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PubMed1991

[Salmonella infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus].

A retrospective review was undertaken of zoonotic Salmonella infections among 173 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were followed by two departments of rheumatology in Copenhagen during an average period of 16 years. A total of six Salmonella infections were registered in five patients as one patient had two episodes of infection with Salmonella typhimurium with an interval of three years. All six infections were diagnosed during the years 1986-1990. During the period 1984 to 1988, the number of registered Salmonella infections increased from 900 to 3,500 in the Danish background population. All six infections were accompanied by Salmonella bacteraemia. the present investigation and studies of the literature demonstrate a considerably increased risk of Salmonella bacteraemia in SLE patients as compared with the population as a whole. This should be borne in mind when febrile SLE patients are investigated.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Reptiles, amphibians, and human Salmonella infection: a population-based, case-control study.

To estimate the burden of reptile- and amphibian-associated Salmonella infections, we conducted 2 case-control studies of human salmonellosis occurring during 1996-1997. The studies took place at 5 Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) surveillance areas: all of Minnesota and Oregon and selected counties in California, Connecticut, and Georgia. The first study included 463 patients with serogroup B or D Salmonella infection and 7618 population-based controls. The second study involved 38 patients with non-serogroup B or D Salmonella infection and 1429 controls from California only. Patients and controls were interviewed about contact with reptiles and amphibians. Reptile and amphibian contact was associated both with infection with serogroup B or D Salmonella (multivariable odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.2; P<.009) and with infection with non-serogroup B or D Salmonella (OR, 4.2; CI, 1.8-9.7; P<.001). The population attributable fraction for reptile or amphibian contact was 6% for all sporadic Salmonella infections and 11% among persons <21 years old. These data suggest that reptile and amphibian exposure is associated with approximately 74,000 Salmonella infections annually in the United States.

Amphibians↗
PubMed2001

The essential role of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in protection of mice against a peritoneal Salmonella infection involves the rapid induction of an inflammatory response.

Acute and chronic hyperinflammation are of major clinical concern, and many treatment strategies are therefore directed to inactivating parts of the inflammatory system. However, survival depends on responding quickly to pathogen attack, and since the adaptive immune system requires several days to adequately react, we rely initially on a range of innate defenses, many of which operate by activating parts of the inflammatory network. For example, LPS-binding protein (LBP) can transfer the LPS of Gram-negative bacteria to CD14 on the surface of macrophages, and this initiates an inflammatory reaction. However, the importance of this chain of events in infection is unclear. First, the innate system is redundant, and bacteria have many components that may serve as targets for it. Second, LBP can transfer LPS to other acceptors that do not induce inflammation. In this study, we show that innate defense against a lethal peritoneal infection with Salmonella requires a direct proinflammatory involvement of LBP, and that this is a major nonredundant function of LBP in this infection model. This emphasizes that blocking the LBP-initiated inflammatory cascade disables an essential defense pathway. Any anti-inflammatory protection that may be achieved must be balanced against the risks inherent in blinding the innate system to the presence of Gram-negative pathogens.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1979

A morphological study in germfree mice (Salmonella infection).

The morphological manifestation of the intestinal infections of Salmonella typhimurium by the intestine rolled method in both conventional DKI and germfree mice have been investigated in our laboratory. In the conventional mice, the morphological manifestation of intestinal infection shows no difference from the general features of infection, while in the germfree mice, the manifestation is characterized by the so-called non-reactive necrotizing enteritis without cellular reaction. When infection in the germfree mice occurs, some state of immunological insufficiency should be taken into consideration. In infections of germfree mice it is difficult to consider the immunological or the allergic reaction which is expected in the conventional mice. In addition, the direct influences of bacteria such as endotoxin must be taken into consideration as another possibility, but the very limited localized lesions, as seen in this experiment cannot always be suggested to be due to the direct influence of bacteria or intoxication. Though there are many problems to be solved in the future, we are now able to state a kind of mechanism similar to that of Shwartzman's phenomenon cannot be ignored in the infection in newborns or in immunologically immature animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella infection.

BACKGROUND: Infection with fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of salmonella is rare, as is nosocomial salmonella infection. We describe the first recognized outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella infections in the United States, which occurred in two nursing homes and one hospital in Oregon. METHODS: We interviewed medical staff and reviewed patients' charts and death certificates. In Nursing Home A we conducted a case-control study. Patients were defined as residents of the nursing home from whom fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Schwarzengrund was isolated between February 1996 and December 1998. Controls were residents with similar medical conditions whose cultures did not yield salmonella. We compared isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and sequence analysis. We reviewed pharmacy records to compare the use of fluoroquinolone among several nursing homes. RESULTS: Eleven patients with fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonellosis were identified at two nursing homes. The index patient had been hospitalized in the Philippines and had probably acquired the infection there. Transmission was probably direct (from patient to patient) or through contact with contaminated surfaces. Treatment with fluoroquinolones during the six months before a culture was obtained was associated with a significant risk of salmonella infection (4 of 5 patients had taken fluoroquinolones, as compared with 2 of 13 controls; odds ratio, 22.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.06 to 1177). The patients were not significantly more likely than the controls to have taken other antibiotics. More fluoroquinolones were used at Nursing Home A than at similar nursing homes in Oregon. The isolates from the outbreak had similar patterns on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the same gyrA mutations. The isolates from the outbreak were also similar to the only previous isolate of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella in the United States, which came from a patient in New York who had been transferred from a hospital in the Philippines. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a prolonged nosocomial outbreak of infection with fluoroquinolone-resistant S. enterica serotype Schwarzengrund. More such outbreaks are likely in institutional settings, particularly those in which there is heavy use of antimicrobial agents.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Investigation of Salmonella infection in goats fed corn silage grown on land fertilized with sewage sludge.

A total of 36 goats were fed for 17 months with corn silage grown on land fertilized with human sewage sludge. These animals were investigated for salmonella infections. Salmonellae were not detected in cultures of fecal or silage samples. No significant agglutination titers were detected in goat sera examined. Salmonella newport C2 was isolated from the sludge used as fertilizer on the cornfields. The public health aspects of the findings are discussed as they relate to the increasing use of sewage sludge for agricultural fertilizers, as well as to the resultant effects on human food and livestock feed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

Depression of resistance against Salmonella infection in sarcoma 180-bearing mice and its restoration by Salmonella mini-cells.

The reduction of resistance against Salmonella infection was resulted from the reduction of macrophage activities in Sarcoma 180-bearing mice. Mean survival day of S180-bearing mice was markedly reduced to 1.4 +/- 0.5 days after the challenge with 1 X 10(8) of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 cells in contrast with 6.8 +/- 1.9 days of normal mice. Eighty percent of S180-bearing mice died within 14 days after the challenge with 1 X 10(6) of LT2 cells, whereas all of normal mice survived more than 30 days after the challenge with 3 X 10(6) or less of LT2 cells. Chemotactic and O2- producing activities of macrophages collected from S180-bearing mice which were treated with Salmonella mini-cells restored to normal level. Bactericidal activity of macrophages was also restored by the mini-cell treatment. The restoration of the resistance to Salmonella was accompanied with increases of macrophage activities.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Expression of T-bet by CD4 T cells is essential for resistance to Salmonella infection.

Despite the recognized role of the T-bet transcription factor in the differentiation of Th1 cells, T-bet-deficient mice can develop small numbers of IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells. Although these are not sufficient to allow normal handling of some pathogens, T-bet-deficient mice do resolve infection with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, we report that expression of T-bet is required for resistance to Salmonella infection. T-bet-deficient mice succumbed to infection with attenuated Salmonella and did not generate IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells or isotype-switched Salmonella-specific Ab responses. Spleen cells from Salmonella-infected T-bet-deficient mice secreted increased levels of IL-10, but not IL-4, upon in vitro restimulation. A Salmonella-specific TCR transgenic adoptive transfer system was used to further define the involvement of T-bet expression in the development of Salmonella-specific Th1 cells. Wild-type Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells activated in T-bet-deficient recipient mice displayed no defect in clonal expansion, contraction, or IFN-gamma production. In contrast, T-bet-deficient, Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells activated in wild-type recipient mice produced less IFN-gamma and more IL-2 upon in vivo restimulation. Therefore, expression of T-bet by CD4 T cells is required for the development of Salmonella-specific Th1 cells, regulation of IL-10 production, and resistance to Salmonella infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dose determination for acute Salmonella infection in pigs.

Pigs were exposed to various levels of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium by either intranasal inoculation or by subjecting them to a contaminated environment. More than 10(3) salmonellae were required to induce acute Salmonella infection. These results indicate that intervention against acute Salmonella infection in lairage may be more readily achieved than previously thought.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Salmonella infections in infants hospitalized in the years 1979-1983].

The clinical course is described of Salmonella infections in 228 infants. The infection was associated, most frequently, with diarrhoea (with admixture of blood in stools in 57.2% of cases). In infants in the first 3 months of life the course of the disease was more serious, with evidence of toxic organ damage and prolonged diarrhoea. Salmonella infection was often associated with pneumonia or bronchitis (36.8%), urinary tract infection (29.8%), otitis media (22.8%). Iron-deficiency anaemia was present in three-fourths of children. In 35% of the infected children with Salmonella infection decreased level of gamma-globulins was found.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Serum levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-12, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-10, and bacterial clearance in patients with gastroenteric Salmonella infection.

Cytokines as intercellular signal molecules are responsible to a great extent for the pathological processes in Salmonella infection, as well as for the development of protective mechanisms in the disease. The present study aimed to reveal the correlation between serum levels of IFN-gamma, IL-12, TNF-alpha and IL-10, measured by enzyme-immunoassay, and clearance of bacteria in stool of patients with gastroenteric Salmonella infection. The study included 36 patients with culture confirmed gastroenteric Salmonella infection. At discharge from hospital, 20 patients recovered with bacteriological negative stool culture for Salmonella and 16 were Salmonella excretors. Mean serum concentrations of IFN-gamma, IL-12, TNF-alpha and IL-10 in the acute stage were compared between the 2 groups of patients and with those of healthy controls. Serum levels of examined cytokines were increased (p<0.001) in the patients in comparison with the healthy controls. In patients with early bacterial clearance mean serum concentrations of IFN-gamma, IL-12 and TNF-alpha in the acute stage were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the non-clearance group. IL-10 serum level showed an opposite correlation (p<0.01) and higher values in Salmonella excretors. The accumulated data imply that Th1 type cytokines probably participate in protective immunity and early bacterial clearance in patients with gastroenteric Salmonella infection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1981

Eimeria tenella infection enhances Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of concurrent infections of Salmonella typhimurium and Eimeria tenella on establishment of salmonella infection in chickens. There were four groups in all experiments: noninfected controls, birds infected with 50,000 E. tenella oocysts, birds infected with approximately 10(4) S. typhimurium, and birds infected with a combination of E. tenella S. typhimurium. In the first experiment with three identical trials of 80 birds each, chickens were infected with the organisms and necropsied 1, 3, 5, and 7 days later. Concurrent infections of coccidia and salmonella did not significantly enhance salmonella infection in terms of number of salmonella in the ceca and the number of positive birds for salmonella. In the second experiment, consisting of three replications of 80 chickens each, birds were exposed to salmonella on the day of coccidia exposure, 2, 4, or 6 days thereafter, and killed 1 day late. Salmonella in the ceca of coccidia-infected chickens did not increase significantly as compared with salmonella exposure alone. In the third experiment, with three replication of 60 birds each, chickens were exposed consecutively to salmonella 1 through 5 days and killed 7, 10, and 14 days after coccidia infection. There was a significant increase in number of salmonella in coccidia-infected ceca and number of chickens positive for salmonella in ceca or in liver when compared with those of salmonella infection alone.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A review of human salmonellosis: III. Magnitude of Salmonella infection in the United States.

National surveillance for salmonella infections was established in 1962, following recognition of the importance of Salmonella organisms as the cause of potentially preventable infectious disease in the United States. Reports of infections due to Salmonella have risen progressively to approximately 40,000 per year. In contrast, the parallel reporting system for infections due to Shigella shows no such increase. Because a passive surveillance system is used, it has been assumed salmonella infections have been substantially underreported. Three independent methods-determination of carriage rates, calculation of sequential surveillance artifacts, and calculation of overall surveillance artifact-were used to estimate the annual number of salmonella infections in the United States; the results were compared with those of a previous study. These methods produced estimates ranging from 800,000 to 3,700,000 (mean = 1,900,000; median = 1,400,000) infections annually. Accurate assessment of the number of infections is important for determining complication rates and for evaluating the efficacy of control programs.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1995

[Time series analysis of non-typhoid salmonella infections].

The use of time series modeling for non-typhoidal salmonella infections is important for improving epidemiological surveillance. Specific techniques which were necessary for our objectives are detailed in an accompanying paper. For each series analysed, we discuss how to choose an appropriate statistical model taking into account both the data structure and the specific objectives. For salmonella infections, we have quantified a "media coverage effect", constructed and alert threshold and estimated a link between two series. We have thus shown that the analysis of temporal variations is of relevance in public health and can contribute to epidemiological knowledge.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Emergence of domestically acquired ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections associated with AmpC beta-lactamase.

CONTEXT: Ceftriaxone, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, is an antimicrobial agent commonly used to treat severe Salmonella infections, especially in children. Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections have recently been reported in the United States, but the extent of the problem is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To summarize national surveillance data for ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections in the United States and to describe mechanisms of resistance. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series and laboratory evaluation of human isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 17 state and community health departments participating in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria between 1996 and 1998. PATIENTS: Patients with ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections between 1996 and 1998 were interviewed and isolates with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility were further characterized. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exposures and illness outcomes, mechanisms of resistance. RESULTS: The prevalence of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella was 0.1% (1 of 1326) in 1996, 0.4% (5 of 1301) in 1997, and 0.5% (7 of 1466) in 1998. Ten (77%) of the 13 patients with ceftriaxone-resistant infections were aged 18 years or younger. The patients lived in 8 states (California, Colorado, Kansas, Massachusetts, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, and Oregon). Nine (82%) of 11 patients interviewed did not take antimicrobial agents and 10 (91%) did not travel outside the United States before illness onset. Twelve of the 15 Salmonella isolates with ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16 microg/mL or higher were serotype Typhimurium but these isolates had different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Thirteen of these 15 isolates collected between 1996 and 1998 were positive for a 631-base pair polymerase chain reaction product obtained by using primers specific for the ampC gene of Citrobacter freundii. CONCLUSIONS: Domestically acquired ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella has emerged in the United States. Most ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolates had similar AmpC plasmid-mediated resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Lipid peroxidation in experimental Salmonella infection].

The results of investigation of lipid peroxidation in experimental Salmonella infection in 21-day-old rabbits are analyzed. Salmonella infection was accompanied by activation of lipid peroxidation not only in enterocytes, but also in blood serum. An increase in the level of malonic dialdehyde leads to a decrease in the antioxidation capacity and in the peroxidation resistance of erythrocytic membranes. The severity of the pathological process was found related to the activity of lipid peroxidation.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

RESISTANCE OF THE MOUSE'S INTESTINAL TRACT TO EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLA INFECTION. I. FACTORS WHICH INTERFERE WITH THE INITIATION OF INFECTION BY ORAL INOCULATION.

Multiplication of Salmonella enteritidis was inhibited in vitro by buffered suspensions of fecal material freshly removed from the large intestine of normal mice. Most effective was material obtained from cecum and transverse colon. Inhibitory activity was not impaired by sterilization by heat or filtration. From such materials were isolated acetic and butyric acids in concentrations which inhibited Salmonella in vitro. The degree of inhibitory activity of suspensions of colon content and of mixtures of the two fatty acids was conditioned by pH and favored by anaerobiosis. Effective inhibition occurred at or slightly below the pH of colon content of most normal mice as determined in situ by direct measurement. Acetic and butyric acids were isolated from anaerobic cultures of several strains of Bacteroides previously demonstrated to be one of the most numerous inhabitants of the large intestine of the normal mouse.

Acetates↗