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PubMed2000

The effect of sodium lauryl sulphate, triclosan and zinc on the permeability of normal oral mucosa.

OBJECTIVE: Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), an important component in many oral health products, is well established as a contact irritant in skin. Recent studies have suggested that it may also affect the structural integrity of oral mucosa. SLS is rarely used alone in dentifrices or mouthwashes and the aim of this study was to establish the effect of SLS both alone and in combination with Triclosan (TCN) and zinc (Zn) on the permeability barrier properties of normal human oral mucosa. METHOD: Ventral tongue mucosa was obtained from nine males and seven females within 60 h of death and stored frozen at -70 degrees C until use. The permeability of the tissue to tritiated water was measured after pretreatment for 15 min with SLS alone, SLS/TCN, SLS/Zn and a SLS/TCN/Zn mixture. Treatment with distilled water (DW) served as control. The histological appearance of the tissue before and after treatment was also examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: SLS treatment caused a significant increase in water permeability compared to control tissue (Kp = 11.7 +/- 1.00; 4.96 +/- 0.50 respectively; P < 0.005). Treatment with a SLS/TCN/Zn mixture, however, had no effect on the permeability to water (Kp = 5.5 +/- 0.56). Histological examination revealed that tissue exposed to SLS had a marked disruption of the epithelial surface whilst tissue treated with a SLS/TCN/Zn mixture was indistinguishable from controls. CONCLUSION: Although mucosa exposed to SLS alone showed an increase in permeability to water, the addition of TCN and Zn to SLS appeared to prevent this effect. As SLS is included in some dental products to solubilise compounds such as TCN, its presence may have no effect on the permeability barrier property of oral mucosa.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Genetic locus for streptolysin S production by group A streptococcus.

Group A streptococcus (GAS) is an important human pathogen that causes pharyngitis and invasive infections, including necrotizing fasciitis. Streptolysin S (SLS) is the cytolytic factor that creates the zone of beta-hemolysis surrounding GAS colonies grown on blood agar. We recently reported the discovery of a potential genetic determinant involved in SLS production, sagA, encoding a small peptide of 53 amino acids (S. D. Betschel, S. M. Borgia, N. L. Barg, D. E. Low, and J. C. De Azavedo, Infect. Immun. 66:1671-1679, 1998). Using transposon mutagenesis, chromosomal walking steps, and data from the GAS genome sequencing project (www.genome.ou.edu/strep. html), we have now identified a contiguous nine-gene locus (sagA to sagI) involved in SLS production. The sag locus is conserved among GAS strains regardless of M protein type. Targeted plasmid integrational mutagenesis of each gene in the sag operon resulted in an SLS-negative phenotype. Targeted integrations (i) upstream of the sagA promoter and (ii) downstream of a terminator sequence after sagI did not affect SLS production, establishing the functional boundaries of the operon. A rho-independent terminator sequence between sagA and sagB appears to regulate the amount of sagA transcript produced versus transcript for the entire operon. Reintroduction of the nine-gene sag locus on a plasmid vector restored SLS activity to the nonhemolytic sagA knockout mutant. Finally, heterologous expression of the intact sag operon conferred the SLS beta-hemolytic phenotype to the nonhemolytic Lactococcus lactis. We conclude that gene products of the GAS sag operon are both necessary and sufficient for SLS production. Sequence homologies of sag operon gene products suggest that SLS is related to the bacteriocin family of microbial toxins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Noninvasive measuring methods for the investigation of irritant patch test reactions. A study of patients with hand eczema, atopic dermatitis and controls.

The aim of the study was to assess the susceptibility of clinically normal skin to a standard irritant trauma under varying physiological and patophysiological conditions. Evaluation of skin responses to patch tests with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was used for assessment of skin susceptibility. The following noninvasive measuring methods were used for evaluation of the skin before and after exposure to irritants: measurement of transepidermal water loss by an evaporimeter, measurement of electrical conductance by a hydrometer, measurement of skin blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry, measurement of skin colour by a colorimeter and measurement of skin thickness by ultrasound A-scan. The studies were carried out on healthy volunteers and patients with eczema. In the first studies the standard irritant patch test for assessment of skin susceptibility was characterized and validated. SLS was chosen among other irritants because of its ability to penetrate and impair the skin barrier. The implications of use of different qualities of SLS was investigated. The applied noninvasive measuring methods were evaluated, and for quantification of SLS-induced skin damage measurement of TEWL was found to be the most sensitive method. Application of the standard test on clinically normal skin under varying physiological and patophysiological conditions lead to the following main results: Seasonal variation in skin susceptibility to SLS was found, with increased susceptibility in winter, when the hydration state of the stratum corneum was also found to be decreased. A variation in skin reactivity to SLS during the menstrual cycle was demonstrated, with an increased skin response at day 1 as compared to days 9-11 in the menstrual cycle. The presence of active eczema distant from the test site increased skin susceptibility to SLS, indicating a generalized hyperreactivity of the skin. Taking these sources of variation into account healthy volunteers and patients with hand eczema and atopic dermatits were studied and compared. In healthy volunteers increased baseline TEWL and increased light reflection from the skin, interpreted as "fair" skin, was found to be associated with increased susceptibility to SLS. Hand eczema patients were found to have fairer and thinner skin than matched controls. Increased susceptibility to SLS was found only in patients with acute eczema. Patients with atopic dermatitis had increased baseline TEWL as well as increased skin susceptibility as compared to controls. Skin susceptibility is thus influenced by individual- as well as environment-related factors. Knowledge of determinants of skin susceptibility may be useful for the identification of high-risk subjects for development of irritant contact dermatitis, and may help to prevent the formation of the disease.

Colorimetry↗

PubMed1996

Effects of all-trans retinoic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate on the permeability of human skin in vitro.

Recent in vivo investigations have shown that pretreatment with topical all-trans retinoic acid (RA) may diminish the skin response to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). This study evaluated the permeation of SLS through human skin after pretreatment with RA, and vice versa, by in vitro methods. The permeability coefficient of SLS (3.24 +/- 0.21 x 10(3) cm/h) and the 24-h cumulative amount of SLS (3.41 +/- 0.6% of dose applied) permeating RA-pretreated skin did not differ significantly from those across untreated skin (control) (P > 0.05). In contrast, the permeability coefficient of RA (0.23 +/- 0.05 x 10(3) cm/h) and its 24-h cumulative amount (0.37 +/- 0.05% of dose applied) penetrating SLS-pretreated skin were significantly greater than those permeating untreated skin (P < 0.05). Thus, an increase in RA penetration was induced by SLS pretreatment; however, pretreating the skin with RA did not inhibit the percutaneous permeation of SLS. Based on previous in vivo findings where RA reduced skin reactions to SLS, one would speculate that RA pretreatment may decrease SLS penetration. However, these penetration data do not necessarily uphold this presumption. Perhaps, other interactions between the substances and the skin, e.g. at cellular levels, may be responsible for the differing skin responses.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Association of Stein-Leventhal syndrome with the incidence of postmenopausal breast carcinoma in a large prospective study of women in Iowa.

BACKGROUND: The Stein-Leventhal syndrome (SLS), first described in 1935, is characterized by infertility, hyperandrogenization, and obesity. Because this phenotype represents an aggregation of risk factors for postmenopausal breast carcinoma, and because in general, a hormonal imbalance underlies the disorder, the authors examined the association between self-reported SLS and breast carcinoma incidence in a cohort of 34,835 cancer-free women assembled in 1986 and followed through 1992. METHODS: All participants were between the ages of 55 and 69 and held a valid Iowa driver's license. A total of 472 women in the cohort (1.35%) reported a history of SLS at baseline. Incident cases of breast carcinoma were identified annually using the State Health Registry of Iowa. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, there were 883 incident breast carcinomas, 14 among women reporting a history of SLS. Women with SLS were more likely than women without SLS to report fertility problems and menstrual irregularities, but there were no significant differences observed regarding body mass index (BMI). Although women with SLS were 1.8 times as likely to report benign breast disease than women without SLS (P < 0.01), they were not more likely to develop breast carcinoma (relative risk [RR] = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7-2). Adjustment for age at menarche, age at menopause, parity, oral contraceptive use, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and family history of breast carcinoma lowered the RR to 1 (95% CI = 0.6-1.9. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high risk profiles of some women with SLS, these results do not suggest that the syndrome per se is associated with an increased risk of postmenopausal breast carcinoma.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Skin penetration behaviour of sesquiterpene lactones from different Arnica preparations using a validated GC-MSD method.

Preparations of Arnica montana L. are widely used for the topical treatment of inflammatory diseases. The anti-inflammatory activity is mainly attributed to their sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) from the helenalin and 11alpha,13-dihydrohelenalin type. To study the penetration kinetics of SLs in Arnica preparations, a stripping method with adhesive tape and pig skin as a model was used. For the determination of SLs in the stripped layers of the stratum corneum (SC), a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method was developed and validated. Thereby the amount of helenalin derivatives was calculated as helenalin isobutyrate, and 11alpha,13-dihydrohelenalin derivatives as 11alpha,13-dihydrohelenalin methacrylate. This GC-MSD method is suitable also to determine low amounts of SLs in Arnica preparations. The penetration behaviour of one gel preparation and two ointment preparations was investigated. The SLs of all preparations show a comparable penetration in and a permeation through the stratum corneum, the uppermost part of the skin. Interestingly, the gel preparation showed a decrease of the penetration rate over 4h, whereas the penetration rate of ointments kept constant over time. Moreover, we could demonstrate that the totally penetrated amount of SLs only depends on the kind of the formulation and of the SLs-content in the formulation but not on the SLs composition or on the used extraction agent.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2001

Adsorption of sodium lauryl sulfate onto arsenic-bearing ferrihydrite.

Ferrihydrite is an excellent adsorbent for binding trace toxic contaminants such as arsenic, and precipitate flotation of the arsenic-bearing ferrihydrite has been studied. Anionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium oleate (NaOL) are suitable collectors for the flotation. The adsorption of SLS both alone and after the subsequent addition of NaOL on these precipitates at pH 4-5 was measured. It has been shown that the synergistic effect of the two surfactants on flotation is dependent on their addition order. The presence of NaOL before SLS in the conditioning stage can prevent the adsorption of SLS because of the electrostatic shielding of adsorption sites on the precipitates. The post addition of NaOL to the SLS-bearing precipitates can promote the flocculation of the precipitates and enhance entrainment of SLS for better flotation. The SLS adsorption data fit better with the modified Frumkin isotherm than the Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters (-delta Gads0,delta Hads0, and delta Sads0) have been derived from the analysis of the adsorption isotherms. The results suggest that the adsorption of SLS on AFH is physical and exothermic.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1999

Encapsulation of ethanol by spray drying technique: effects of sodium lauryl sulfate.

Microcapsules composed of ethanol, water and dextrin as a water-soluble polymer can be used to encapsulate poorly water-soluble drugs by spray drying technique. For the encapsulation of a high dose of poorly water-soluble drugs, large amounts of ethanol and consequently large quantities of dextrin are needed for the dissolution of drug and the encapsulation of ethanol, respectively. In order to increase the ethanol content with the decreased amount of dextrin, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was employed in the preparation of microcapsules without drug by a spray drying method. Phase diagrams were prepared to determine the region of microcapsule formation with a three-component system of ethanol, dextrin and water. The homogeneous phase indicated in the phase diagram was used to prepare the alcoholic microcapsules since this phase was not separated rapidly and not too viscous to be spray-dried. Interestingly, SLS at concentrations below 2% remarkably increased both the ethanol content and the encapsulation efficiency of ethanol. The maximum ethanol content and encapsulation efficiency were observed with 0.5-1% of SLS (35.4 and 67.6%, respectively). Furthermore, the increase by SLS was more pronounced at the low dextrin/water ratios than at the high dextrin/water ratios. In particular, the ethanol content and the encapsulation efficiency with the dextrin/ethanol/water ratio of 0.4/1/1, which had relatively small amounts of dextrin, were about ten times higher in the presence of SLS than those without SLS. In conclusion, this study shows that small amounts of SLS can increase the ethanol content and the encapsulation efficiency of ethanol, and allow the reduction in the amount of dextrin required to encapsulate ethanol in the preparation of microcapsules. These findings suggest that the use of SLS may permit the effective encapsulation of high dose of water-insoluble drug into microcapsules.

Capsules↗

PubMed2004

Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate in dissolution media on dissolution of hard gelatin capsule shells.

PURPOSE: Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a commonly used surfactant in dissolution media for poorly water soluble drugs. However, it has occasionally been observed that SLS negatively impacts the dissolution of drug products formulated in gelatin capsules. This study investigated the effect of SLS on the dissolution of hard gelatin capsule shells. METHODS: The USP paddle method was used with online UV monitoring at 214 nm (peptide bond). Empty size #0 capsule shells were held to the bottom of the dissolution vessel by magnetic three-prong sinkers. RESULTS: SLS significantly slowed down the dissolution of gelatin shells at pH < 5. Visually, the gelatin shells transformed into some less-soluble precipitate under these conditions. This precipitate was found to contain a higher sulfur content than the gelatin control sample by elemental analysis, indicating that SLS is part of the precipitate. Additionally, the slowdown of capsule shell dissolution was shown to be dependent on the SLS concentration and the ionic strength of the media. CONCLUSIONS: SLS interacts with gelatin to form a less-soluble precipitate at pH < 5. The use of SLS in dissolution media at acidic pH should be carefully evaluated for gelatin capsule products.

Capsules↗

PubMed2001

Which bioengineering assay is appropriate for irritant patch testing with sodium lauryl sulfate?

For testing with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and cutaneous blood flow with laser Doppler (LD) are considered to be the most reliable methods. The aim of this study was to determine which method of measurement should be preferred when conducting SLS testing under varying conditions. Patch testing with SLS at different concentrations and exposure times was performed. TEWL values were compared with those of LD. TEWL values showed distinct changes at low SLS concentrations and short application periods. By contrast, higher SLS concentrations were necessary to increase LD values. Short application of patches changed TEWL rather than LD values. When evaluating SLS patch testing by bioengineering methods, TEWL measurement appears to be more suitable for a test procedure that provokes mild skin reactions (SLS concentration <1%), whereas LD measurement is more appropriate to evaluate pronounced skin reactions (SLS concentration >or=1%).

Dermatitis, Irritant↗

PubMed1999

Recalcitrance of Streptococcus mutans biofilms towards detergent-stimulated detachment.

The biofilm mode of growth protects the plaque microorganisms against environmental attacks, such as from antimicrobials or detergents. Detergents have a demonstrated ability to detach initially adhering bacteria from enamel surfaces, but the ability of detergent components to detach plaque bacteria is not always obvious from in vivo experiments and reports on their clinical efficacy are inconsistent. It is likely that antimicrobials or detergents are unable to penetrate the plaque and reach the bacteria that actually link the plaque mass to the substratum surface. Attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the transport of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) through Streptococcus mutans HG 985 biofilms. The transport of SLS to the base of the S. mutans biofilms was not hindered, while moreover an accumulation of SLS near the base of the biofilms was found, suggesting that SLS was adsorbed to biofilm components. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the ability of S. mutans, grown on sucrose supplemented medium, to adsorb SLS, and simultaneously indicated that exposure of cells to SLS might lead to a loss of surface proteins. Furthermore, experiments in a parallel-plate flow chamber demonstrated that initially adhering S. mutans HG 985 could be stimulated to detach by SLS, but that, depending on the growth stage of the biofilm, only maximally 27% of biofilm bacteria could be stimulated to detach by a 4% (w/v) SLS solution.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1999

Passive sustainable hydration of the stratum corneum following surfactant challenge.

Surfactants exhibit a protein-denaturating potency which is responsible for water uptake and swelling of the stratum corneum. There is also an increased transepidermal water loss related to the alteration of the barrier function. In the present prospective study, we evaluated sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)-dependent changes in electrometric properties of skin. Single and iterative SLS challenges were performed. Measurements were made using a NOVA DPM on continuous mode for 5 min in order to assess both the baseline surface hydration and the rate of changes during probe occlusion. The present noninvasive instrumental evaluation of surfactant irritancy shows high sensitivity in each subject, but suffers from large inter-individual variability in the skin response following single and iterative sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) challenges. The baseline surface hydration, that is almost unaffected 1 h after removing SLS patches, significantly decreases after a lag time of 24 h. The rate of water accumulation in the stratum corneum during the probe occlusion is significantly increased by SLS and is proportional to the SLS concentration and the number of iterative patches. Single water- or SLS-patch-tests fail to predict the skin response to cumulative SLS challenges and inter-individual variability is large for all electrometric variables.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Routine insertion of a silastic spring-loaded silo for infants with gastroschisis.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Gastroschisis traditionally is managed by emergency operating room closure (EC), with a silo reserved for cases that cannot be closed primarily. The authors recently began using routine insertion of a SILASTIC (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) spring-loaded silo (SLS), followed by elective closure. METHODS: A total of 43 consecutive neonates with gastroschisis were treated between 1993 and 1998. RESULTS: Thirty patients underwent EC, and 13 underwent closure after insertion of a SLS (10 at bedside, 3 in the operating room). Eight infants treated by EC required staged repair. There were no differences with respect to gestational age, birth weight, gender, Apgar score, maternal age, or mode of delivery. Median length of stay was 32 days for EC and 25 days for SLS (P = .05). The SLS group required fewer days on a ventilator (4 v 6 days, P = .03) and had lower intraoperative (28 v 21, P = .02) and early postoperative peak airway pressures. The time to tolerate full feedings was 21 days for SLS and 27 days for EC (P = .07). The SLS group had fewer complications and a lower median hospital charge ($71,498 v $85,147; P = .05). CONCLUSION: SLS followed by elective repair permits gentle, gradual reduction of the viscera. When compared with EC, SLS is associated with significantly lower airway pressures, earlier extubation, fewer complications, and decreased length of stay and hospital charges.

Coated Materials, Biocompatible↗

PubMed1998

Sesquiterpene lactones specifically inhibit activation of NF-kappa B by preventing the degradation of I kappa B-alpha and I kappa B-beta.

Extracts from certain Mexican Indian medicinal plants used in traditional indigenous medicine for the treatment of inflammations contain sequiterpene lactones (SLs), which specifically inhibit the transcription factor NF-kappa B (Bork, P. M., Schmitz, M. L., Kuhnt, M., Escher, C., and Heinrich, M. (1997) FEBS Lett. 402, 85-90). Here we show that SLs prevented the activation of NF-kappa B by different stimuli such as phorbol esters, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, ligation of the T-cell receptor, and hydrogen peroxide in various cell types. Treatment of cells with SLs prevented the induced degradation of I kappa B-alpha and I kappa B-beta by all these stimuli, suggesting that they interfere with a rather common step in the activation of NF-kappa B. SLs did neither interfere with DNA binding activity of activated NF-kappa B nor with the activity of the protein tyrosine kinases p59fyn and p60arc. Micromolar amounts of SLs prevented the induced expression of the NF-kappa B target gene intracellular adhesion molecule 1. Inhibition of NF-kappa B by SLs resulted in an enhanced cell killing of murine fibroblast cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. SLs lacking an exomethylene group in conjugation with the lactone function displayed no inhibitory activity on NF-kappa B. The analysis of the cellular redox state by fluorescence-activated cell sorter showed that the SLs had no direct or indirect anti-oxidant properties.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Cysteine 38 in p65/NF-kappaB plays a crucial role in DNA binding inhibition by sesquiterpene lactones.

Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) have potent anti-inflammatory properties. We have shown previously that they exert this effect in part by inhibiting activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, a central regulator of the immune response. We have proposed a molecular mechanism for this inhibition based on computer molecular modeling data. In this model, SLs directly alkylate the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB, thereby inhibiting DNA binding. Nevertheless, an experimental evidence for the proposed mechanism was lacking. Moreover, based on experiments using the SL parthenolide, an alternative mode of action has been proposed by other authors in which SLs inhibit IkappaB-alpha degradation. Here we report the construction of p65/NF-kappaB point mutants that lack the cysteine residues alkylated by SLs in our model. In contrast to wild type p65, DNA-binding of the Cys(38) --> Ser and Cys(38,120) --> Ser mutants is no longer inhibited by SLs. In addition, we provide evidence that parthenolide uses a similar mechanism to other SLs in inhibiting NF-kappaB. Contrary to previous reports, we show that parthenolide, like other SLs, inhibits NF-kappaB most probably by alkylating p65 at Cys(38). Although a slight inhibition of IkappaB degradation was detected for all SLs, the amount of remaining IkappaB was too low to explain the observed NF-kappaB inhibition.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗

PubMed1996

The effect of toothpaste containing triclosan on oral mucosal desquamation. A model study.

SLS-containing toothpaste has previously been shown to cause oral mucosal desquamations when used in an experimental cap splint model. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of toothpastes containing SLS in combination with triclosan on oral mucosal desquamation in a similar cap splint model system. It has previously been shown that the antibacterial agent triclosan also may have anti-inflammatory properties. The concentration of triclosan in the experimental toothpastes was 0.3%, while SLS varied from 1.5% to 3%. No oral mucosal desquamations were observed after use of a 1.5% SLS 0.3% triclosan containing toothpaste, contrary to the positive control toothpaste that contained 1.5% SLS without triclosan. Furthermore, a statistically significant reduction in severe desquamations was observed after use of a toothpaste containing 3% SLS-0.3% triclosan compared with the positive control. It may thus be suggested that triclosan exerts a moderating effect on desquamative reactions caused by SLS and that the effect is dependent on the relative amount of triclosan and SLS in the toothpastes.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The anti-plaque efficacy of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse used in combination with toothbrushing with dentifrice.

BACKGROUND: Although the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) chemically can be affected by the presence of a sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)-containing dentifrice in the oral cavity, previous data, collected without supervision, showed that the level of plaque inhibition offered by a 0.2% CHX post-brushing rinse in one jaw is not reduced under the influence of toothbrushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice in the opposite jaw. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate, during a 4-day supervised study period, the anti-plaque efficacy of a 0.2% CHX pre-brushing rinse in one jaw, under the influence of toothbrushing in the opposite jaw, either with a SLS-containing dentifrice or with a SLS-free dentifrice. Three different dentifrices were tested. Two of them contained SLS (Colgate Total & Aquafresh Natural Whitening), the other (Zendium) did not. METHODS: The study was an examiner blind, randomised 4-cell, crossover design. It used a 4-day plaque accumulation model to compare under supervision 4 different oral hygiene regimens with a washout period of at least one week. Thirty-five healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to a sequence according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. At the beginning of each 4-day test period, they received a thorough dental prophylaxis. Plaque was scored in one randomly assigned (upper or lower) jaw, called the study jaw. At the end of the 4-day period the study jaw was used to study the effect of the four regimens on the level of plaque accumulation. The opposite jaw was assigned as the dentifrice jaw and served only to introduce the effect of brushing with a dentifrice in the study model. Four oral hygiene regimens were designed. During the randomly assigned test periods, rinsing with 0.2% CHX and then brushing the dentifrice jaw was performed twice daily. In regimen 1, 2, and 3 the subjects used a dentifrice in the assigned dentifrice jaw being either a dentifrice with SLS (Colgate Total and Aquafresh Natural Whitening) or a SLS-free dentifrice (Zendium). Regimen 4 served as a control during witch subjects only rinsed with 0.2% CHX. No other oral hygiene methods were allowed. After 4 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation, the amount of plaque was evaluated (Lobene et al. 1982, Quigley & Hein 1962, Turesky et al. 1970 modifications). RESULTS: The overall plaque index for regimen 1, 2 and 3 was, respectively, 1.8, 1.8 and 1.9. For regimen 4, the overall plaque index was 1.9. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the four regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Within the present study design, it can be concluded that the anti-plaque efficacy of a pre-brushing 0.2% CHX mouthrinse does not seem to be reduced under the influence of a normal toothbrushing exercise with a dentifrice after rinsing, whether the dentifrice contains SLS or not.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Influence of irritants on lymph node cell proliferation and the detection of contact sensitivity to metal salts in the murine local lymph node assay.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) are known to cause irritation of the skin, and to enhance the penetration of chemicals into the epidermis. In the present study, the lymph node cell (LNC) proliferative response following exposure to irritants, such as SLS and DMSO, was examined in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Exposure to DMSO or SLS aqueous solution induced a small increase in lymph node cell proliferation compared with aqueous solution alone. Exposure to SLS in DMSO caused a significant increase in LNC proliferation. Further, the effect of addition of the irritants in a vehicle on the detection of contact sensitivity to metal allergens was examined. Application of potassium dichromate and nickel sulfate in DMSO or SLS aqueous solution caused increases in LNC proliferation. Exposure to metal allergen with SLS in DMSO also induced a significant LNC proliferative response, but did not induce a significant increase in stimulation index (increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation relative to vehicle-treated control group). This was because of increased 3H-thymidine incorporation following exposure to SLS-DMSO in the control group. These results suggest that irritants enhance the LNC proliferative responses to metal allergens. The use of SLS in aqueous solution is effective for the detection of sensitivity to water-soluble allergens, such as metal allergens, in the LLNA, as well as the use of DMSO as an application vehicle.

Animals↗