterine wall. The 25 of 28 operatively obtained tissues were examined microscopically for trophoblasts. The sensitivity of the sonographic examination to find retained placental tissue was 85% (17 of 20) at 95% confidence intervals of 62 to 97%, the specificity was 88% (36 of 41) at 95% confidence intervals of 74 to 96%, and there were 25% (5 of 20) false positive judgments and 8% (3 of 39) false negative judgments. The positive predictive value of ultrasonography to find retained placenta of 68% (17 of 22) at 95% confidence interval of 55 to 92% combined with the negative predictive value of 92% (36 of 39) is sufficient to strongly suggest that curettage should not be performed routinely in these pregnancies at high risk for retained placental tissue.

Confidence Intervals↗