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PubMed1988

[Clinical experience with ofloxacin in the treatment of chronic respiratory tract disease aggravated by acute infection].

We studied the clinical usefulness of ofloxacin (OFLX) in 13 patients with chronic respiratory tract diseases aggravated by acute infections with identified causative bacteria. 1. Overall clinical efficacies were: highly effective 5, effective 6, slightly effective 2, and ineffective none, showing an efficacy rate of 84.6%. 2. In 6 patients with fever of over 37 degrees C, time lengths in days for symptoms to have been alleviated due to OFLX treatment were; 1 day: 4 cases, 3 days: 1 case and 5 days: 1 case (2.0 days on average). 3. As to bacterial transitions, in 9 of 10 patients Haemophilus influenzae was eliminated and in 1 patient it was substituted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In 3 patients Branhamella catarrhalis was eliminated and in 1 patient, the number of P. aeruginosa was reduced. OFLX is expected to have a potent bacteriological effect on H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis. 4. As to side effects, 1 of the 13 patients (7.7%) complained of discomfort in the epigastrium. This discomfort disappeared when a gastric mucosa protective agent was administered. There was no abnormality in laboratory test values. Judging from the above results, we consider OFLX a useful drug for the treatment of patients with chronic respiratory tract diseases aggravated by acute infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the association between atypical bacteria infections and respiratory tract diseases with emphasis on bronchial asthma exacerbations in children.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumonie are important etiological agents responsible for human respiratory tract diseases. Recently, these atypical microorganisms received much attention regarding their role in bronchial asthma pathogenesis, which is one of the most frequent chronic diseases in children. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between infections caused by these pathogens and respiratory tract diseases in children. Levels of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae-specific antibodies were determined in serum samples obtained from 30 patients suffering from bronchial asthma exacerbations, 10 patients with pneumonia, 28 patients with chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) and 22 sinusitis patients. Specific anti-M. pneumoniae antibodies were detected more frequently in the patients enrolled in the study than in control subjects. The highest percentage of the serum samples, which demonstrated the presence of M. pneumoniae-specific antibodies was demonstrated in patients with asthma (60%) and it was twofold higher than in control subjects. Serologic profile of 26.6% patients with asthma, 50% of patients with pneumonia, 39.2% of patients with COME, 45.4% of patients with sinusitis and 10% of control subjects was consistent with a possible acute infection caused by M. pneumoniae. The presence of specific anti-C. pneumoniae antibodies was demonstrated in a smaller percentage of patients--in 13.3% of children with asthma, 10% of children with pneumonia and in 7.1% of patients with COME; the level of specific antiobodies was suggestive of acute chlamydial infection only in COME patients. Analysis of serologic markers for atypical bacteria infections indicates a possible association between infections caused by M. pneumoniae and bronchial asthma exacerbations and other respiratory tract disorders including pneumonia, sinusitis and COME.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The isolation results and the antimicrobial agents susceptibility analysis of Haemophilus from the sputum of the elderly suffering from respiratory tract disease.

OBJECTIVE: To inform the isolation and antibiotics susceptibility results of Haemophilus in the sputum of old men suffering from respiratory tract disease so that the epidemiological information and treatment can be available to physicians. METHODS: Two groups-group A, patients=562, group B, healthy volunteers=57 expectorated specimens of sputum were cultured with a special medium for Haemophilus. The isolates were then identified with API NH Identification plates and detected with ATB NH antibiotics susceptibility cards, finally, we got the statistics data of Haemophilus species and antibiotics susceptibility rates from Datatrac statistic system of VITEK 32. RESULTS: Haemophilus were detected in 132 specimens out of 562 (23.5%), which includes 6 strains of H. influenzae (4.5%). 122 strains of H. parainfluenzae, 4 strains of H. aphrophilus (3.1%). At the same time, 3 strains of Haemophilus were isolated from group B. Following are the susceptibility rates of sixteen antibiotics of 132 strains of Haemophilus, 73.4% to amoxicillin, 92.4% to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, 83.3% to cefactor, 90.9% to cefotaxime, 79.5% to cefuroxime-axetil, 52.3% to kanamycin, 25.0% to gentamycin, 72.0% to spectinomycin, 79.5% to chloramphenicol, 50.0% to tetracycline, 9.1% to erythromycin, 42.4% to pristhomycin, 49.2% to rosoxacin, 62.96% to pefloxacin, 97.7% to rifampin, 33.3% to sulfonamides. CONCLUSION: There is a high isolation rate of Haemophilus in the sputum of the elderly suffering from respiratory tract diseases, The H. parainfluenzae is the main Haemophilus in our area of study, which it deserves good attention by clinical microbiological laboratory. In addition, the antibiotics susceptibility results indicate that this species is more susceptible to beta-lactams antibiotics and is less susceptible to some others such as macrolides and aminoglycosides, etc. So, the drug treatment should be based on these antibiotics susceptibility results in order to guide the specific therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Roxithromycin treatment in patients with chronic lower respiratory tract disease--its clinical efficacy and effect on cytokine].

We demonstrated the efficacy of "long term" roxithromycin (RXM) treatment in 15 patients with chronic lower respiratory tract disease (11 with diffuse panbronchiolitis and 4 with sinobronchial syndrome). (1) Fourteen (93.3%) of the 15 patients showed improvement when assessed by the comprehensive improvement score, and they showed significant improvements in PaO2 (74.2 +/- 10.4 Torr to 84.3 +/- 10.9 Torr, p < 0.01), %VC (86.9 +/- 20.2% to 96.0 +/- 21.9%, p < 0.001) and FEV1 (1.81 +/- 0.87 L to 2.14 +/- 1.08 L, p < 0.01) after RXM treatment. (2) Neutrophils accumulated in the pre-RXM treatment bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and decreased in BAL fluid of patients responding to RXM treatment (49.8 +/- 28.3% to 17.1 +/- 15.7%, p < 0.01). Additionally, the levels of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 8 were significantly higher in BAL fluid of these patients than those in the healthy volunteers (p < 0.025, p < 0.01 respectively), and correlated with the neutrophil accumulation (r = 0.619, p < 0.05). These cytokines showed a decrease after RXM treatment. These results indicated that RXM acts by reducing pulmonary inflammation through reduction of neutrophil migration to inflammatory sites, and is effective on chronic lower respiratory tract disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Identification and characterization of a bovine rhinovirus isolated from Iowa cattle with acute respiratory tract disease.

Viral isolate FS1-43 isolated from a calf with acute respiratory tract disease was characterized as a bovine rhinovirus. This virus was antigenically indistinguishable from rhinovirus strains C-07 and VC-96. The virus replicated in low passage Madin-Darby and Georgia bovine kidney cells. A relative noncytopathogenic replication occurred in epithelial bovine turbinate, bovine fibroblastic turbinate, and bovine lung cells. Ciliary activity of tracheal explants was unaffected during eight serial passages. Viral replication was detected earlier and viral titers were higher at 33 C than at 37 C. Rotation of cultures did not affect viral titers but was necessary to produce a cytopathic effect in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Risk factors for lower respiratory tract disease in a cohort of feedlot cattle.

Using data collected from company lot records, potential risk factors related to feedlot management, the cattle, and climate were determined. The risk factors were analyzed by use of weighted multiple regression techniques to determine their effects on the incidence of lower respiratory tract disease in a cohort of 95 lots containing 17,696 cattle. The gender of the cattle, the number of days that groups of cattle filled a lot, pregnancy checking of heifers, and the average temperature change in the first 14 days in which the cattle were on feed significantly influenced the incidence of lower respiratory disease. The incidence of lower respiratory tract disease was most influenced by risk factors in the first 30 days on feed.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1992

[Multicausal infectious respiratory tract disease of young fattening turkeys].

The outbreak of the disease occurred in a large multiple-age farm with about 50,000 meat turkeys, where groups of 6-8000 one-day-old birds were stalled up every 14 days. All the turkey poults housed were affected mostly in the 1.-3. week of the life. The respiratory disease spread rapidly within the flocks and were characterised clinically by inclination of huddle, ruffled feathers, anorexia, stunted growth, swelling of the infraorbital sinus and nasal discharge. The clinical apparent disease lasted 3 to 4 weeks on the average in the affected flocks and were associated with a mortality from 7-20 percent. The main pathoanatomical lesions were catarrhal-fibrinopurulent rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia and air sacculitis as well as atrophy of the thymus. Fibrinous adhesive peri- and epicarditis, perihepatitis, miliary necrotic foci in the liver and diarrhea have been found less frequently. The results of cultural and serological examinations of moribund and dead turkey poults of 6 different flocks indicate that Bordetella avium and Chlamydia psittaci are the primary inciting agents of the respiratory disease. However, the following severe course of the disease were mainly caused by concurrent infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In some cases coccidiosis with lesions in ceca were additionally diagnosed. Campylobacter jejuni could be always isolated culturally from the liquid cecal content of diseased birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Correlation of rhinoscopic signs of inflammation with histologic findings in nasal biopsy specimens of cats with or without upper respiratory tract disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of cumulative rhinoscopic findings of hyperemia, mucus accumulation, and turbinate destruction with the type and severity of inflammatory infiltrates in nasal biopsy specimens of cats with or without upper respiratory tract disease. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Cats with (n = 11) and without (6) upper respiratory tract disease and cats with unknown medical histories (27). PROCEDURES; Lesions of hyperemia, mucus accumulation, and turbinate destruction detected rhinoscopically were each scored (scale, 0 [absent] to 3 [severe]), and a cumulative rhinoscopic score for each nasal cavity was calculated. Fifty biopsy specimens were examined histologically, and inflammatory infiltrates (lymphoplasmacytic or neutrophilic) were graded as absent, mild, moderate, or severe. Cumulative rhinoscopic scores and inflammation grades were compared for each specimen-cavity combination. RESULTS: In cats of known disease status, there was a positive but weak correlation between cumulative rhinoscopic scores and inflammation grades in biopsy specimens. In cats of unknown disease status, there was no similar correlation. Biopsy specimens with minimal inflammation were commonly obtained from nasal cavities with low rhinoscopic scores; specimens with moderate or severe inflammatory changes were frequently obtained from cavities that appeared normal rhinoscopically. Type of inflammatory infiltrates was not correlated with rhinoscopic signs of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The correlation of rhinoscopic findings with inflammation severity in nasal biopsy specimens (determined histologically) was weak or lacking in cats of known and unknown disease status, respectively. Results indicated that rhinoscopy with biopsy provides more complete evaluation of nasal disease than rhinoscopy alone in cats.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Clinical significance of fungal and microbial associations and antibacterial therapy for treatment of chronic inflammatory respiratory tract diseases in children].

Microbiological examination applied to 270 children with chronic inflammatory and relapsing respiratory tract diseases revealed that by the frequency of the etiologically significant organisms the main pathogens isolated from the bronchial secretion belonged to Haemophilus influenzae, then followed Streptococcus pneumoniae and the less frequent isolates belonged to Branhamella catarrhalis characterized by high susceptibility to the 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins, erythromycin and azithromycin. Mycological investigation of the oral mucus and sputum from the patients revealed high frequency of Candida, mainly C.albicans. The fungi were most frequent and abundant in the children with chronic pulmonary diseases and congenital immune deficiency and in the children with bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis, as well as in the children with exacerbation of the chronic disease, especially with bronchial obstruction. The antibacterial therapy with semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolides led to an increase in the number of the Candida carriers and in the biological material contamination level. The fungal contamination of the host was mainly observed after the use of the penicillins and cephalosporins. Chronic Candida carriers were detected among the patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs. The diseases in such patients were particularly severe. There were also detected children with colonization resistance to Candida. In the latter cases the chronic process was more favourable. The data made it possible to recommend a more differential use of the antibacterial and antimycotic drugs in the treatment of children with chronic inflammatory diseases of the bronchopulmonary system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Upper respiratory tract disease in the gopher tortoise is caused by Mycoplasma agassizii.

Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) has been observed in a number of tortoise species, including the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). Clinical signs of URTD in gopher tortoises are similar to those in desert tortoises and include serous, mucoid, or purulent discharge from the nares, excessive tearing to purulent ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, and edema of the eyelids and ocular glands. The objectives of the present study were to determine if Mycoplasma agassizii was an etiologic agent of URTD in the gopher tortoise and to determine the clinical course of the experimental infection in a dose-response infection study. Tortoises were inoculated intranasally with 0.5 ml (0.25 ml/nostril) of either sterile SP4 broth (control group; n = 10) or 10(8) color-changing units (CCU) (total dose) of M. agassizii 723 (experimental infection group; n = 9). M. agassizii caused clinical signs compatible with those observed in tortoises with natural infections. Clinical signs of URTD were evident in seven of nine experimentally infected tortoises by 4 weeks postinfection (p.i.) and in eight of nine experimentally infected tortoises by 8 weeks p.i. In the dose-response experiments, tortoises were inoculated intranasally with a low (10(1) CCU; n = 6), medium (10(3) CCU; n = 6), or high (10(5) CCU; n = 5) dose of M. agassizii 723 or with sterile SP4 broth (n = 10). At all time points p.i. in both experiments, M. agassizii could be isolated from the nares of at least 50% of the tortoises. All of the experimentally infected tortoises seroconverted, and levels of antibody were statistically higher in infected animals than in control animals for all time points of >4 weeks p.i. (P < 0.0001). Control tortoises in both experiments did not show clinical signs, did not seroconvert, and did not have detectable M. agassizii by either culture or PCR at any point in the study. Histological lesions were compatible with those observed in tortoises with natural infections. The numbers of M. agassizii 723 did not influence the clinical expression of URTD or the antibody response, suggesting that the strain chosen for these studies was highly virulent. On the basis of the results of the transmission studies, we conclude that M. agassizii is an etiologic agent of URTD in the gopher tortoise.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Identification of ovine adenovirus types five and six in an epizootic of respiratory tract disease in recently weaned lambs.

Eight hundred fourteen Polypay-cross lambs, 32 to 35 days old, were housed in an isolation barn under semiconfinement conditions. The lambs were observed twice daily for clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. During the 8-week observation period, an epizootic of respiratory tract disease developed, in which the combined morbidity and mortality was approximately 13%. The overall mortality was 4.1%, of which 57.6% was attributable to pneumonia. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from 11 (58%) of the 19 lung specimens obtained at necropsy. Serotyping revealed the presence of multiple serotypes: A1, A2, A5, A6, A9, and A12. Viruses with properties consistent with ovine adenovirus were isolated from 36% of the lung specimens. Five of the isolates were selected to determine their antigenic serotype. Results of virus neutralization testing indicated that in this group of lambs, there was concurrent infection with Mastadenovirus ovi type 5 and type 6.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1982

The role of BK virus in acute respiratory tract disease and the presence of BKV DNA in tonsils.

The significance of BKV infections relative to infections by generally tested respiratory agents was investigated in children with acute respiratory disease. Paired sera from 177 children admitted to a hospital for acute respiratory disease were tested for significant rises in antibodies. Sera from seven patients showed a seroconversion to BKV and clinical signs of acute upper respiratory tract infection were exhibited by each of these patients. BKV infections were present in 8% of the patients with upper respiratory tract disease while seroconversions to adenovirus (2%), influenza A virus (1%), parainfluenza virus (5%), RS virus (6%) and mycoplasma pneumoniae (1%) were observed in 15% of the patients with upper respiratory tract disease. BKV was isolated from the urine of one child with tonsillitis with a concomitant seroconversion to BKV. Tonsils from children with recurrent attacks of acute respiratory disease were tested for the presence of BKV DNA by hybridization with a cloned genomic 32P-labeled DNA of prototype BKV. Five of twelve tonsil DNAs showed hybridization with BKV DNA. Each tonsil showing hybridization with BKV DNA contained multiple nonintegrated copies of the BKV genome per diploid amount of host cell DNA. Attempts to recover infective BKV by transfection of primary human embryonic cells with tonsil DNAs or by co-cultivation of tonsillar cells with primary human embryonic cells were unsuccessful.

Acute Disease↗