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PubMed1983

[Clinical evaluation of immunologic reactivity of the organism and immunotherapy in purulent surgical infection].

The reaction of leukocytolysis with microbial standard allergens is found to be more sensitive than the intracutaneous test to detect the bacterial allergy in patients with a purulent surgical infection. The microbial allergization of the organism is followed by a considerable inhibition of the humoral and cell immunity. Immunotherapy must be included in the complex treatment of patients with purulent surgical infection for elimination of the specific sensibilization and improvement of the immune reactivity of the organism.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of vitamin A on immunogenesis].

Experiments made on mice, rats and rabbits have shown that administration of vitamin A promotes an increase in the weight of the lymphoid organs, thymus and spleen and stimulates production of the antibody-forming cells by the spleen, as well as that of serum antibodies during immunization with different antigens: sheep red blood cells, influenza virus, tetanus and staphylococcal toxoids. The possible mechanisms that underlie vitamin A action are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Immunogenicity and efficacy against lethal aerosol staphylococcal enterotoxin B challenge in monkeys by intramuscular and respiratory delivery of proteosome-toxoid vaccines.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a primary cause of food poisoning, is also a superantigen that can cause toxic shock after traumatic or surgical staphylococcal wound [correction of would] infections or viral influenza-associated staphylococcal superinfections or when aerosolized for use as a potential biologic warfare threat agent. Intranasal or intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with formalinized SEB toxoid formulated with meningococcal outer membrane protein proteosomes has previously been shown to be immunogenic and protective against lethal respiratory or parenteral SEB challenge in murine models of SEB intoxication. Here, it is demonstrated that immunization of nonhuman primates with the proteosome-SEB toxoid vaccine is safe, immunogenic, and protective against lethal aerosol challenge with 15 50% lethal doses of SEB. Monkeys (10 per group) were primed i.m. and given booster injections by either the i.m. or intratracheal route without adverse side effects. Anamnestic anti-SEB serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses were elicited in all monkeys, but strong IgA responses in sera and bronchial secretions were elicited both pre- and post-SEB challenge only in monkeys given booster injections intratracheally. The proteosome-SEB toxoid vaccine was efficacious by both routes in protecting 100% of monkeys against severe symptomatology and death from aerosolized-SEB intoxication. These data confirm the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in monkeys of parenteral and respiratory vaccination with the proteosome-SEB toxoid, thereby supporting clinical trials of this vaccine in humans. The safety and enhancement of both bronchial and systemic IgA and IgG responses by the proteosome vaccine delivered by a respiratory route are also encouraging for the development of mucosally delivered proteosome vaccines to protect against SEB and other toxic or infectious respiratory pathogens.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1984

[A new treatment possibility for dogs with chronic or recurrent pyoderma].

Effective treatment of chronic or recurrent pyodermas in dogs is often found to be difficult. The disease apparently results from a change in the balance between the infecting microorganism: Staphylococcus aureus, and the host. This change in the normal equilibrium could be due to enhanced virulence of the infecting strain of staphylococci, but is more likely to have been caused by host factors such as disturbed non-specific defence mechanisms (of the skin) or malfunction of the immune response, e.g. hypersensitivity. When conventional forms of treatment such as grooming, skin-hygienic measures and antibiotics fail or relapses occur, immunotherapy with a staphylococcal vaccine or toxoid might be considered. In studies with experimental animals it was shown alpha-toxoid was superior to other staphylococcal toxoids or vaccines in preventing skin lesions. Four dogs with deep-seated chronic pyodermas were treated with staphylococcal alpha-toxoid emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Three of these animals recovered, but because of severe unwanted side-effects, this form of therapy was abandoned. Ten dogs with deep-seated chronic primary pyodermas were treated with a commercially available alpha- and beta-toxoid preparation (Isopyos). Nine of these patients recovered. In two cases, however, relapses occurred several months later, but the symptoms disappeared again after a booster injection. One dog did not respond; its condition deteriorated and it had to be euthanised. As the dogs received toxoid intracutaneously as well as intramuscularly, the positive effect might be due to desensitization of the animals rather than to immunisation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immune response with biodegradable nanospheres and alum: studies in rabbits using staphylococcal enterotoxin B-toxoid.

In this study, the adjuvant effect of the sustained release biodegradable nanospheres (100-150 nm in diameter) has been compared with alum. Nanospheres were formulated using a biodegradable polylactic polyglycolic acid copolymer (PLGA, 50:50) containing Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) toxoid as a model vaccine antigen. Systemic immune response of the nanospheres containing toxoid was studied in rabbits by subcutaneous immunization. The data demonstrated that approximately 30% of the toxoid activity was lost following its encapsulation into nanospheres. Under in vitro conditions, nanospheres demonstrated sustained release of the toxoid. However, only 20% of the antigenic toxoid was released over the first 2 weeks of the release study. Immunization of animals with equal doses of toxoid, either using nanospheres or alum induced a comparable systemic immune response (IgG, IgM and IgA). The immune response reached a maximum level at 7 weeks post-immunization, which then gradually declined with time. The booster dose of toxoid at 19 weeks, either using alum or nanospheres induced similar immune response in both the groups, but was greater than the primary immune response. The studies, thus, suggest that biodegradable nanospheres could be used as a vaccine adjuvant.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1996

Intranasal and intramuscular proteosome-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) toxoid vaccines: immunogenicity and efficacy against lethal SEB intoxication in mice.

Intranasal or intramuscular (i.m.) immunization of mice and i.m. immunization of rabbits with formalinized staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) toxoid in saline elicited higher anti-SEB serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers when the toxoid was formulated with proteosomes. In addition, intranasal immunization of mice with this proteosome-toxoid vaccine elicited high levels of anti-SEB IgA in lung and intestinal secretions, whereas the toxoid without proteosomes did not. Two i.m. immunizations with proteosome-toxoid plus alum also induced higher murine serum responses than alum-adjuvanted toxoid without proteosomes. Furthermore, proteosome-toxoid delivered intranasally in saline or i.m. with either saline or alum afforded significant protection against lethal SEB challenge in two D-galactosamine-sensitized murine models of SEB intoxication, i.e., the previously described i.m. challenge model and a new respiratory challenge model of mucosal SEB exposure. Efficacy correlated with the induction of high serum levels of anti-SEB IgG. In contrast, intranasal or i.m. immunization with toxoid in saline without proteosomes was not significantly protective in either challenge model. Proteosome-toxoid plus alum given i.m. also elicited more significant protection against respiratory challenge than the alum-adjuvanted toxoid alone. The capacity of proteosomes to enhance both i.m. and intranasal immunogenicity and efficacy of SEB toxoid indicates that testing such proteosome-SEB toxoid vaccines in the nonhuman primate aerosol challenge model of SEB intoxication prior to immunogenicity trials in humans is warranted. These data expand the applicability of the proteosome mucosal vaccine delivery system to protein toxoids and suggest that respiratory delivery of proteosome vaccines may be practical for enhancement of both mucosal and systemic immunity against toxic or infectious diseases.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1995

Humoral immunity to aerosolized staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a superantigen, in monkeys vaccinated with SEB toxoid-containing microspheres.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) toxoid-containing microspheres were tested for efficacy in rhesus monkeys as a vaccine candidate for respiratory SEB toxicosis and toxic shock. Forty monkeys were randomly separated into 10 groups of four monkeys each: 9 groups were vaccinated with the microspheres via combinations of mucosal and nonmucosal routes, and 1 group served as nonvaccinated controls. Both vaccinated and nonvaccinated monkeys were then challenged with a high lethal dose of SEB aerosol. Monkeys primed with an intramuscular dose of the microspheres followed by an intratracheal booster all survived the SEB challenge. Overall, monkeys with an intratracheal booster generally had the highest antibody levels, which is consistent with their high survival rate and lower rate of illness. Protective immunity was correlated with antibody levels in both the circulation and the respiratory tract. The protection was not due to the depletion or anergy of SEB-reactive T cells, since SEB-induced proliferation in cultures of circulating lymphocytes was not significantly reduced after the microsphere vaccination. It is evident that the nonsurvivors did not die of systemic anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity because the monkeys did not die immediately after SEB challenge and there were no significant differences in histamine levels between the vaccinated and control monkeys before and after SEB challenge. The antibodies seemed to neutralize the SEB that got into the airway and the circulation.

Aerosols↗