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Results for “SUBARACHNOID SPACE”

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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Unsuccessful induction of low-zone tolerance to bovine serum albumin injected into the subarachnoid space.

Introduction of T-dependent antigens into the subarachnoid space (isas) resulted in higher systemic antibody responses in mice than injections into the peritoneal cavity (ip) or other sites commonly used for immunization. Antibody production in isas immunized mice was not increased by treatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy) at doses known to abolish T-suppressor-cell activity, but such treatment increased antibody production in ip immunized mice toward the higher level which was observed in the isas immunized animals. Suppressor cell-dependent low zone tolerance (LZT) to TNP-BSA could not be induced by isas injections of deaggregated BSA (d-BSA). Conversely, mice which were unresponsive to ip injected d-BSA showed consistent systemic antibody responses when the antigen was injected isas. These observations indicate that immune responses initiated within the CNS are associated with relatively ineffective induction of systemic suppressor cell activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage pathways from the rat brain were investigated by the injection of 50 microliters Indian ink into the cisterna magna. The distribution of the ink, as it escaped from the cranial CSF space, was documented in 2 mm thick slices of brain and skull cleared in cedar wood oil and in decalcified paraffin sections. Following injection of the ink, deep cervical lymph nodes were selectively blackened within 30 min and lumbar para-aortic nodes within 6 h. Within the cranial cavity, carbon particles accumulated in the basal cisterns but were also distributed in the paravascular spaces around the middle cerebral arteries and the nasal-olfactory artery. Carbon particles in the subarachnoid space beneath the olfactory bulbs drained directly into discrete channels which passed through the cribriform plate and into lymphatics in the nasal submucosa. Although ink was distributed along the subarachnoid space of the optic nerves and entered the cochlea, the nasal route was the only direct connection between cranial CSF and lymphatics. Arachnoid villi associated with superior and inferior sagittal sinuses were identified and a minor amount of drainage of ink into dural lymphatics was also observed. This study demonstrates the direct drainage of cerebrospinal fluid through the cribriform plate in anatomically defined channels which connect with the nasal lymphatics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Misplacement of a psoas compartment catheter in the subarachnoid space.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This case report describes an unusual cause of misplacement of an indwelling catheter in the subarachnoid space after primary psoas compartment block in a patient undergoing total knee arthroplasty. CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old woman presenting for total knee joint replacement received a combination of continuous psoas compartment block and sciatic nerve block. Neurostimulation and additional ultrasound guidance were used for identification of the lumbar plexus. After elicitation of a quadriceps motor response, a negative aspiration test, and an uneventful test dose, 20 mL ropivacaine 0.375% and 20 mL mepivacaine 1% were injected. Despite difficult ultrasound conditions because of intestinal air, local anesthetic spread was observed paravertebrally at the medial border of the psoas muscle as usual. A catheter was then advanced 7 cm through the insulated directional puncture needle. An additional sciatic nerve block was performed by using Labat's approach. Ten minutes after injection unilateral sensory block was noted and surgery was started. After uneventful surgery, bilateral sensory block to the T4 level and complete motor block in both lower limbs was detected. A second aspiration test was negative, and an epidural block was suspected. For verification of the catheter tip location, a computed tomography scan with contrast dye was performed revealing catheter placement in the subarachnoid space. The catheter was removed and showed a kink about 7 cm from the tip. After regression of the neuraxial block, lumbar plexus block persisted for another 2 hours. CONCLUSION: An additional test dose via the catheter is recommended if the indwelling catheter is inserted after injection of the local anesthetics through the puncture needle. If epidural anesthesia occurs, an x-ray of the catheter is advisable because negative aspiration via catheter does not rule out subarachnoid catheter location.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee↗
PubMed1976

[The diagnostic value of screening the subarachnoid space in syringomyelia and other diseases of the spinal cord and its meninges].

The paper is concerned with the results of myeloscanning of the subarachnoidal space in 32 patients with diseases of the spinal cord and its pia. The studies were conducted with albumin of human sera and labeled I131. The authors give a scannographical characteristics of the pathology of the subarachnoidal space in syringomyelia which included a change in the configuration, a deformation of the silhouette contour with marginal defects and focal irregular distribution of the isotope. In tumors of the spinal cord this method permits to defict the existence of a complete or partial block of liquor paths and the level of their occlusions. The author recommends a wider use of sabarachnoidal scanning when examining patients with lesions of the spinal cord and its pia pointing to the preciseness, simplicity and security of this method.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Subarachnoid space: middle ear pathways and recurrent meningitis.

Congenital bony abnormalities of the inner ear may result in a communication between the middle ear and the subarachnoid space. Patients with this anomaly often present with recurrent meningitis associated with acute otitis media or with middle ear fluid. This article presents three cases of recurrent meningitis with open middle ear--subarachnoid space connections. The first two cases involve a cerebrospinal fluid leak into the middle ear via the oval window, both patients having a Mondini-type of inner ear deformity. The pathway in the third case opened into the middle ear along the horizontal portion of the facial nerve. Computed tomography (CT) scanning with metrizamide and differential density calculations helped to identify the abnormal pathway and to confirm that the leak has been closed postoperatively. Use of the CT scanner in these cases can be helpful in planning the surgical closure and in postoperative follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The widened frontal subarachnoid space. A CT comparative study between macrocephalic, microcephalic, and normocephalic infants and children.

The computed tomographic scans of the heads of 67 infants and children with frontal subarachnoid space widening seen during a 5-year period were retrospectively studied. Only 22.3% of patients had macrocephaly. Comparison of the clinical and radiologic characteristics of subarachnoid widening in macrocephalic children and in normocephalic or microcephalic children showed no significant differences. It is concluded that undue emphasis has been laid on the association between this radiologic sign and macrocephaly. Widening of the subarachnoid space in children may be a variation of normal development of brain whereby there is a transient accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the frontal region. The term "external hydrocephalus" may therefore be inappropriate in the absence of significant ventricular widening and clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1987

Intrathecal injection of autologous leucocytes in glioblastoma: circulatory dynamics within the subarachnoid space and clinical results.

In part I of this report, the CSF circulatory dynamics of autologous leucocytes labelled with indium-111 and injected in the subarachnoid space, in patients operated on for glioblastoma, were studied. In the Part II, a series of 11 patients with recurrent glioblastoma was studied for evaluating the efficacy of intrathecal injection of autologous leucocytes. Six patients previously had radiotherapy. The results in Part I show that after intrathecal injection of autologous leucocytes, these cells follow throughout the subarachnoid space and pass to the systemic blood circulation, showing no evidence of colonization of the tumour or deposit in the tumoural region. The mean survival of the patients studied in Part II was 8 months. Those six patients who received radiotherapy had a mean survival of 11.4 months, and those five who received only intrathecal injection of autologous leucocytes after surgery, had a mean survival of 4 months. This results seem to demonstrate that immunotherapy, as used in this study, is ineffective in patients with glioblastoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Transplantation of basal forebrain cells of foetal rats into the subarachnoid space: improvement of disturbance of passive avoidance memory due to injury of nucleus basalis magnocellularis.

Basal forebrain cells of foetal rats were transplanted into the subarachnoid space of adult rats harbouring a kainic acid-induced unilateral lesion in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Passive avoidance response tests were performed eight weeks after the transplantation, and the results were compared with those of lesioned but non-transplanted rats and of non-lesioned control rats. Although acquisition impairments did not improve, retention impairments were significantly ameliorated in the transplanted rats. Histologically, transplanted foetal neurons survived and grew very well over the cortical surface, and exhibited facilitated neuritic elongation on acetylcholinesterase staining. Choline acetyl-transferase-immunoreactive neurons were found along the needle track as well as in the subarachnoid graft tissues. The results seem to indicate that not the re-innervation from the graft to the host cortex but the diffusional supply of neurotransmitters and/or their synthetic enzymes and neurotrophic factors were responsible for improvement of memory deficits. The subarachnoid space proved to be an adequate place for growth of transplanted neuronal and glial cells for reasons of ample supply of oxygen and nutrition and of low tissue pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Arachnoid diverticula: a unitary approach to spinal cysts communicating with the subarachnoid space.

The authors report six cases of so-called spinal subdural arachnoid cysts, emphasizing the clinical and myelographic findings which, if not properly evaluated, may be misleading diagnostically. The literature of so-called perineural cysts and of extradural arachnoid cysts is likewise reviewed. Their clinical, roentgenological, and pathological features are examined. A common pathogenesis for all these lesions is proposed. It implies disruption and secondary proliferation of the arachnoid membrane. Hence, the term arachnoid diverticulum is advanced to include all lesions communicating with the subarachnoid space. Their varying relations with the subarachnoid space depend on the sites of the primary abnormalities and on hydrodynamic factors. Numerous observations of associated arachnoid diverticula, either perineural, subdural, or extradural, further favour a common pathogenesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Capillaries in the subarachnoid space.

The fine structure of the small vessels of the subarachnoid spaces in the rat and mouse cerebral and cerebellar cortices was examined. Small vessels with lumen under 7 mu and whose walls consisted of a single layer of endothelial cells were found. These vessels are regarded as true capillaries.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Benign enlargement of peripheral subarachnoid spaces in twins.

A case of benign enlargement of peripheral subarachnoid spaces in twins is described. Computed tomography demonstrated identical findings, namely the enlargement of the sulci mainly in the frontal area bilaterally with slight dilatation of the ventricular system. Literature research did not reveal such a case in twins nor has any association of the situation with any genetic or family predisposition been found.

Cerebral Ventricles↗
PubMed1975

Elimination of water-soluble contrast media from the subarachnoid space. Investigation with computer tomography.

Contrast media injected into the subarachnoid space may be eliminated in two different ways, by diffusion through the meningeal membranes or by transport through these CSF pathways. The latter mode of transport may be examined using computer assisted tomography of the head. Diffusion predominants with contrast media of low molecular weight, such as methiodal sodium. The transport through the CSF cihculation increases when contrast media of high molecular weight such as meglumine iocarmate and metrizamide are used.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1980

Size of the subarachnoid space in stenosis of the lumbar canal.

Measurements of the subarachnoid space at myelography were carried out in three groups of patients, one group with stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal, one group without stenosis, and one intermediate group. Although spinal canal stenosis is most prominent at disc levels, the results demonstrate decreased sagittal diameter at mid-vertebral body level as well. The mean transverse diameters did not differ in three groups. This points towards congenital or developmental factors as the basic abnormality in the majority of patients with stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communicatory routes connecting the middle ear, the inner ear and the subarachnoid space via perineural space.

Twenty-one rabbits received injection of Indian ink into the stylomastoid foramen. Observation of the serial sections of their temporal bones revealed Indian ink infiltration into the subarachnoid space, along the facial nerve, the auricular branch of the vagus nerve and the tympanic nerve. Along the acoustic nerve, the infiltration was found as far as the fundus of the internal auditory meatus. In some cases, however, Indian ink reached the subarachnoid space and infiltrated into the scala tympani, scala vestibuli and around the saccule by way of the cochlear aqueduct. These routes are suspected to be a course of spreading infection or tumor cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of dehydration on the elimination of aqueous contrast media from the subarachnoid space.

The frequency of side effects and complications from aqueous myelography is increased by dehydration. To study the effect of dehydration on the elimination of water-soluble contrast medium from the lumbar subarachnoid space, we measured iodine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and urine for 24 hours after myelography in "hydrated" and "dehydrated" monkeys. Dehydrated animals were fasted for 12 hours prior to and 24 hours after myelography; hydrated animals received oral fluids ad libitum and 300 ml of intravenous fluids. Dehydrated animals had a lower concentration of contrast medium in the blood than hydrated animals. Dehydration slows the elimination of aqueous contrast medium from the lumbar subarachnoid space.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Meningothelial rosettes in the canine subarachnoid space.

A previously unrecognized type of rosette consisting of meningothelial cells is reported. Meningothelial clusters with a formation of numerous rosettes were incidentally observed in the canine subarachnoid space after single subarachnoid injection of 0.2 mg/kg of epinephrine. Light microscopy revealed that the cell clusters with distinct rosettes occurred in the extensive cords and nests, surrounding the small subarachnoid arteries or adhering to the arachnoid epithelium. There were scattered mast cells adjacent to the cell clusters. Electron microscopy revealed that the rosettes usually consisted of four to 12 tightly packed cells which were arranged like spokes and contained concentrations of tonofilaments. The rosette cells were knitted together by numerous junctional devices, such as desmosomes and desmosome-like junctions as well as a small number of interdigitations at the lateral surfaces toward the central core. The latter measured approximately 0.77-12.72 micron in long diameter, containing electron-dense, coarsely granular material. Both intracytoplasmic and extracellular inclusions with projecting microvilli were reminiscent of hyaline inclusions in certain meningiomas.

Animals↗