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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The effects of visual conspicuousness and the concept of randomness on the recognition of randomness in sequences.

In a number of studies, tendencies toward nonrepetition in judgments of randomness of visually presented sequences of events have been attributed to a biased concept of randomness. The present study proposed that such bias is due to "bottom-up" visual processes rather than a concept of randomness. Experiment 1 showed that judgments of randomness were less biased when repetitions were made less conspicuous by increasing the distance between adjacent items. Experiment 2 produced comparable results for increasing dissimilarity of categorically identical items. A third experiment showed that the bias in the judgment task was not related to a more direct measure of knowledge of random processes, the assignment of probabilities of repetition to imagined random sequences. The results supported the view that judgments of randomness are determined to a high degree by the conspicuousness of repetitions and are independent of the concept of randomness.

Attention↗
PubMed1991

Substitutability between conditioned and primary reinforcers in discrimination acquisition.

Rats and pigeons were trained on a series of reversals of a conditional simultaneous discrimination. The percentage of reinforcement for correct trials was varied across reversals. When nonreinforced correct trials produced the same feedback as incorrect trials, the number of errors to reach an acquisition criterion was greater for smaller percentages of reinforcement, but the number of reinforcers required was either approximately constant or smaller for the smaller percentages. When a stimulus paired with food (the conditioned reinforcer) was added on nonreinforced correct trials, both measures were substantially decreased. When the same stimulus was presented, but without a history of food pairing, learning rate was similar to when no stimulus was presented on nonreinforced trials. The results provide direct evidence that conditioned reinforcers may substitute, although imperfectly, for a primary reinforcer, and that pairing with the primary reinforcer is a necessary condition for such substitutability to occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Differential importance of hierarchical learning, abstractness, and imagery.

This research examined the relative contribution of hierarchical sequencing, abstractness, and imagery to learning. In the past, hierarchical, logical sequencing was not shown to be superior to other modes of instruction, and the interaction of imagery, abstractness, and sequencing had not been examined, especially regarding the possible superiority of any of these as a contributor to learning. The data were produced by 108 high school students who studied sequences of hierarchically related information arranged in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design the dimensions of which varied according to the degree of imagery (high and low), abstractness (abstract and concrete), and type of sequencing (logical and scrambled). Analyses of the amount of learning under these conditions showed that hierarchical sequencing is not only relevant to learning but more related than either imagery or the abstractness of material to be learned. Additional suggestions are made regarding instruction and research especially in relation to matrix rather than hierarchial arrangements of information.

Attention↗
PubMed1988

Cortical function in elderly non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Behavioral and electrophysiologic studies.

Neurobehavioral and electrophysiologic studies were carried out to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on cognitive function in subjects over the age of 60 years. Forty-three non-insulin-dependent diabetic men were compared with 41 male nondiabetic age-matched controls. The diabetic patients were significantly inferior to the control group in the serial learning task and Benton's Visual Retention Test. The digit span test showed no difference between the groups. Electroencephalogram (EEG)-frequency-band analysis revealed slowing over the central cortex and reduction of alpha activity over the parietal area in diabetic patients. Acute hyperglycemia induced in healthy volunteers with the administration of 50 g of intravenous glucose did not have any effect on the dominant EEG rhythms. The checkerboard elicited P100 wave did not reveal a significant increase in latency nor were the P300 wave latencies significantly different in diabetic patients. However, a trend toward longer latencies in diabetics was evident at Fz and Cz recording sites. Acute hyperglycemia in healthy volunteers did not alter the P300 wave component. The results indicate that elderly type 2 diabetic patients have an impairment in retrieval of recently learned material with preservation of auditory attention and immediate recall. The EEG data suggest that there may be some central neural pathologic condition associated with diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Operativity and reversibility in children's understanding of pictorial sequences.

The role of reversibility in children's comprehension and memory for sequences of pictures was investigated. Bidirectionality in the ability to remember and infer antecedents and consequences was assessed. Preschoolers were significantly more accurate at identifying consequences of portrayed events than the antecedents. Kindergartners and older children correctly identified beginnings and endings of sequences with equal proficiency. This developmental shift from relatively unidirectional to reversible comprehension was observed both on trials involving figurative memory and operative inference judgments.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Codeine-induced memory changes: nature and relationship to opiate system.

Learning and recall processes were studied in three experiments with 33 subjects, 1 and 3 h after oral administration of codeine phosphate 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg. Recall was measured 3 and 24 h after drug administration. Nine subjects received naloxone i.m. with the 50 mg dose of codeine. Learning and memory were assessed by using associative, serial and concept learning tasks. Flicker fusion frequency was measured to assess the general vigilance level of the subjects. Learning performance in the serial learning task was improved 3 h after administration of codeine 100 mg. Recall in the serial learning task was also improved after codeine 25 mg, but only when the material was learnt after 1 hour and was recalled 24 h after drug intake. To demonstrate the enhanced recall both learning and recall had to take place under the same drug condition. The same test showed a tendency to enhanced recall after codeine 50 mg of material learnt 1 hour after drug intake and recalled 24 h later. This effect was counteracted by naloxone. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that codeine may exert its action via opiate receptors and that this system participates in memory functions.

Adult↗