[Properties and binding of acid fuchsin with serum proteins in paper electrophoresis].
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Rapid and reliable methods for the determination of survival, proliferation, and metabolic activity of immobilized cells in gels are described. The first method is based on an MTT assay that measures qualitatively and quantitatively the metabolic activity of the cells. The second method determines cell number by measuring the amount of DNA available for Feulgen staining. In the third method, two fluorescent dyes are used to differentially stain viable and dead cells. The fourth method involves the use of glutaraldehyde to protect the cells when melting the gel to facilitate hemocytometric count. The presented techniques should help to test the efficiency of the immobilization procedures and to monitor the growth and survival of immobilized cells.
We report the first examples of modular aptameric sensors, which transduce recognition events into fluorescence changes through allosteric regulation of noncovalent interactions with a fluorophore. These sensors consist of: (a) a reporting domain, which signals the binding event of an analyte through binding to a fluorophore; (b) a recognition domain, which binds the analyte; and (c) a communication module, which serves as a conduit between recognition and signaling domains. We tested recognition regions specific for ATP, FMN, and theophylline in combinations with malachite green binding aptamer as a signaling domain. In each case, we were able to obtain a functional sensor capable of responding to an increase in analyte concentration with an increase in fluorescence. Similar constructs that consist only of natural RNA could be expressed in cells and used as sensors for intracellular imaging.
The azo dye trypan blue and the cyanine dye indocyanine green have been used in ophthalmology since the 1980 s to dye the anterior capsule in cataract operations and to stain epiretinal membranes in order to remove the membrana limitans interna (ILM). By means of a standardized in vitro test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10993, it has now been shown that both dyes and the theoretically possible alternatives - the anthrachinone alizarincyanine green and the trityl dyes fast green and lissamine green - are cytotoxic in the normal concentrations of maximum 1.5 g/l. On the other hand, the new product Blueron(R) with the trityl dye patent blue, which has been developed to dye the anterior capsule, is completely biocompatible, even at a high dosage of up to 2.8 g/l.
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SYPRO Ruby dye is a permanent stain comprised of ruthenium as part of an organic complex that interacts noncovalently with proteins. SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain provides a sensitive, gentle, fluorescence-based method for detecting proteins in one-dimensional and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Proteins are fixed, stained from 3h to overnight and then rinsed in deionized water or dilute methanol/acetic acid solution for 30 min. The stain can be visualized using a wide range of excitation sources commonly used in image analysis systems including a 302 nm UV-B transilluminator, 473 nm second harmonic generation (SHG) laser, 488 nm argon-ion laser, 532 nm yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser, xenon arc lamp, blue fluorescent light bulb or blue light-emitting diode (LED). The sensitivity of SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain is superior to colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) stain or monobromobimane labeling and comparable with the highest sensitivity silver or zinc-imidazole staining procedures available. The linear dynamic range of SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel stain extends over three orders of magnitude, which is vastly superior to silver, zinc-imidazole, monobromobimane and CBB stain. The fluorescent stain does not contain superfluous chemicals (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, Tween-20) that frequently interfere with peptide identification in mass spectrometry. While peptide mass profiles are severely altered in protein samples prelabeled with monobromobimane, successful identification of proteins by peptide mass profiling using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry was easily performed after protein detection with SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel stain.
Bio-degradation of two non-permitted dyes namely Malachite green and Rhodamine B, commonly encountered in the food commodities, through rat caecal microflora was studied. Malachite green was biotransformed by caecal microflora to one fluorescent metabolite with a Rf value of 0.09. Incubation of Rhodamine B with caecal microflora resulted in two fluorescent metabolites with Rf values of 0.72 and 0.09. The DI50 value of Malachite green was quite low (10 min), while that of Rhodamine B could not be derived as the maximum degradation was only 32%. The results suggest that Malachite green and Rhodamine B are biotransformed to different metabolites by rat caecal microflora which may help in delineating the mechanism of carcinogenic potential of these two dyes.