The changing student population in diploma programs.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Population Programs”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Preventive dental programs for school-age children in 8 countries: pilot survey, 1979.
This paper reports the results of a pilot project, sponsored by the FDI Working Group on Oral Health Promotion, which was designed to describe preventive dental programs for school-age children in 10 countries. A mail questionnaire was developed to obtain information about program philosophy, target population, preventive program components, promotion and educational methods, barriers to program development, program priorities and evaluation methods. In this pilot phase, a total of 27 questionnaires were returned from 8 countries (Argentina, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom). Respondents generally recognized the need to include three major program elements in order to build comprehensive programs, primary preventive measures, early detection and treatment services, and instructional activities for children and adults. Financial problems were cited most frequently as barriers to program development, followed by manpower, public acceptance, policy decisions, policy-maker attitudes, legal constraints and transportation. The domain of educational problems associated with initiating and maintaining children's preventive dental programs is broad and diverse. Educational problems, roles and methods seemed to be pervasive, cutting across all program components. Although the greatest educational emphasis appeared to be on oral hygiene, the need was also recognized to include educational components for each dental program element or service, such as fluoride rinsing. Educational needs related not only to children, but to policy-makers, dental and other health professionals and program and school personnel. The FDI Working Group has expanded the survey and collected data from a much larger number of countries during 1979-1981. Results of the larger survey will be presented at the Annual World Dental Congress of the FDI in Vienna, 1982.
Asia↗
[Dental caries in a school population with a program of periodical rinses with sodium fluoride].
OBJECTIVE: To appraise the level of school-children's dental health after five years in operation of the buccal-dental health programme, in which children received fortnightly rinses of sodium fluoride at 0.2%. DESIGN: A crossover study. School survey of the 1993-4 academic year. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,674 school-children belonging to the first (6 years old), third (8), fifth (10) and eighth (13) years of EGB (basic) in the thirteen schools in this city. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two odontologists checked the children according to the W.H.O. norms. The Index of individuals free of caries and the prevalence of caries were calculated. The first index showed its highest value at 10 (78.4%) and its lowest at 8 (53.34%). CAOD showed its lowest level at 6 years old (0.02%) and progressively rose to 13 (1.41). COD went up from 6 (0.96) to 8 (1.09) and afterwards went down till 13 years old (0.05). The restoration index was low in worn out teeth and particularly high in permanent ones (68.08%) at 13. CONCLUSIONS: The caries indexes are lower than in the majority of studies carried out in Spain, being most similar to a study carried out in the county of Mayorga de Campos (Valladolid) in 1988, where fluoridated water exists in a natural form (0.67-0.87 mg/litre), as well as to other areas in Catalonia where the same fluoride rinses were performed.
Adolescent↗
The EPIGRAM computer program for analyzing mortality and population data sets.
EPIGRAM is a computer program designed to improve access to State-level underlying cause mortality data. The program produces results for population, deaths, death rate, age-adjusted death rate, years of potential life lost (YPLL), YPLL rate, and confidence intervals. Results can be compared variously among age groups, counties, causes of death, races, regions, and years. The program's menu-driven interface facilitates the selection or modification of analysis parameters. Current selections are retained so the user can modify one parameter at a time. Based on the parameters that the user selects, the program produces a series of tables, one for each instance of a particular parameter. Each output table has columns for male, female, and both sexes combined, and an indefinite number of user-defined rows for age groups, causes of death, counties, races, regions, or years. EPIGRAM has major advantages over other methods for analyzing mortality and population data. The program uses relatively small amounts of memory and disk space, executes rapidly, is flexible, can be used by inexperienced computer users, provides online help screens and tutorials, and runs under DOS or UNIX without modification. The program currently is used to analyze mortality and population data for Texas. Although it is not currently available for distribution, support is being sought for its evaluation and possible implementation in State health departments to analyze data for other States, or other data sets, such as hospital discharge data or cancer incidence data.
Cause of Death↗
Negative predictive value of a population-based preschool vision screening program.
BACKGROUND: The Enhanced Vision Screening Program is a population-based vision screening program that has, at present, examined 59,782 children. Its main goal is to detect amblyopia, strabismus, and high refractive errors. An average of 11,910 4 1/2- to 5 1/2-year-old children are screened yearly. The current study determines the negative predictive value of the screening program: For a subject having passed the vision screening test, what is the probability of not having amblyopia, strabismus, or high refractive errors? METHODS: Of the 11,734 subjects who passed the vision screening, 200 were randomly chosen to undergo a strictly defined gold standard examination by an orthoptist and an ophthalmologist. RESULTS: Of the 200 randomly chosen subjects, 157 underwent the gold standard evaluation. The negative predictive value of the Enhanced Vision Screening Program was 97.6% for any potentially vision-threatening ocular condition. It was 98.7% if we considered only the visually significant ocular problems that the test was designed to detect. CONCLUSION: Because the negative predictive value of the Enhanced Vision Screening Program is not 100%, some children with amblyopia, strabismus, or refractive errors are missed. Occasionally, a rare, potentially vision-threatening condition may go undetected. Parents should be made aware of this when they receive the results of the vision screening.
Child↗
Cultural issues in the development of cancer control programs for American Indian populations.
Cancer is the third-leading cause of death among American Indians. The persistent disadvantage in cancer survival rates among American Indian populations emphasizes the importance of developing effective cancer control programs for prevention and early detection. However, substantial cultural differences between American Indians and whites can affect the success of these programs. This paper examines the concept of cultural sensitivity in the context of developing cancer control programs for American Indian populations. It explores fundamental differences in beliefs, behaviors, and values between American Indian and white majority cultures, and presents examples of culturally sensitive health education programs. The paper highlights insights and experiences gained in developing the North Carolina Native American Cervical Cancer Prevention Project, and gives recommendations for the development of future programs.
Cause of Death↗
Population strategies to enhance physical activity: the Minnesota Heart Health Program.
A population-wide, community-based program in cardiovascular disease prevention, the Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP), has been designed to promote more frequent and vigorous physical activity in North American communities, along with improved eating and smoking patterns. The physical activity component of this broad-based education strategy is based on the facilitation which physical activity provides to lowering of other risk characteristics for heart disease and its enhancement of other healthy behaviors and on the potential for prevention of elevated risk in the first place. The rationale for a population strategy to complement medical approaches to prevention is that exercise patterns are largely socially learned and culturally determined. The MHHP Physical Activity Program is implemented through three major education strategies: direct education, community organization, and mass communications. Early results from this 10-year project indicate that it is feasible to enter U.S. communities and to involve their leadership actively in MHHP activities of health promotion. Moreover, attitudes, knowledge, awareness, participation, and behaviors related to exercise and eating patterns appear to be changed by the program. Nevertheless, there are problems in the design, implementation, analysis and interpretation of population changes in physical activity and other health behaviors in community demonstration programs. These issues, along with their solutions, should provide useful information for medical science and for the public health about population strategies of disease prevention and health promotion.
Adolescent↗
Dietary behaviours of volunteers for a nutrition education program, compared with a population sample.
The dietary behaviours of and recent dietary change by volunteers for a nutrition education program were compared with those of a more population-representative sample. The population sample was randomly selected from the electoral rolls of three Australian cities. Those selected received questionnaires which were to be completed and returned by mail. The sample of volunteers was recruited from the electoral rolls of suburbs of either high or low social status in one of these cities. Volunteers were posted a questionnaire, to be returned in person. A quantified food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate relative intake of 19 nutrients, plus energy intake. Occupation, age, sex, reported recent dietary change and diet-related beliefs were also assessed. The population sample was weighted to the age and occupational distribution of the education program sample. Compared to the 874 respondents in the population sample (70.4 per cent response rate), the 487 volunteers (24.2 per cent response rate) for the nutrition education program had healthier nutrient intakes and reported more dietary behaviour changes. Recruitment in the education program was greater in areas of higher social status (32 per cent) than in areas of lower social status (20 per cent). The potential effect of such a program on the whole population was demonstrated by the proportions that volunteered and the characteristics of these volunteers. The need to provide a range of opportunities for changing dietary behaviour, according to the health-related behaviours and beliefs of target groups and their socio-economic circumstances, was highlighted.
Adolescent↗
Two methods of estimating the target population for public maternity services programs.
One difficulty in estimating the target population for public health programs is identifying a current and appropriate indicator of the low-income population. Using data from Mississippi and Maryland, we determined that educational attainment of women giving birth is a feasible substitute for census data in estimating the low-income maternity population, and that vital statistics data offer several advantages for estimating the maternity services target population over census data.
Educational Status↗
Artificial intelligence-supported double reading in European population breast cancer screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective programs.
BACKGROUND: Most European population mammography screening programs rely on double reading with arbitration, a model that delivers mortality benefit but is increasingly challenged by radiologist workload, variable specificity, and interval cancers. Artificial intelligence (AI) is being evaluated to support or optimize these established European screening pathways. PURPOSE: To synthesize prospective or program-embedded evaluations of AI conducted within European-style population screening programs and to estimate exploratory program-level absolute risk differences (RDs) per 1000 examinations for cancer detection rate (CDR) and recall. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prespecified, focused evidence synthesis of three large studies embedded within routine population screening programs operating under European-relevant workflows: MASAI (randomized AI-supported risk triage within a national program), ScreenTrustCAD (prospective paired-reader evaluation with AI as an independent reader in a double-reading framework), and PRAIM (nationwide decision-referral implementation). Outcomes were harmonized as AI-control RDs per 1000 examinations. Random-effects pooling used Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman models. For the paired-reader design, sensitivity analyses applied a Kish effective sample-size approach across plausible within-examination correlations (ρ = 0.3-0.8). Positive predictive value (PPV) and workflow/time outcomes were summarized descriptively. RESULTS: Across 597,419 examinations, the pooled CDR RD was +0.9 per 1000 (95% CI -0.0 to +1.8; I2 ≈ 12%), consistent with a modest directional increase with borderline statistical uncertainty. The pooled recall RD was -0.6 per 1000 (95% CI -3.1 to +2.1; I2 ≈ 41-43%), indicating no consistent recall increase across screening programs. Where reported, PPV was higher with AI-supported screening. Efficiency signals included 44.3% fewer total readings in MASAI and shorter reading times for AI-normal examinations in PRAIM; in PRAIM, a program-level safety-net mechanism recovered 204 cancers that would otherwise have been missed. CONCLUSION: In European population screening programs characterized by double reading and arbitration, prospective program-embedded evidence suggests that AI integration may yield a small absolute increase in cancer detection (≈1/1000) without a consistent increase in recall, alongside improved PPV and efficiency signals. These findings suggestAI primarily as a complementary reader within European screening workflows, with implementation requiring explicit quality assurance and monitoring of interval cancers and stage distribution.
Humans↗
Prevention of coronary heart disease in black adults.
Development of strategies to prevent CHD in blacks is impeded by the virtual absence of clinical trials demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of interventions in blacks. The wholesale generalization that interventions effective (or ineffective) in whites are similarly effective in blacks may risk the employment of worthless or even dangerous interventions in blacks. Using available epidemiologic data, a number of risk factors may be more important in blacks than whites by virtue of higher prevalence, increased relative risk, or both. These may include hypertension, lipoprotein (a), smoking, diabetes, and obesity. Thus, health agencies might emphasize these risk factors when developing preventive programs targeted at black populations. Prevention programs may best seek to prevent the onset of risk factors found highly prevalent in black communities, rather than the costly and side-effect-prone interventions to treat risk factors once established. Thus, there is a role for community-based as well as a high-risk approaches. The community-based approaches should seek to work with organizations such as churches, which traditionally play strong roles in the black community. Physicians treating black patients should be aware of the potentially different roles played by risk factors, and treat aggressively those individuals identified to be at high risk. Risk factor management should be emphasized, rather than reduced, in patients with already established CHD. CHD has been clearly shown to be preventable; both blacks and whites should benefit from specific interventions aimed toward this worthy goal.
Adult↗
[Community participation in the National Program for Transmission Control of Chagas Disease].
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Animals↗
Benefit of independent double reading in a population-based mammography screening program.
PURPOSE: To evaluate independent double reading in mammography screening and, specifically, the effect on breast cancer detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mammographic studies of 11,343 women, aged 41-75 years, who participated in a population-based screening program were independently screened by two experienced radiologists. A retrospective analysis also was performed from notations made for patient recalls. RESULTS: Including follow-up of recalled women, 131 surgical biopsies were performed, which resulted in 76 histologically proved breast cancers. Fifty-six cancerous lesions were detected by both screeners. One screener detected 14 cancerous lesions alone, and the other detected six alone. Of the cancerous lesions detected by only one screener, 85% were stage 0 or 1, compared with 59% of those detected by both screeners. Double reading detected 15% (95% confidence interval, +/- 7%) more cancer cases with an almost unchanged positive predictive value of 0.6. CONCLUSION: Independent double reading does significantly increase sensitivity of mammography screening.
Adult↗
Freedom from fat: a contemporary multi-component weight loss program for the general population of obese adults.
This report summarizes results for the first 2,037 participants in the Freedom from Fat (FFF) weight loss program. FFF combined nutrition education, a low-fat dietary pattern, exercise, behavioral self-management, and social support in a program designed to serve the general population of overweight and obese adults. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 84 and from ideal weight to massively obese. After enrolling, program participants attended professionally led weekly meetings as long as they wished. Participants were encouraged to keep daily food diaries, to reduce the proportion of calories from fat to 30% or less, to exercise at moderate intensity for 30 minutes a day 5 days a week, to keep graphic records of weight change and exercise, and to display their graphs at each weekly group meeting. Attrition rates were comparatively low for a large-scale program, with half of the participants still active in the fifth month and 22% still active after 1 year. Mean weight loss for obese participants (BMI 30 or greater) at 6 months was 7.3 kg (16.2 lb) for men and 5.3 kg (11.6 lb) for women. The best predictors of weight loss at 6 months were number of days per week in which food diaries were kept, baseline body mass index, number of minutes of exercise per week, and age.
Adult↗
A general program for estimation of haplotype frequencies from population diploid data.
The program which is written in FORTRAN estimates haplotype frequencies in two-locus and three-locus genetic systems from population diploid data. It is based on the gene counting method which leads to maximum likelihood estimates, and can be used whenever the possible antigens (one or more) on each chromosome can be specified for each person and for each locus, i.e., ABO-like systems and inclusions are permitted. The number of alleles per locus may be rather large, and both grouped and ungrouped data can be used. Log likelihoods are calculated on the basis of various assumptions, so that likelihood ratio tests can be carried out.
Chromosome Mapping↗
Effect of population screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Since the introduction of a population screening program for cervical cancer in 1976, more than 85% of the female population between the ages of 35 and 54 years in the region of the city of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, has been screened. At first screening, severe epithelial abnormalities were diagnosed in 4.4 per 1,000 women, at second screening, in 1.5 per 1,000; and at third screening, in 1.0 per 1,000. The population screening program led to a marked increase in the detected number of carcinomata in situ. The number of cases of squamous cell cancer diagnosed in the first screening period did not increase. Once the population was screened, the detection rate of invasive squamous cell cancer in the group of women ages 35 through 54 decreased from 18.6 per 10(5) during the period prior to the screening to 9.0 per 10(5) after the first screening and 3.3 per 10(5) after the second screening. For the women above age 54, the incidence of invasive cancer was reduced by 58% after the second screening. The number of invasive cancers diagnosed in women under age 35 remained relatively small in spite of the large number of cases of carcinoma in situ.
Adult↗
Effectiveness of rehabilitation programs on a remainder population: a retrospective analysis.
Retrospective analyses were conducted on a remainder population of 361 individuals with mental retardation at a rehabilitation institute. Program effectiveness was determined by means of aggregate and individual changes in performance on several instruments. Psychometric tests showed no significant increases in test scores whereas gains were found on all adaptive functioning instruments. Programs dealing with daily living and more conceptual material appeared to be more effective than vocational programs. One third of the remainder clients gained from the institute's programs.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Cairo: repackaging population control.
Aid agencies, charities, and other nongovernmental organizations once denounced population control programs as racist interference in the third world. Yet, at the United Nations Conference on Population and Development in Cairo last September, these same organizations endorsed very similar ideas. The U.N. can now claim that even its fiercest critics not only have muted their criticism of population control programs but now positively endorse them. Over the last 30 years, population control has been consciously repackaged by the U.S. establishment. The image of population control has changed from being overtly anti-third world to being about giving the people of the third world--especially women--basic rights in family planning. Wrapped up in the language of women's empowerment and environmentalism, the establishment's old arguments about there being too many nonwhite babies in the world, have, unfortunately, won the day.
Developing Countries↗