[Sprains, wrenches and strains of the spinal axis].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Back Pain↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “SPRAINS AND STRAINS”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
[Sprain, contusion and strain treated with a paste made of huang chilh tze and ming ju hsiang].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Contusions↗
The strain of cervical sprains.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Chronic Disease↗
Chronic symptoms in construction workers treated for musculoskeletal injuries.
BACKGROUND: Soft tissue musculoskeletal injuries make up a high proportion of all work-related injuries in construction. Data from Workers' Compensation claims indicate that strains and sprains are the leading compensable injury for construction workers. This study describes the consequences of soft tissue musculoskeletal injuries for construction workers, and assesses the persistence of symptoms after an injury and the impact of that injury on return to work. METHODS: Through an Emergency Department surveillance system [Hunting et al., 1994a], we recorded 176 construction worker visits, from 5/01/93 through 2/28/95, for strains, sprains, joint injury or pain, tendinitis, dislocations, hernias, or other musculoskeletal injuries excluding fractures. Telephone interviews were conducted several months after workers had visited the emergency room for a musculoskeletal injury. RESULTS: Seventy individuals were interviewed about the long-term impacts of 72 incidents that had resulted in work-related musculoskeletal injuries. For 46 (62%) of the 74 diagnoses, problems continued beyond two months. The likelihood of problems continuing more than two months varied considerably by body location of injury. Hispanic workers and older workers were more likely to have continuing symptoms. Eleven of the 45 construction workers with symptoms persisting longer than two months were not employed at the time of the interview. Only 11 of the 45 workers with ongoing symptoms told us that modifications had been made to their jobs to accommodate their symptoms. About one-quarter of these 45 subjects reported substantial effects on home or work life. CONCLUSIONS: Acute musculoskeletal injuries in construction workers frequently result in chronic symptoms, and those with chronic symptoms report substantial effects of the injury on their quality of life. Job accommodations were made in a minority of these injuries. These findings point to the need for heightened efforts for injury prevention in this industry.
Absenteeism↗
Safety of a preadolescent basketball program.
A preadolescent youth basketball program was prospectively studied to determine injury rates and the kinds of injuries sustained. The overall injury rate was 7.6% (39 injuries among the 510 children aged 5 to 12 years). Girls had a higher injury rate than boys (P less than .02). Only 12 children (2.4%) suffered significant injuries as defined by the inability to play for at least one session. Most injuries were contusions (35.9%), followed by strains or sprains (28.2%), epistaxis (12.8%), lacerations (5.1%), and one finger fracture (2.6%), the most significant injury. Games were more likely to produce injuries than practice sessions; most injuries occurred in the second half of game play. This study documents a low injury rate in an organized preadolescent basketball program.
Basketball↗
The effect of regional trauma care systems on costs.
OBJECTIVE: To assess cost savings from regional trauma care systems. DESIGN: Multivariate regression analysis is used to isolate the effects of regional trauma care systems on medical costs while controlling for personal and injury characteristics and other factors likely to influence medical costs. Percentage reductions in costs are translated into dollar cost savings with corrections for excluded costs and losses from premature death. SETTING: Injuries to workers filing workers' compensation lost workday claims. PARTICIPANTS: Randomly sampled workers' compensation claims from 17 states filed between 1979 and 1988 (N = 217,000). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Medical payments per episode of four injury groups: lower-extremity fractures and dislocations, upper-extremity fractures and dislocations, other upper-extremity injuries, and back strains and sprains. We distinguish hospitalized from nonhospitalized claims. RESULTS: Statistical analyses reveal that states with trauma care systems have 15.5% lower costs per hospitalized injury episode. Savings average $1025 per case in 1988 dollars. Costs per episode for disabling nonhospitalized injury are 10% lower in states with trauma care systems, with savings averaging $75 per case. The largest savings are for back injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Extending trauma care systems nationwide could lower annual medical care payments by $3.2 billion. Including productivity losses due to premature death, the savings could total $10.3 billion, 5.9% of national injury costs.
Arm Injuries↗
Injuries to rescue workers following the Oklahoma City bombing.
The objective of this study was to identify and describe physical injuries to rescue workers in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing. Data were obtained from medical records from 16 hospital emergency departments and specialty clinics in the Oklahoma City area, and reported visits to medical providers at the bombing site. Participants were rescue personnel from the Oklahoma City Fire Department, the mutual aid fire stations in the Oklahoma City area, the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Urban Search and Rescue teams, and military personnel stationed near Oklahoma City. All participants were involved in the rescue and recovery operation. The two main outcome measures were (1) the number, types, and rates of injuries; and (2) comparisons of case-finding methods, including medical chart review and telephone interview. The most common injuries were strains and sprains (21.4%), foreign bodies in eyes (14.5%), and laceration/crush/puncture wounds (18.4%). Of the four case-finding mechanisms, telephone interviews following the event identified the largest number of cases (84.5%). Most injuries were minor; some injuries such as chemical burns were preventable. The potential utility of other data collection mechanisms is considered.
Eye Foreign Bodies↗
Geographic variation in expenditures for Workers' Compensation hospitalized claims.
OBJECTIVE: Past literature finds considerable variation in the cost of physician care and in the utilization of medical procedures. Variation in the cost of hospitalized care has received little attention. We examine injury costs of hospitalized claims across states. DESIGN: Multivariate regression analysis is used to isolate state variations, while controlling for personal and injury characteristics, and state characteristics. SETTING: Injuries to workers filing Workers' Compensation lost workday claims. PARTICIPANTS: About 35,000 randomly sampled Workers' Compensation claims from 17 states filed between 1979 and 1988. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Medical payments per episode of three injury groups: upper and lower extremity fractures and dislocations, other upper extremity injuries, and back strains and sprains. RESULTS: Statistical analyses reveal considerable variation in expenditures for hospitalized injuries across states, even after controlling for case mix and state characteristics. A substantial portion of the variation is explained by state rate regulations; regulated states have lower costs. CONCLUSIONS: The large variation in costs suggests a potential to affect the costs of hospitalized care. Efforts should be directed at those areas that have higher costs without sufficient input price, quality, or case mix justification.
Arm Injuries↗
Interdependence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages stained for N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in lavage effluents from toluene diisocyanate-exposed rat lungs.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) concentrations between 0.082 and 1.087 ppm for 4 h, and pulmonary lavage was carried out 24 h after initiation of the exposure. Cells recovered from the lavage effluents of TDI-exposed rat lungs were identified and counted, then pulmonary macrophages (PMs) resulting from cytocentrifuged preparations were examined for N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) cytochemical staining. Exposure to TDI led to a parallel and concentration-dependent increase in the number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and the proportion of PMs stained for NAG, suggesting that the same primary event initiates the two cell responses.
Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Continuous low-level heat wrap therapy is effective for treating wrist pain.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of continuous low-level heat wrap therapy for the treatment of various sources of wrist pain including strain and sprain (SS), tendinosis (T), osteoarthritis (OA), and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, parallel, single-blind (investigator), placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. SETTING: Two community-based research facilities. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-three patients (age range, 18-65 y) with wrist pain. INTERVENTION: Subjects with moderate or greater wrist pain were randomized and stratified to 1 of the following treatments: efficacy evaluation (heat wrap, n=39; oral placebo, n=42) or blinding (oral acetaminophen, n=6; unheated wrap, n=6). Data were recorded over 3 days of treatment and 2 days of follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary comparison was between the heat wrap and the oral placebo group among SS/T/OA subjects for pain relief. Outcome measures included pain relief (0-5 scale), joint stiffness (101-point numeric rating scale), grip strength measured by dynamometry, and perceived pain and disability (Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation [PRWE]); subjects with CTS also completed the Symptom Severity Scale and Functional Status Scale. RESULTS: Heat wrap therapy showed significant benefits in day 1 to 3 mean pain relief (P=.045) and increased day 3 grip strength (P=.02) versus oral placebo for the SS/T/OA group. However, joint stiffness and PRWE results were comparable between the 2 treatments. For the CTS group, heat wraps provided greater day 1 to 3/hour 0 to 8 mean pain relief (P=.001), day 1 to 3 mean joint stiffness reduction (P=.004), increased day 3 grip strength (P=.003), reduced PRWE scores (P=.0015), reduced symptom severity (P=.001), and improved functional status (P=.04). In addition, the heat wrap showed significant extended benefits through follow-up (day 5) in the CTS group. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous low-level heat wrap therapy was efficacious for the treatment of common conditions causing wrist pain and impairment.
Acetaminophen↗
Risk factors for back injury in 31,076 retail merchandise store workers.
Risk factors for work-associated strain or sprain back injuries were investigated in a cohort of 31,076 material handlers from 260 retail merchandise stores in the United States. The workers studied were those with significant material-handling responsibilities--daily lifting and movement of merchandise. Workers in jobs with the greatest physical work requirements had an injury rate of 3.64 per 100 person-years versus 1.82 in workers with lesser work requirements. The unadjusted injury rate for males was 3.67 per 100 person-years compared with 2.34 per 100 person-years for females, but the excess for males was confounded by higher physical work requirements for men in the stocker/receiver job category. The injury rate ratio for short versus long duration of employment was 3.53 (95% confidence interval: 2.90, 4.30); for medium versus long duration of employment, it was 1.38 (95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.62). The elevated rate ratios were maintained when the data were stratified by subsets with different rates of turnover. The results suggest that workers with the greatest physical work requirements and those with the shortest duration of employment are at the highest risk of back injuries. However, selection forces causing worker turnover within this cohort of active workers are not well characterized and have the potential to bias the measures for time-related factors such as duration of employment.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Injuries in women's professional soccer.
OBJECTIVE: The injury data from the first two seasons of the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) were analysed to determine the injury incidence, anatomic location of injuries, and relation of player position. METHODS: Injury data on 202 players from eight teams during the first two seasons of the WUSA were prospectively collected and analysed. RESULTS: A total of 173 injuries occurred in 110 players with an overall injury incidence rate of 1.93 injuries per 1000 player hours. The incidence of injury during practice and games was 1.17 and 12.63 per 1000 player hours, respectively. Of the injuries 82% were acute and 16% were chronic. Most of the injuries (60%) were located in the lower extremities. Strains (30.7%), sprains (19.1%), contusions (16.2%), and fractures (11.6%) were the most common diagnoses and the knee (31.8%) and head (10.9%) were the most common sites of injury. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries accounted for 4.6% of all injuries and the incidence of ACL tears was 0.09 per 1000 player hours (practice 0.04, game 0.90). Midfielders suffered the most injuries (p<0.007). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the injury incidence in the WUSA is lower than the 6.2 injuries per 1000 player hours found in the corresponding male professional league (Major League Soccer); however, knee injuries predominate even in these elite female athletes.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries↗
Sport and active recreation injuries in Australia: evidence from emergency department presentations.
OBJECTIVE: Despite the rise in specialist clinical services for the management of sports and active recreation injury, many patients attend hospital emergency departments for treatment. The purpose of this study was to describe sports injury cases presented to selected hospital emergency departments around Australia for the period 1989-1993. METHODS: Routinely collected emergency department injury presentation data from the Australian National Injury Surveillance Unit were examined. Data on 98,040 sports and active recreation emergency department presentations were analysed. Sports and active recreation activities were ranked according to frequency of presentation. Relative proportions of injury type and body region injured were determined. Data are presented separately for children (<15 years of age) and adults (>15 years of age). RESULTS: Among the 10 activities that most commonly led to a sports or active recreation injury presentation for all ages were cycling, Australian football, basketball, soccer, cricket, netball, and rugby. For children, injuries were also commonly associated with roller skating/blading, skateboarding, and trampolining. Hockey, martial arts, and dancing injuries were frequent in adults. Most sporting injuries occurred during organised competition or practice whereas the active recreation injuries occurred in a variety of settings. Fractures, strains, and sprains, particularly to the lower and upper extremities, were common types of injury. CONCLUSION: The rich, but nevertheless limited, information available about sports and active recreation injuries from data collected in emergency departments indicates that these activities are a common context for injury at the community level in Australia.
Adolescent↗
Quantitative systematic review of topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
OBJECTIVE: To review the effectiveness and safety of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in acute and chronic pain conditions. DESIGN: Quantitative systematic review of randomised controlled trials. DATA SOURCES: 86 trials involving 10,160 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of treatment success approximating at least 50% reduction in pain, local and systemic adverse effects. Analysis at 1 week for acute and 2 weeks for chronic conditions with relative benefit and number needed to treat. RESULTS: In acute pain conditions (soft tissue trauma, strains, and sprains) placebo controlled trials had a relative benefit of 1.7 (1.5 to 1.9), the number needed to treat was 3.9 (3.4 to 4.4). With analysis by drug (at least three trials), ketoprofen (number needed to treat 2.6), felbinac (3.0), ibuprofen (3.5), and piroxicam (4.2) had significant efficacy. Benzydamine and indomethacin were no different from placebo. In chronic pain conditions (osteoarthritis, tendinitis) placebo controlled trials had a relative benefit of 2.0 (1.5 to 2.7); the number needed to treat was 3.1 (2.7 to 3.8). Small trials (< 40 treated patients) exaggerated effectiveness of topical non-steroidals by 33% in acute conditions but not in chronic conditions. There was no relation between trial quality and treatment effect. In both acute and chronic pain local and systemic adverse events and withdrawal from the study related to the drug had a low incidence and were no different from placebo. CONCLUSION: Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in relieving pain in acute and chronic conditions.
Acute Disease↗
Gridiron football injuries.
OBJECTIVE: To review the available football epidemiology literature to identify risk factors, facilitate injury prevention and uncover deficiencies that may be addressed by future research. DATA SOURCES: A literature search of Sports Discus (1940-2003), Eric (1967-2003), EMBASE (1988-2003), MEDLINE (1966-2003), CINAHL (1984-2003), and Web of Science (1993-2003) identified the published articles on American football in athletes of high school age and younger. MAIN RESULTS: Injury rate increases with the level of play (grade in school), player age, and player experience. The lower extremity (knee and ankle joints) is most frequently injured. Football injuries are much more common in games than in practice, and occur to players who are being tackled, tackling or blocking. Most injuries are mild, including contusion, strain and sprain. Rule changes with the prohibition of initial contact with the helmet or face-mask reduced catastrophic head and neck injuries. CONCLUSION: Although no sport or recreational activity is completely risk-free, football epidemiology research is critical to injury prevention. The existing medical literature provides some valuable insights, but an increased emphasis on prospective research is required to test the efficacy of preventative measures. Quality research may contribute to a reduction in football injury risk by defining the role of player conditioning and strength training, coaching of safety fundamentals, avoidance of dangerous activities, as well as proper medical supervision and care. Sports medicine personnel, coaches, and officials must strive to minimize injuries through progressive education, improved coaching techniques, effective officiating, and equipment modifications.
Adolescent↗
Healing of experimental muscle strains and the effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication.
The healing process of muscle strains and the effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication were studied using an experimental animal model. A standardized strain of the tibialis anterior muscle in adult male rats was produced by a controlled stretch of the muscle. Groups I and II underwent a unilateral strain of the tibialis anterior muscle and were immobilized in the postinjury period. The rats in Group II were fed piroxicam in the postinjury period. Group III underwent a sham procedure and were also immobilized. At 0, 2, 4, and 11 days postinjury both injured and contralateral control muscles were evaluated by determining tensile strength characteristics and histologic appearance. Group I showed a significant drop in maximum failure load to 25.7% of the control leg at Day 2 with a gradual return to the level of Group III at Days 4 and 11 (40.9% and 50.1%). Group II showed a similar drop but was still stronger than Group I at 2 days with 40.8% of the control leg and continued to drop until 4 days postinjury (33.7%). Histology showed a delay in inflammatory reaction and muscle regeneration in Group II. At 11 days both Groups I and II showed regenerated muscle fibers bridging the entire defect and an increase in endomyseal fibrosis. It is concluded that muscle strains continue to weaken in the early postinjury period. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory medication, such as piroxicam, might delay muscle regeneration.
Animals↗