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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Terror birds on the run: a mechanical model to estimate its maximum running speed.

'Terror bird' is a common name for the family Phorusrhacidae. These large terrestrial birds were probably the dominant carnivores on the South American continent from the Middle Palaeocene to the Pliocene-Pleistocene limit. Here we use a mechanical model based on tibiotarsal strength to estimate maximum running speeds of three species of terror birds: Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, Patagornis marshi and a specimen of Phorusrhacinae gen. The model is proved on three living large terrestrial bird species. On the basis of the tibiotarsal strength we propose that Mesembriornis could have used its legs to break long bones and access their marrow.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Decline running produces more sarcomeres in rat vastus intermedius muscle fibers than does incline running.

Unaccustomed eccentric exercise, in which a muscle is lengthened while generating tension, is well known to cause injury and pain. A rapid training effect has been demonstrated in a number of eccentric exercises. The mechanism for both the damage and the training has been unknown. Morgan proposed that the damage is caused by sarcomere length instabilities during operation on the descending limb of the sarcomere length-tension curve and that the training effect is an increase in the number of sarcomeres connected in series in a muscle fiber, thus avoiding the descending limb (Biophys. J. 57: 209-221, 1990). We tested this proposal by exercising rats on a treadmill set at either an incline or a decline of 16 degrees, an exercise that has previously been shown to cause damage in untrained rats and a training effect. The vastus intermedius muscles were fixed and were digested in acid, and the fiber and sarcomere lengths of representative fibers were measured. From these measurements, the mean number of sarcomeres per fiber was found for the different training regimes. A clear and repeatable difference was found, supporting Morgan's prediction of more sarcomeres after decline running, although with some differences in response that depended on the age of the rats.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2006

Double patch clamp reveals that transient fusion (kiss-and-run) is a major mechanism of secretion in calf adrenal chromaffin cells: high calcium shifts the mechanism from kiss-and-run to complete fusion.

Transient fusion ("kiss-and-run") is accepted as a mode of transmitter release both in central neurons and neuroendocrine cells, but the prevalence of this mechanism compared with full fusion is still in doubt. Using a novel double patch-clamp method (whole cell/cell attached), permitting the recording of unitary capacitance events while stimulating under a variety of conditions including action potentials, we show that transient fusion is the predominant (>90%) mode of secretion in calf adrenal chromaffin cells. Raising intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca]i) from 10 to 200 microM increases the incidence of full fusion events at the expense of transient fusion. Blocking rapid endocytosis that normally terminates transient fusion events also promotes full fusion events. Thus, [Ca]i controls the transition between transient and full fusion, each of which is coupled to different modes of endocytosis.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1989

Comment on 'The Influence of Running Velocity and Midsole Hardness on External Impact Forces in Heel-Toe-Running'.

Researchers not sufficiently sensitive to statistical power may interpret non-significant results as demonstrating that the conditions made no difference. Related issues include performer variability, sample size and effect size as they relate to experimental design. Examination of these factors suggests that caution must be exercised when interpreting the results of experimental data.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1981