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Investigation of a stigmatic.

We report the case history of a 23-year-old Mexican-American female stigmatic whom we studied using psychophysiologic, psychologic, and laboratory measures. The stigmata have appeared often since 1971 and usually consist of bleeding through unbroken skin from her palms, feet, side, and head. The bleeding is painful and is usually (but not always) associated with religious ecstasy. Associated phenomena include oil exuding from her skin and her 2-year-old daughter receiving the stigmata. We discuss the case in detail and comment on the concept of stigmata in general. Methodologic difficulties and perplexing inconsistencies in this and similar cases leave us with many unanswered questions.

Adult↗

Workplace effects of the stigmatization of depression.

Employers have previously been shown to hold negative attitudes toward mental illness. The purpose of this survey of human resource officers in UK companies was to ascertain whether these attitudes prejudice employment opportunities for subjects with mental illness--specifically, depression--and, if so, some of the beliefs upon which these attitudes are based. When employers were given vignettes of job applicants identical except for diagnosis, a label of depression significantly reduced the chances of employment, compared with one of diabetes, despite both being seen as equally credible illnesses. This stigmatization is based upon perceptions of potential poor work performance, rather than expectations of future absenteeism, but is not concordant with previous research. It is suggested that greater dissemination of information may alleviate some of this stigma.

Attitude↗

The stigmatized patient with AIDS in the intensive care unit: the role of the advanced practice nurse.

As the incidence of HIV infection rises, so will cases of HIV positive intensive care unit admissions. Factors affecting nurses' care of these patients include fear of contagion, homophobia, and lack of knowledge. A multidimensional approach must be taken by the advanced practice nurse to decrease stigmatization by changing knowledge and attitudes of intensive care unit nurses.

Critical Care↗

The Nutritional Role of Pistil Exudate in Pollen Tube Wall Formation in Lilium longiflorum: I. Utilization of Injected Stigmatic Exudate.

A quantity of labeled stigmatic exudate, collected from detached Lilium longiflorum (cv. Ace) pistils labeled with d-glucose-1-(14)C, was fractionated on Sephadex G-100 and the polysaccharide component, G-100-I, was injected into the hollow styles of unlabeled detached pistils (cv. Ace) which had been removed on the day after anthesis from the plant. Injected pistils were immediately cross-pollinated with L. longiflorum (cv. No. 44) pollen. Eighty-four hours later, pistils were dissected to recover the pollen tubes, expended exudate, and labeled tissues of the stigma and style. Distribution of label revealed that at least 25% of the carbohydrate substance in excised pollen tubes was derived from G-100-I. The composition of expended exudate adhering to pollen tubes, of pollen tube cytoplasm, and of pollen tube walls suggests that utilization of exudate by growing pollen tubes involves uptake and incorporation into pollen tube cytoplasm of exudate polysaccharide fragments followed by extensive metabolism of at least a portion of the incorporated carbohydrate prior to its utilization for pollen tube wall biosynthesis. Results suggest the presence of at least two polysaccharide components in G-100-I, one which resists major degradation following injection into the style and another which undergoes measurable degradation both before and after entry into the pollen tube.

Journal Article↗

A stigmatizing effect of the carrier status for cystic fibrosis?

The emotional impact of carrier detection for CF was assessed in a group of adults tested before 1992. Of the 200 adults who received a mailed questionnaire, 70% participated. One third were CF gene carriers. The Health Orientation Scale (HOS) was used to evaluate perceived feelings about three situations: (a) How would you describe your feelings about yourself when you consider your test result? (b) How do you think most people feel when they are told that they carry the CF gene? (c) How do you think most people feel when they are told that they do not carry the CF gene? Comparing the profiles of CF carriers and non-carriers, we found that carriers had significantly less positive feelings about themselves than non-carriers. Carriers as well as non-carriers attribute significantly more negative feelings to most carriers of the CF gene than to most non-carriers. Moreover, carriers of the Cf gene attribute more negative feelings to other CF carriers than to themselves. Analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of carrier status on self-description, as well as a significant effect of carrier status and degree of kinship with a CF patient on feelings attributed to most carriers. Although these results suggest some danger of stigmatization of CF carriers, the cognitive bias of 'illusory superiority' seems to counterbalance some of its effects.

Adolescent↗

Levels of stigmatization of patients with previously untreated epilepsy in northern Ecuador.

As part of a population-based study of epilepsy in northern Ecuador, 215 patients with epilepsy and 125 controls were given a questionnaire designed to elicit the degree of stigma associated with epilepsy. Evidence for stigma was also sought from local medical personnel. 144 patients and 98 controls were questioned again 12 months later at study completion to see whether their perceptions had changed. Both intellectual and physical abilities of people with epilepsy were regarded as low by controls, and this opinion did not change over the study period. Observations by medical personnel also suggested stigmatizing attitudes in the community. The number of patients reporting problems with their marriage or childbearing as a result of their epilepsy did not alter over the 12-month period, unlike their estimates of their own intellectual and physical capacities which had significantly improved. Conversely, although their expectations of employment outside the home had diminished, the reasons stated for this related to continuing epilepsy and not to the objections of fellow workers and employers.

Adolescent↗

Racial differences in stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: Stigma is a significant impediment to the successful treatment of individuals with mental illness, especially among racial minority groups. Although limited, the literature suggests that African Americans are more likely than Caucasians to believe that people with mental illnesses are dangerous. The authors reexamined this issue and assessed whether racial differences also extend to beliefs about how people with mental illness should be treated if violent. METHODS: A nationally representative probability sample of 1,241 respondents participated in a telephone survey. The analysis focused on the 81 African-American and 590 Caucasian respondents who participated in a vignette experiment about a person with schizophrenia or major depressive disorder. The authors analyzed respondents' perceptions that the person would be violent, as well as their attitudes about blame and punishment. RESULTS: African Americans were more likely than Caucasians to believe that individuals with schizophrenia or major depression would do something violent to other people. At the same time they were less likely to believe these individuals should be blamed and punished for violent behavior. These racial differences were not attributable to sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study found racial differences in stigmatizing attitudes toward individuals with mental illness; however, African Americans' negative perception did not necessarily result in endorsement of harsher treatment of mentally ill persons. This study highlights the complexity of the stigma process and emphasizes the need to consider racial differences in developing interventions targeted to improve public attitudes.

Adult↗

Is obesity stigmatizing? Body weight, perceived discrimination, and psychological well-being in the United States.

We investigate the frequency and psychological correlates of institutional and interpersonal discrimination reported by underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese I, and obese II/III Americans. Analyses use data from the Midlife Development in the United States study, a national survey of more than 3,000 adults ages 25 to 74 in 1995. Compared to normal weight persons, obese II/III persons (body mass index of 35 or higher) are more likely to report institutional and day-to-day interpersonal discrimination. Among obese II/III persons, professional workers are more likely than nonprofessionals to report employment discrimination and interpersonal mistreatment. Obese II/III persons report lower levels of self-acceptance than normal weight persons, yet this relationship is fully mediated by the perception that one has been discriminated against due to body weight or physical appearance. Our findings offer further support for the pervasive stigma of obesity and the negative implications of stigmatized identities for life chances.

Adult↗

Stigmatization and the development of friendship and romantic relationships in adolescent victims of sexual abuse.

This study examines same- and other-sex friendship networks and perceptions of peer competence as functions of stigmatization, defined as shame and a self-blame attributional style. Fifty-six sexually abused adolescents were seen at the time of abuse discovery and 1 year later. Higher self-blame attributional style for the abuse was related to more satisfaction with other-sex friends and less satisfaction with same-sex friends. More shame was related to less satisfaction with same-sex friends and to having a larger number of other-sex friends. Higher self-blame attributional style was related to perceptions of poorer peer acceptance and close friendship and to perceptions of poorer romantic appeal. More shame was related to lower perceptions of peer acceptance and close friendship. The results support the idea that abuse victims who experience higher levels of shame and self-blame attributional style feel less capable of forming satisfying relationships with peers, friends, and potential romantic partners.

Adolescent↗

Pollen-stigma interactions in Brassica oleracea. I. Ultrastructure and physiology of the stigmatic papillar cells.

The osmotic potential (psi pi) of the stigmatic papillar cells of Brassica oleracea is -14.8 bars. In laboratory conditions each cell transpires water at rates within the range from 3 X 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-5) mm3h-1. A small increase in transpiration rate is detected following cross-(compatible) but not self-(incompatible)pollination. No significant changes in psi pi occur following pollinations of either compatibility. Electron microscopy reveals an active papillar cytoplasm apparently secreting proteins into the cell wall via small vesicles. The cuticle is discontinuous and freeze-fracture techniques indicate that channels transverse the cell wall, suggesting a possible pathway for the movement of protein molecules of high molecular weight from the cytoplasm to the stigma surface. Analysis of electron-microscopic autoradiographs of mature, self-incompatible papillae following pulse-chase experiments with L-[3H]leucine and treatment with cycloheximide shows that protein molecules secreted into the cell wall may return to the cytoplasm at a later stage. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of current models of the pollen-stigma interaction in Brassica.

Autoradiography↗

Stigmatizing artifacts and their effect on personal space.

Examining the relationship between personal space and a stigmatizing artifact, a white cane, with 58 randomly selected subjects indicated that significantly more personal space was accorded a person with an apparent visual impairment.

Adult↗

Stigmatization of social and intimacy loneliness.

82 female and 62 male college students judged the psychosocial functioning and acceptability of hypothetical peers that depicted 2 Levels of Loneliness (Lonely versus Nonlonely) x 2 Domains of Loneliness (Social versus Intimacy). Analysis indicated the students stigmatized both social and intimacy loneliness; they ascribed lower psychosocial functioning to and were less accepting of the lonely than nonlonely peer for both the social and intimacy domains of loneliness. The students, however, displayed greater differentiation in the ascription of psychosocial functioning between the lonely and nonlonely peers for the intimacy than the social domain of loneliness.

Adult↗

The reporting of stigmatizing health conditions: a comparison of proxy and self-reporting.

Previous studies have found that self-respondents tend to report a greater number of health problems than do household proxies. It has not been clear, however, if such results indicate reporting bias or reflect underlying health differences in the self-respondent and household proxy populations. Verification data from a survey of medical providers were examined in conjunction with the results of a national household survey. Our analysis indicates that the use of proxies does not increase misreporting. Overall reporting error between self-respondents and proxy-respondents is comparable on reports of mental illness. When physical stigmatizing conditions are examined, the use of proxies actually appears to be preferable to interviewing respondents directly.

Community Participation↗

The Next Plague: Stigmatization and Discrimination Related to Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Australia.

A recently discovered hepatitis C virus is a common cause of chronic liver disease in industrialized countries. Because it is basically blood-borne and because blood donors are systematically screened, the only major group now at risk of infection are injecting drug users. There are increasing reports of stigmatization, affronts to dignity and discrimination as a result of the hepatitis C status of individuals, but little action is being taken to prevent or redress these. In an attempt to stimulate such action, we collected 37 reports of such incidents in Australia in 1994, in the domestic, work, recreational, day care and funeral settings, but the most common involved health care settings and health professionals. In general, action did not follow from such incidents, despite the fact that Australia has a very strong framework of anti-discrimination legislation and process. It is urgently necessary that these issues be addressed, both in themselves and as a necessary prerequisite for controlling the continued massive spread of hepatitis C among injecting drug users.

Journal Article↗

Exile and the undestroyable perpetuity of stigmatizations--some critical (medical) anthropological reflections.

The writing of this paper has been stimulated by the observable widening dichotomy between present pluralist discourses of multiculturalism, which claim the future of mutual understanding and harmony vs. the true prevalence of a dramatically growing discordance in human relations world-wide. Given the experience of working in the long-term exile fieldwork, as well as coming from a geographically interesting and highly media-presented country, ones capacity to rethink and self-detect the modes of treating alterity seems to grow together with the imposed self-reflexivity. It remains to be seen whether the decades in which many have been on the receiving end of approaches that address the Other--the perceptual fields of "race" vs. race and visible vs. non-visible ethnicity's, etc.--will yield an output of constructive scientist voices. The potential dialogue could bring us closer to apprehending the simplistic nature of multicultural discourses, as well as expose better the reasons why they yield such slow results. Namely, we need deeper levels of understanding, and although the psychoanalytic approaches to these issues have been often discarded as reductionist, only they can orientate us, after making us painfully aware that prejudice and tolerance can present themselves side by side, and are not solely dependent on the processes of our becoming more conscious and knowledgeable citizens. The many scientists that equally engage in stereotyping, testify this claim. Thus, this is an insider's meta-narrative that joins the list of present approaches that firstly engage in tracing one's own stigmatization processes rather than solely deconstructing others.

Croatia↗

[CO2-laser therapy of stigmatizing cutaneous lesions in tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville-Pringle) and in neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen)].

Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville-Pringle) and type I neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen) are familial multiple tumour syndromes. Both entities have in common that the cutaneous manifestations can stigmatize the carriers and considerably reduce the quality of life. CO2-laser surgery (vaporisation) consistently yields good to excellent aesthetic results in the treatment of adenoma sebaceum in tuberous sclerosis. Patients with type I neurofibromatosis who carry several hundreds neurofibromas usually benefit from a numerical reduction in their skin lesions, despite the less predictable aesthetic result, ranging from excellent to fair. The present study reports on the treatment outcome of CO2-laser surgery in 8 patients with adenoma sebaceum and 8 with neurofibromatosis.

Adolescent↗

Being a psychiatric patient in the community--reclassified as the stigmatized "other".

AIMS: To explore the experiences of psychiatric patients living in six rural communities in Norway from a primary care perspective. METHODS: A "Knowledge workshop" (KW) was designed. It was a special kind of meeting between users of services for people with mental illness and service providers. The process and outcome were documented on flipcharts and audiotape and analysed by a qualitative method. RESULTS: A main statement was constructed in order to capture the essence of meaning in the 10 main themes identified in the analysis. The statement is mainly about the process and state of being reclassified as a stigmatized "other", with serious consequences for both self-esteem and public esteem. The consequences include isolation and loneliness, low self-esteem, no paid work, lack of money, discrimination, and harassment. Other consequences include altered behaviour from others, lack of necessary conditions for empowerment, and the danger of becoming visible as mentally ill. Attitudinal change is called for. CONCLUSIONS: Although the stigma of mental illness is a wellknown and much discussed fact, it has so far not really been included in the professional knowledge base. It is still practically absent from discussions of quality of care. In order for services to be relevant to people who need them, professionals can no longer ignore issues that are of major importance for users. Stigma must thus be included in the conceptual thinking about serving people with mental illness. The inclusion of stigma as an issue for quality of care could be a fruitful way forward.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Fear of disclosure and popular stigmas contribute to bad outcomes. CDC finds that 1 in 5 people stigmatize HIV.

Two decades into the HIV epidemic, many Americans still are misinformed about how HIV is transmitted, and they continue to blame the disease on those who are infected, according to a new survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. This widespread stigmatization of the disease and those who have it has led some HIV-infected people to delay testing and treatment, according to experts. And it affects th way some deal with workplace issues. Many HIV-infected workers are afraid to disclose their HIV status, even if the disclosure would enable them to seek reasonable accommodations for their health issues and treatment.

Adolescent↗