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PubMed1980

High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of salicylsalicylic acid, aspirin, and salicylic acid in human plasma and urine.

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the separation and quantitation of salicylsalicylic acid (I), aspirin (II), and salicylic acid (III) in human plasma and urine. The method for plasma involves the selective extraction of I--III and an internal standard, alpha-phenylcinnamic acid, into methylene chloride from acidified plasma, followed by evaporation of the organic phase and dissolution of the residue in methanol. A 25-microliter aliquot is analyzed on a reversed-phase column with UV detection. Urine is treated similarly with hexane as the extracting solvent. If 300 nm is used as the monitoring wavelength, the assays of I and III are linear over the concentration range of 1--150 microgram/ml in both plasma and urine. If 280 nm is used as the monitoring wavelength, II can be quantitated along with I and III; however, detector sensitivities of I and III are two to three times greater at 300 nm. The accuracy and precision of the methods for I--III are adequate for clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Following therapeutic doses of I in humans, the method was applied successfully to the determination of I and III in plasma and urine.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1996

Serum concentrations of salicylic acid following topically applied salicylate derivatives.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate and extent of systemic salicylate absorption following single and multiple applications of two topically applied analgesics, one containing methyl salicylate and the other containing trolamine salicylate. DESIGN: Two-period, two-treatment, randomized, crossover, multiple-dose study in healthy men and women volunteers. PARTICIPANTS: Six men and six women volunteers, 21-44 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects applied 5 g of an ointment containing 12.5% methyl salicylate twice daily for 4 days (8 doses) or a cream containing trolamine 10% twice daily for two doses, to a 10-cm2 area on the thigh. Treatment order and leg (right or left) were assigned randomly. Subjects were crossed over to the alternate treatment on the other leg after a minimum washout period of 7 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The total amount of salicylate recovered in the urine during two dosing intervals (24 hours) on each study day, relative to the applied dose, was used to calculate the bioavailability of each product. Mean standard pharmacokinetic parameters including area under the curve, maximum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration, and minimum concentrations at steady-state were determined from serum concentrations. Serum concentrations were fit to three pharmacokinetic models and the suitability of each model was evaluated. Estimates of absorption rate constant, clearance, volume, and fraction absorbed on day 1 were estimated by using the best-fitting model. RESULTS: Salicylic acid could not be detected in serum after trolamine application. However, concentrations between 0.31 and 0.91 mg/L were detected within 1 hour of the first application of methyl salicylate and Cmax between 2 and 6 mg/L were observed following the seventh application on day 4. Both the extent and rate of absorption changed after the first 24 hours. The absorption rate constant increased significantly from the first to the seventh dose (first dose absorption rate constant: 0.16 h-1, seventh dose: 0.28 h-1; p < 0.035). Urinary recovery of total salicylate (salicylic acid and principal metabolites of salicylic acid) during the first 24 hours of the methyl salicylate phase averaged 175.2 mg, exceeding the 6.9 mg (p < 0.05) recovered during the trolamine phase. The recovery of salicylate in the urine in the first 24 hours after application of methyl salicylate was significantly greater than the 1.4% recovered after application of trolamine (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the fraction of methyl salicylate recovered in the urine increased significantly from 15.5% on day 1 to approximately 22% on the second, third, and fourth days. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable amount of salicylic acid may be absorbed through the skin after topical application of methyl salicylate products and this may increase with multiple applications. Caution is warranted in patients for whom systemic salicylate may be hazardous or problematic.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1983

Clinical evaluation of the EMIT salicylic acid assay.

Salicylic acid was measured by a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT). Replicate analyses of samples in the therapeutic range gave a within-day coefficient of variation (CV) of 5.1% and day-to-day CV of less than 5.0%. Quantitative results obtained by immunoassay on serum samples from patients receiving acetylsalicylic acid were compared with the results obtained by the colorimetric procedure of Trinder. Regression analysis of 100 specimens analyzed by immunoassay (y) and the reference procedure (x) gave the equation y = 0.99x - 1.18 (r = 0.995, Sy.x = 1.23). Clinical evaluation of the results indicates that the enzyme immunoassay procedure is highly sensitive and specific for salicylic acid.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1998

Quantification of jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid in plants by capillary liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

Jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid have been reported to occur in plants and are thought to be essential for the regulation of systemic defense responses. This work describes a method for the quantitation in plant tissue of these regulators by reverse-phase capillary liquid chromatography interfaced to an electrospray tandem mass spectrometer. Inclusion during sample preparation of hydrogenated and/or deuterated internal standards corresponding to analogs of the regulators compensated for sample loss and permitted quantitation using the multiple reaction monitoring mode of the mass spectrometer. The free acids were analyzed in a negative-ion mode, whereas methyl jasmonate was analyzed in a positive-ion mode. Using these procedures an extract of fresh hybrid poplar leaves was found to contain per gram of leaf tissue 2.6 micrograms of jasmonic acid, 1.3 micrograms of methyl jasmonate, and 31.0 micrograms of salicylic acid. The techniques used should be applicable to other plant materials.

Acetates↗
PubMed1996

Suppression of the hypersensitive response in potato by acetyl salicylic acid.

Increased salicylic acid has been correlated with systemic acquired resistance in several plants. Inoculation of potato plants with the pathogen Phytophthora Infestans or inducers from the fungus, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid also induce systemic acquired resistance in the plant. We now report that treatment of potato tuber slices with acetyl salicylic acid markedly reduces the resistant response of these tissues.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1989

Sustained blood concentration of salicylic acid following rectal administration of salicyluric acid in dogs.

The blood concentrations of salicyluric acid and salicylic acid following rectal, intravenous and oral administrations of salicyluric acid (5, 10 and 60 mg/kg, respectively: salicylic acid equivalent) were determined in dogs. After rectal administration, a small amount of salicyluric acid was absorbed in intact form. The rest was hydrolyzed to salicylic acid, which was subsequently absorbed. The blood concentration of salicylic acid was maintained at 0.4-0.7 microgram/ml from 2 to 12 h. Following intravenous administration of salicyluric acid, salicyluric acid was detected in the blood but was rapidly eliminated. A trace amount of salicylic acid was detected, suggesting that systemic de-conjugation of glycine was involved. After oral administration of salicyluric acid, salicyluric acid was well absorbed. Salicylic acid was detected at low concentration for 12 h. Species difference in the metabolic fate of salicyluric acid in dogs, rabbits, rats and humans reported previously is discussed.

Administration, Rectal↗
PubMed2002

Salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase induced in hairy root cultures of Atropa belladonna after treatment with exogeneously added salicylic acid.

In Atropa belladonna hairy roots, exogeneously added salicylic acid (SA) is converted to methyl salicylate (MSA) through the reaction, which might be catalysed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine: salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT). Here we cloned a cDNA for A. belladonna SAMT (AbSAMT1), which consisted of 357 aa residues. It was expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant AbSAMT1 showed SAMT activity. When A. belladonna hairy roots were exposed to a high concentration of SA, AbSAMT1 mRNA begins to be expressed 12 h after the exposure, and steady expression continued over 144 h.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Preparation, optimization, characterization, and stability studies of salicylic acid liposomes.

Salicylic acid has been used widely in the treatment of dry skin conditions and also helps reduce acne symptoms. However, it suffers from the disadvantages of being a mild to strong irritant. Hence, its control can be achieved through encapsulation in liposomes. Liposomes were prepared by the conventional thin film hydration technique as described by Bangham et al. (J. Mol. Biol., 1965). The prepared liposomal dispersions were then characterized for entrapment efficiency, particle size by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), phase transition studies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and lamellarity by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed the formation of bilayered liposomes in the particle size range of 0.2-0.8276 microm with a maximum entrapment efficiency of 42.6%. The liposomes stored at 4-5 degrees C demonstrated maximum stability as compared to those stored at any other temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Determination of sorbic acid, its salts and salicylic acid in food products of animal origin].

A foreign method for quantitative assay of sorbic acid and natrium sorbate in food stuff of plant origin was applied by the authors for food stuffs of animal origin. The conservant of the food stuff was isolated by water vapour distillation. Sorbic acid and natrium sorbate assay was performed on part of the distillate colorimetrically at wave length lambda--532 nm. The method proved highly sensitive (2 gammas and 94% reproduction). It can be used in conservant assay of various fish assortments, canned food, roe and some types of cheese. A qualitative method for proving the presence of salicylic acid is proposed, using water vapour distillation of the biological material. Part of the distillate produced is treated directly by 1% ferriammonium sulfate water solution. A violet tint of the solution proves the presence of salicylic acid in the product studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The disposition of aspirin and salicylic acid in the isolated perfused rat liver: the effect of normal and retrograde flow on availability and mean transit time.

The effect of changing the direction of perfusate flow from anterograde to retrograde on the disposition of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and salicylic acid was studied in the single pass in-situ perfused rat liver. Mixtures of aspirin, [14C]salicylic acid and the inert reference solute [3H]sucrose were administered as boluses into the liver using red blood cell and albumin-free perfusate media at a flow rate of 30 mL min-1/liver. Hepatic availability (F), mean transit time (MTT) and normalized variance (CV2) for aspirin, preformed [14C]salicylic acid, salicylic acid produced from aspirin in the liver and [3H]sucrose were deduced from the outflow concentration profiles using statistical moment analysis. The values for F, MTT and CV2 for the solutes under anterograde perfusion were: aspirin (0.73 +/- 0.04, 15.13 +/- 2.01 s, 0.33 +/- 0.09, n = 5), preformed [14C]salicylic acid (1.05 +/- 0.06, n = 12, 43.19 +/- 2.21 s, 1.08 +/- 0.08, n = 5), salicylic acid from aspirin (0.33 +/- 0.05, 42.82 +/- 9.16 s, 0.73 +/- 0.10, n = 5) and [3H]sucrose (1.05 +/- 0.05, 16.88 +/- 0.77 s, 0.74 +/- 0.10, n = 5). The corresponding values for retrograde perfusions were: aspirin (0.73 +/- 0.02, 17.41 +/- 3.06 s, 0.32 +/- 0.09, n = 5), preformed [14C]salicylic acid (1.14 +/- 0.02, 44.42 +/- 3.16 s, 0.95 +/- 0.07, n = 5), salicylic acid from aspirin (0.33 +/- 0.09, 36.47 +/- 10.28 s, 0.58 +/- 0.05, n = 5) and sucrose (1.01 +/- 0.04, 18.08 +/- 1.61 s, 0.76 +/- 0.15, n = 5). No significant differences in F or MTT were apparent between anterograde and retrograde perfusions for all solutes. The MTT and CV2 data for [14C]salicylic acid and salicylic acid produced from aspirin is suggestive of a permeability limitation for salicylic acid transport.

Animals↗