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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Active treatment programs for patients with chronic low back pain: a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study.

Several new studies have indicated that an active approach to patients with chronic disabling low back pain (LBP) seems effective. Some of these studies emphasize the importance of dealing with the patient's total situation in comprehensive multidisciplinary programs--the bio-psycho-social model. However, these programs are expensive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rehabilitation outcome from three different active programs in terms of: (1) return-to-work rate, (2) days of sick leave, (3) health-care contacts, (4) pain and disability scores, and (5) staying physically active. The subjects included 132 patients randomized to the study, of whom 123 started one of the treatment programs. They had all had at least 6 months of chronic LBP. The patients were randomized into one of three programs: group 1--a full-time, intensive 3-week multidisciplinary program, including active physical and ergonomic training and psychological pain management, followed by 1 day weekly for the subsequent 3 weeks; group 2--active physical training, twice a week for 6 weeks, for a total of 24h; group 3--psychological pain management combined with active physical training, twice a week for 6 weeks, also for a total of 24h. The results presented here are based on data collected 4 months following treatment, which shows an 86% response rate. The initial examination and the follow-up evaluation were performed by a blinded observer. The results show that 4 months after treatment, the intensive multidisciplinary program is superior to the less intensive programs in terms of return-to-work rate, health-care contacts, pain and disability scores, and staying physically active.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1981

The GENE-TOX program: genetic activity evaluation.

The GENE-TOX program, a two-phase evaluation from the existing literature of selected bioassays for detecting mutagenicity and presumptive carcinogenicity, is described. Sponsored and directed by the Office of Testing and Evaluation within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, this program will aid EPA in establishing standard genetic testing and evaluation procedures for the regulation of toxic substances and determining the direction of research and development in the area of genetic toxicology.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Does physical activity improve sleep in impaired nursing home residents?

OBJECTIVES: To determine if two physical activity programs of varying intensity would result in improved sleep among incontinent and physically restrained nursing home residents. DESIGN: Controlled trials of two physical activity programs. SETTING: Seven community nursing homes in the Los Angeles area. PARTICIPANTS: Residents were included if they had urinary incontinence or were physically restrained. Sixty-five subjects were studied. Mean age was 84.8 years, 85% were female, mean length of residency in the nursing home was 19.9 months, and mean Mean Mini-Mental State Exam score was 13.1. INTERVENTION: The first physical activity program involved sit-to-stand repetitions and/or transferring and walking or wheelchair propulsion. These activities were performed every 2 hours during the daytime, 5 days per week for 9 weeks. The second, less frequent physical activity program involved rowing in a wheelchair-accessible rowing machine plus walking or wheelchair propulsion once per day three times per week for 9 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: The physical function measures reported here include mobility endurance (maximum time walking or wheeling) and physical activity as measured by motion sensors (Caltrac). Nighttime sleep was estimated by wrist activity monitors. Nighttime sleep measures included total time asleep, percent sleep, average duration of sleep, and peak duration of sleep. Daytime sleep was measured by timed behavioral observations of sleep versus wakefulness performed every 15 minutes during the day. RESULTS: Nighttime sleep was markedly disrupted in both groups at baseline. Across all subjects at baseline, the average total sleep time was 6.2 hours and the percent sleep was 72.0%, but the average duration of sleep episodes was only 21.2 minutes and the peak duration of sleep episode averaged only 83.8 minutes. During the daytime, subjects were observed asleep during 14.5% of observations. Although there was improvement in mobility endurance in the intervention subjects compared with controls (MANOVA F = 4.36, P = .042), there were no differences in the night and day sleep measures at follow-up testing. Even among a subgroup of intervention subjects who showed a 30% or greater improvement in mobility endurance, sleep did not improve at follow-up compared with baseline. CONCLUSION: This study supports our previous findings of marked sleep disruption in impaired nursing home residents. In addition, despite documented improvements in physical function with activity, we did not find improvements in sleep in the intervention versus control groups. These results suggest that increasing daytime physical activity alone is not adequate to improve sleep in impaired NH residents. Future efforts to improve sleep in this population should take into account the multifactorial nature of sleep disruption, including individual health problems that effect sleep and the disruptive nature of the nighttime NH environment.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Physical activities: teaming up patients and programs.

Physical activities programs are suggested for the average deconditioned individual over 35 years of age. They involve noncontact, noncompetitive aerobic activities which require minimal expense. Their purpose is to delay to some degree the progression of the degenerative diseases associated with aging and inactivity. The best activities are walking, running, bicycling, or other exercise in which a sustained cardiac rate of 70% of the individual's work capacity is achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Activation-driven programmed cell death and T cell receptor zeta eta expression.

Activation of spontaneously dividing T cell hybridomas induces interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, a cell cycle block, and programmed cell death. T cell hybridomas that express the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) zeta homodimer (zeta 2), but not the TCR zeta eta heterodimer, were studied. The zeta eta- cells produced little or no inositol phosphates (IP) when stimulated with antigen. In most cases the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides was also impaired after stimulation with antibody to CD3, although one zeta eta- cell produced normal concentrations of IP. The zeta eta- cells slowed their growth and secreted IL-2 in response to both stimuli. However, the zeta eta- cells did not die after activation with antigen. Since activated thymocytes also undergo programmed cell death, these results may have important implications for the role of the zeta eta.TCR in negative selection.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Activation of monocytes--more than one process. Differential effect of cytokines on monocytes.

Monocytes and macrophages respond to a number of exogenous agents by alterations in metabolism and gene expression in a process loosely called 'activation'. The question arises whether these alterations in cellular activity are the pleiotropic effects of one programmed activation process or result from separately programmed activation pathways. We report that certain cytokines (interleukin 1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta) and interleukin 2 (IL-2] which all activate monocytes, induce the synthesis of thromboplastin (TPL) and (IL-1 beta only) factor VII. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) do not induce monocyte procoagulant activity, although they both activate monocytes in several respects. Our data thus show that different states of activation are induced. Similar observations have been made by others using different systems.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1989

Growth factors and membrane depolarization activate distinct programs of early response gene expression: dissociation of fos and jun induction.

A set of early response genes has been identified whose transcription in fibroblasts is rapidly induced in response to growth factors. Prototype members of this group, c-fos and c-jun, encode products that form a heterodimer and have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression and cell growth. It is thought that other early response genes also encode critical mediators of the cell's response to external stimuli. We have used PC12 pheochromocytoma cells as a model system to test the hypothesis that different extracellular signals induce distinct patterns of expression of early response genes. Our results indicate that membrane depolarization, induced either by potassium chloride or by the neurotransmitter analog nicotine, activates a program of gene expression distinct from that activated by nerve growth factor or epidermal growth factor. Notably, c-fos and c-jun activation can be dissociated; whereas c-jun is coinduced with c-fos and jun-B after growth factor stimulation, membrane depolarization activates c-fos and jun-B without stimulating c-jun. Fos may therefore form transcription complexes with alternative cofactors under different stimulation conditions. nur/77 and zif/268, which encode putative transcription factors, also show markedly different responses to growth factors and depolarization. We conclude that multiple nonconvergent signal transduction pathways control early response gene expression. Our findings also indicate that the diversity and specificity of cellular response to environmental change can be accounted for by the differential combinatorial induction of a relatively small number of early response genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of physical activity on bone mineralization in premature infants.

OBJECTIVE: A 4-week pilot study was done with 26 preterm infants to evaluate whether a physical activity program would result in greater bone mineralization. DESIGN: Subjects were matched by birth weight, gender, and gestational age, and randomly assigned to the physical activity program (group EX; n = 13) or to the control group (group C; n = 13). Physical activity consisted of range of motion with passive resistance to all extremities for 5 to 10 minutes daily. Baseline and 4-week values were determined for both bone mineral analyses and serum levels of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. RESULTS: Despite similar nutrient intake at advised levels for preterm infants, EX infants gained more weight than control subjects (17.8 vs 13.4 gm/kg body weight per day; p = 0.01). A difference in radial bone mass and density change as determined by single-beam photon absorptiometry (+/- 2% error) was found between groups (p = 0.006 by analysis of covariance). Changes in bone width and in bone mineral content and density were enhanced by physical activity. Group EX infants had 12%, 18%, and 34% gains in bone width and in bone mineral density and content, respectively; group C infants had only a 2% gain in bone width and 11% and 14% losses from baseline in bone mineral content and density, respectively, during the 4-week study. Serum biochemical values were similar in the groups except for lower alkaline phosphatase levels in group EX. There was a negative association between bone mineral content and parathyroid hormone values: r = -0.83, p = 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: A physical activity program may increase the effects of adequate nutrition in healthy preterm very low birth weight infants by promoting weight gain and bone mass and by decreasing the risk of osteopenia.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Energy expenditure during leg exercise programs.

Comparisons of the effects of three exercise programs (active, passive, and isometric) and a rest program (control) on energy expenditure (oxygen consumption), heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were made. Thirty-six volunteers (18 men and 18 women) between the ages of 25 and 35 participated. Repeated measures ANOVAs (sex by program by time) were used to analyze the data. Significant program by time effects were obtained on oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure. In general, pair-wise comparisons indicate that for oxygen consumption and heart rate the isometric and active programs were comparable and significantly more demanding than either the passive or rest programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The Veterans Administration Northwest Regional Health Services Research and Development Field Program: organization, activities, and early outcomes.

In 1982, the Veterans Administration established Health Services Research field programs in each of the six VA regions. Herein, we describe the historical origins, organization, responsibilities, activities, and early accomplishments of one of these programs--the Northwest Regional HSR&D field program. Special reference is made to this program's commitment to health services research relevant to geriatrics and gerontology, including the development of a system-wide agenda for research, information syntheses in geriatrics-relevant health services research topics, and the conduct of funded projects pertinent to care of the elderly. The importance of a medical center location for the field programs is discussed, and early indications of institutional impact are described.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Activation of programmed cell death in the rat ventral prostate after castration.

The rapid involution of the rat ventral prostate after castration is an active process initiated by removal of the inhibitory effects of androgen on prostatic cell death. The present studies demonstrate that after castration-induced androgen deprivation a series of temporally discrete biochemical events are activated which result in the rapid programmed death of the subset of androgen-dependent cells within the rat ventral prostate. These biochemical steps involve 1) rapid loss of nuclear androgen receptor retention; by 12 h after castration, androgen receptors are no longer detectable in ventral prostatic nuclei; 2) an initial fragmentation of nuclear DNA into low mol wt (less than 1000 basepairs) nucleosomal oligomers which lack intranucleosomal break points; and 3) eventual complete digestion of these nucleosomal oligomers into component nucleotides. Additional studies demonstrate that activation of a Ca2+-Mg2+-dependent endonuclease is associated with this DNA fragmentation. By 4 days after castration, maximal DNA fragmentation is obtained, with 15% of the total nuclear DNA extractable as low mol wt fragments. Proteolytic enzymes are apparently not involved initially in this process, suggesting that DNA fragmentation is a discrete event in, rather than a result of, cell death. Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content demonstrated that each day after castration, a subpopulation of androgen-dependent cells in rat ventral prostate fragmented all of their genomic DNA, as opposed to the whole population of cells fragmenting an increasing portion of their DNA daily.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Sequential organizing activities of engrailed, hedgehog and decapentaplegic in the Drosophila wing.

The Drosophila wing is formed by two cell populations, the anterior and posterior compartments, which are distinguished by the activity of the selector gene engrailed (en) in posterior cells. Here, we show that en governs growth and patterning in both compartments by controlling the expression of the secreted proteins hedgehog (hh) and decapentaplegic (dpp) as well as the response of cells to these signaling molecules. First, we demonstrate that en activity programs wing cells to express hh whereas the absence of en activity programs them to respond to hh by expressing dpp. As a consequence, posterior cells secrete hh and induce a stripe of neighboring anterior cells across the compartment boundary to secrete dpp. Second, we demonstrate that dpp can exert a long-range organizing influence on surrounding wing tissue, specifying anterior or posterior pattern depending on the compartmental provenance, and hence the state of en activity, of the responding cells. Thus, dpp secreted by anterior cells along the compartment boundary has the capacity to organize the development of both compartments. Finally, we report evidence suggesting that dpp may exert its organizing influence by acting as a gradient morphogen in contrast to hh which appears to act principally as a short range inducer of dpp.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Gerontic occupational therapy--psychological and social predictors of participation and therapeutic benefits.

The purpose of this study was to assess what role psychological and social factors play in predicting the participation of elderly people in a social activation program. Furthermore, the study evaluated the importance of such factors in improving subjects' moods and decreasing feelings of loneliness. Over a six-month period, a social activation program was conducted in a senior citizen apartment building in Stockholm, Sweden. A group of 30 residents from one floor of the building, the experimental group, received the program while a control group of 30 residents from another floor did not. Medical, social, psychological, and behavioral assessments were made immediately before, three months after, and six months after the beginning of the program. Results were that the activity level had increased threefold in the experimental group. Experimental group subjects who initially had a low social activity level and higher scores on the internal-locus-of-control scale had the highest rate of increase in their social activity level. Subjects in the experimental group who initially had a low social activity level, were single or bereaved, scored low on the neuroticism scale, or desired a low level of internal control showed the greatest improvement in mood. Feelings of loneliness decreased the most among those in the experimental group who had a stronger internal locus of control and scored high on pessimistic feelings. Because the program benefited those subjects who initially were the most passive and isolated, it is concluded that gerontic occupational therapy plays an important role in preventing unnecessary social isolation in institutional living.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Matching services to needs. Vocational services for substance abusers.

Problems with employment are common among individuals with substance use disorders, yet comprehensive vocational services are not generally available to them, and vocational interventions are often not matched to their specific needs. This article describes the wide range of vocational problems found among individuals with substance use disorders and the elements of a recently funded vocational program for patients in outpatient and residential drug and alcohol treatment programs. Data are presented describing program activity and documenting program effectiveness for the first 2 years of operation of the program. Three case histories are presented to illustrate the types of services delivered and the matching of services delivered to specific, identified client needs (see Case Histories).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Tyrosine phosphorylation participates in peripheral T-cell activation and programmed cell death in vivo.

T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), which is not itself a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), is thought to be associated with at least two SRC-like PTKs, P59fyn and ZAP-70. Activation of these PTKs is required for T-cell signal transduction. The aim of the present study was to determine the roles of PTKs in peripheral T-cell activation, induced by in vivo bacterial superantigen administration. We demonstrated that in vivo staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) administration induced an enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation in peripheral spleen T cells undergoing a programmed cell death. In vitro immunecomplex kinase assay using antibody against P59fyn showed increased fyn kinase activity in SEB-stimulated spleen T cells. We examined the effect of PTK-specific inhibitors on DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death of V beta 8 positive T cells following in vitro culture of SEB-primed spleen T cells. Our results indicated that pretreatment of SEB-activated T cells with PTK inhibitors reduced DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death of V beta 8 positive T cells. These findings suggest that PTK plays an important role in activation and apoptosis of peripheral T cells induced by in vivo SEB administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Influence of lidocaine on human muscle sympathetic nerve activity during programmed electrical stimulation and ventricular tachycardia.

Lidocaine directly affects conduction and refractoriness of ventricular myocardium, and may also indirectly affect these electrophysiologic properties by inhibition of cardiac sympathetic nerve traffic. Both effects may play important roles in preventing ventricular arrhythmias in humans. To determine if lidocaine has a direct effect on sympathetic nerve activity, the effects of a 100 mg lidocaine bolus followed by a 2 mg/min infusion of lidocaine on muscle sympathetic nerve activity was assessed in seven patients during programmed ventricular stimulation with single extrastimuli (premature ventricular contractions [PVCs]) in sinus rhythm, and in seven patients during induced hemodynamically stable monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. During single extrastimuli, the mean (+/- SEM) area of PVC-associated bursts of sympathetic nerve activity was unaffected by lidocaine (1101 +/- 16 units pre-lidocaine versus 1075 +/- 19 units following lidocaine; p = 0.30). Likewise, the transient decrease in blood pressure with induced PVCs was similar before and after lidocaine infusion (p = 0.46). In seven patients with induced monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, tachycardia cycle length did not change after the lidocaine bolus (393 +/- 18 versus 399 +/- 17 msec; p = 0.34) but increased during lidocaine maintenance infusion (428 +/- 17 msec; p = 0.01). After induction of ventricular tachycardia, systolic pressure decreased from 150 +/- 6 to 117 +/- 9 mm Hg at 1 minute of tachycardia, to 109 +/- 6 mm Hg during the lidocaine bolus, and rebounded to 126 +/- 8 mm Hg during the lidocaine maintenance infusion (p = 0.04, bolus versus infusion).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Pressure↗