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[Burian, founder of Czechoslovak plastic surgery].
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Plastic surgery: its scope and possibilities.
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[Contributions of plastic surgery to the education of surgeons].
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[Present status and perspectives of plastic surgery in Croatia].
Medical treatment in the field of plastic surgery has been known since 5000 B. C. Despite that, it was only since World War I that plastic surgery developed as a new branch of surgery a separate organization. In Croatia, plastic surgery started after World War II. Today Croatia has already the seventh generation of surgeons educated in plastic surgery. The Health Legislation of 1994 recognized plastic surgery as a subspecialty of general surgery. This kind of organization is also known in the world. Education of this type is necessary considering a great need for sophisticated reconstruction procedures in plastic surgery. During the war in Croatia, which started in 1991, a small number of surgeons practising plastic surgery successfully treated a great number of casualties. However, in the post-war period emerged the need for secondary reconstructions in many patients. A new centre for plastic surgery, where surgeons with microsurgical skills who are able to do complicated microsurgical reconstructions would work, should solve this problem.
[Fifty years of plastic surgery in the Netherlands. II. Introduction].
Plastic surgery is a medical specialism that was born out of was surgery. The first famous Dutch plastic surgeon, Esser, operated in Austria and Hungary during World War I. Koch, trained in England during World War II, and companions founded the Dutch Society for Plastic Surgery on October 7th 1950. During the last 50 years plastic surgery has changed into a very divers specialism, which focuses on craniofacial, esthetic, and reconstructive surgery, micro- and hand surgery, trans-sexuality and surgery of congenital abnormalities, especially of the face and hands. Each plastic operation aims at improvement of form and/or function. There have been many developments in all the fields of interest; these will be highlighted in a short series of articles.
[RELATION BETWEEN ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY OF THE JAWS AND PLASTIC SURGERY OF THE FACE].
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Periodontal plastic surgery.
Many periodontal plastic surgery cases involve interdisciplinary treatment planning, and the additional expertise of other specialties can often be invaluable. This review merely skims the surface of the wider field of periodontal plastic surgical techniques and materials. The development of loupe magnification, microsurgical instruments and new biomaterials has led to an exciting, emerging field of dental surgery. Such development has added a plethora of new treatment options that the dental team can offer their patients, and these techniques are now very predictable. In today's ever increasing demand for esthetic dentistry, the assistance of a helpful periodontist can result in a rewarding and stimulating case for the dentist and optimal results for the patient.
Plastic surgery in the elderly.
Plastic surgery has an ever-increasing role in the management of medical problems in the elderly. These procedures can be performed with minimal risk to the patient in order to maximize the quality of life for these patients and their families.
Facial plastic surgery database.
Every facial plastic surgeon accumulates a vast library of professional slides and photographs that document his work. Manual cataloguing of the clinical and operative documentation is time consuming and provides limited analysis capabilities. The facial plastic surgery database is a state-of-the-art computer programme that allows the surgeon to sort and locate slides and photographs. Designed for the computer novice, it utilises a simple coding system to permit rapid data input. The codes can be tailored to allow for new procedures or alternative practice styles. There are sophisticated searching routines to quickly find slides and photographs based on any combination of patients and operative criteria. The database also includes an online colour atlas and workspace for recording of presentations. There are automated routines to analyse patients' clinical features, operative trends, and surgical results. Ultimately, examination of this data can be used to facilitate peer review, research, and self-education.
Soft-tissue plastic surgery.
Soft-tissue plastic surgery was previously referred to as mucogingival surgery by Friedman (Tex Dent J 1957, 75:358-362). This term referred to any surgery "designated to preserve attached gingiva, to remove frena or muscle attachment, and to increase the depth of the vestibule." The aim of this type of surgery was to maintain an adequate mucogingival complex, focusing on the importance of the amount of attached gingiva. Soft tissue plastic surgery is important not only for reasons of health, but also for cosmetic purposes.
[Plastic surgery of so-called reticulate lung with implantation of pedicle skin graft].
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[Humanitarian plastic surgery in question].
Humanitarian plastic surgery has become very fashionable and more and more surgeons are attracted by this type of commitment. The authors remind here of the necessary conditions and limitations of these actions. The communicative action according to J. Habermas, which means a true partnership with the local health care specialists should be the only valid engagement.
[Indications and significance of esthetic plastic surgery].
The motivations of aesthetic operations for achievement of a more harmonious appearance or for treatment of the external signs of aging are, besides purely aesthetic reasons, the desire to increase professional opportunities, to better adapt to the social environment or to improve affective relations. Aesthetic surgery has therefore a mainly psychic indication: the aim is to improve the self-esteem, which, on the other hand facilitates the social integration. A responsible execution of aesthetic surgery requires, besides a basic knowledge of psychology and sensitivity for aesthetics, a complete training in general surgery and in reconstructive plastic surgery as well as a continuing education in the aesthetic field. It is therefore not advisable to divide the specialty of plastic surgery. The advancements in both fields have a mutual positive influence and both have to consider function as well as appearance, although with different emphasis. The adequate treatment of eventual complications also requires a basic knowledge in both fields. The intensive advertising made by commercial, so-called "cosmetic clinics" is in contrast to the plastic surgeon's possibilities of public relations, restricted for ethical considerations. Undoubtedly it is not sufficient, at least on a medium-term basis, to achieve better results--in benefit of the patient--unless this is also made known to the public. The necessary information of the public should therefore be taken over or be directed by the National Societies of Plastic Surgery, on an anonymous basis.
Plastic surgery in the twentieth century.
Plastic surgical operations are among the oldest and have been developed increasingly from ancient times down to the present. However, the age of medical specialization did not begin until the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the specialty of plastic surgery is largely a child of the twentieth century. Most of the operations we do today have been created by plastic surgeons with the past 50 years, but were made possible only by the rapid developments in other surgical specialties and in all of medicine and science. The relationship with other specialties has been an interdependent one, and this is likely to be the pattern of the future. Plastic surgery, bridging the anatomical specialties as it does, must continue to draw bits of information here and there from them and to synthesize these into major contributions of great benefit to all. The specialty will grow in direct proportion to the success of the innovators within it in fulfilling their crucial role.
[Fifty years of plastic surgery in the Netherlands. V. History].
For many centuries plastic surgical operations have been practised incidentally by general surgeons. Both World Wars combined with a multidisciplinary approach have been instrumental to the development of plastic surgery as a specialty. The Great War experience of maxillofacial surgery was for some surgeons in Europe a reason to dedicate their lives solely towards plastic surgery. A prominent Dutch surgeon in this field was J.F.S. Esser. With his systematic study and clinical application of arterial flaps in plastic surgery he proved to be far ahead of his time. Plastic surgery as such was established in the Netherlands after World War II in 1950 by the triumvirate Koch, Raadsveld and Honig. In the beginning, plastic surgery was strongly British influenced, while now, 50 years later, European cooperation on harmonization of the training in plastic surgery of a good quality is in progress.
Plastic surgery research.
Several areas of plastic surgery research, both in and out of the basic science laboratory, have been highlighted. Progress is being made in our ability to produce biologic structures to replace destroyed or damaged ones in vitro, our ability to manipulate the genetic structure of cells, and our ability to define and potentially manipulate the wound healing process in normal and abnormal healing states. More is also being learned about the biology of nerve repair, the physiologic response to silicone implants, and the mechanism of reperfusion injury. Virtual surgery may become a major part of the planning, performance, and teaching of surgical procedures in the future. Outcomes need to be better defined to prove the value of what plastic surgeons do to increasingly skeptical third parties, and progress is being made in this area as well. These areas represent only a few aspects of what is new in plastic surgery research, but they at least provide a window into the field and demonstrate the increasing sophistication of work being done in all areas. This work, as well as work in other areas, will undoubtedly affect clinical practices in the near future.