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PubMed1992

Outreach to injecting drug users and female sexual partners of drug users on the lower east side of New York City.

In 1984, outreach to injecting drug users and their female sexual partners was initiated as part of HIV behavioral research projects. HIV, health, drug treatment and family planning information and services were provided in addition to recruiting subjects to the research program. Such outreach also poses certain problems--especially potential disruption of neighborhood day-to-day life and clashes with police. This paper discusses an outreach program to injecting drug users and their female sexual partners that was initiated in New York City to provide HIV-related information and services. We examine the successes of the program and problems that were involved in conducting outreach to persons who are typically not accessible through formal institutional channels.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1993

Testing practices and spread of HIV among sexual partners of HIV-positive haemophiliacs in Italy. Gruppo Italiano Coagulopatie Congenite.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate rates and predictors of testing and HIV positivity among the sexual partners of Italian HIV-positive haemophiliacs. METHODS: Our index cases were 602 sexually active HIV-positive haemophiliacs (aged 18 years or more) enrolled in the Italian Registry of Haemophilia. Data on the demographic and clinical status of the haemophiliacs, whether their partners had undergone HIV testing, and the results of these tests were collected. RESULTS: To date, 205 (34.1%) partners of HIV-positive haemophiliacs have been tested for HIV, of whom 27 (13.2%) were seropositive. On univariate analysis, haemophiliacs who were unmarried, younger, and asymptomatic were less likely to have partners who had been tested for HIV (P << 0.001). On multivariate analysis, unmarried status [odds ratio (OR), 8.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.4-13.1; P << 0.001] and younger age (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2) again predicted a higher rate of non-tested partners. There was no association between the demographic and medical characteristics of HIV-seropositive haemophiliacs and the risk of HIV positivity among their sexual partners. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that a high proportion of sexual partners of HIV-positive haemophiliacs have not yet been tested for HIV. The single most important predictor of not being tested was the marital status of the index case. These results emphasize the need to strengthen prevention programmes aimed at minimizing the risk of heterosexual HIV transmission, particularly among younger unmarried haemophiliacs.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1994

Sexual partner change and condom use among urban factory workers in northwest Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE: To describe sexual partner change and condom use at the intake of a cohort study of urban factory workers in Tanzania. METHODS: From October 1991 to March 1992, 926 male and 170 female factory workers were interviewed using a structured, pre-coded questionnaire. Questionnaire reliability was assessed by pre-testing and comparison with results of unstructured interviews and carrying out repeat questionnaires on a sub-sample. RESULTS: Almost half of both men and women had had sexual intercourse by their 17th birthday. The period of premarital sex had an interquartile range of 2 to 10 years in men and 0 to 2.5 years in women. Having had sexual intercourse in the past month with more than one partner was reported by 22% of the men and 5% of the women. Factors associated with multiple partners in men were being born in or near Mwanza Region, having low education and low income, and being married. Condoms had been used in the past month by 3% only, mainly with casual partners. Condom use in men was associated with being young, living in town, being born in Kagera Region, high education and high income, being circumcised, and having causal or steady (non- martial) partners. CONCLUSION: Information, education and communication (IEC) on sexual relationships and condom use should start at an early age, and include education at primary schools. Much sexual partner change appears to occur through steady (non-marital) partnerships, indicating the need for IEC to be expanded beyond groups such as commercial sex workers and their clients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Genital human papillomavirus infections in the male sexual partners of 45 female patients with papillomavirus infection.

Forty-five women with a confirmed genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and their regular male sexual partners were examined. The diagnosis of the women was based on the colposcopic examination with cytological and histological samples. The men were studied by using a similar microscopic technique. Penisscopic and histological examinations showed that 22 out of the 45 men had genital HPV infection although only 7 men showed visible condylomatous warts. In addition, nine men had clinical lesions highly suggestive to HPV infection in penisscopy but they had unspecific histological samples. 23 of these 31 men were symptom-free. These results further emphasize the importance of regular examinations of the male sexual partners of women with genital HPV infection in order to prevent recurrences and spreading of the infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Sexually transmitted diseases including genital papillomavirus infection in male sexual partners of women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III by conization.

History and clinical prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, were studied in 60 sexual partners of 60 women previously treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III by conization. Investigations included serological and bacteriological screening, histopathology and colposcopy. A history of STD was reported by 20 men (33%), and 34 (57%) had signs of STD including genital HPV infection, 2 (3%) had a chlamydial infection, one had molluscum contageosum, 7 (12%) had genital warts and 24 (40%) had abnormal acetowhite epithelium, indicating HPV infection. The HPV lesions were principally subclinical and located on the glans penis and the prepuce. Colposcopy and application of acetic acid are essential for detection. The gynaecologist and venereologist must recognize the sexually transmitted nature of CIN, and the causal link between CIN and HPV infection. Assessment and treatment of the male sexual partner of women treated for CIN might be an essential part in disease control with the aim of preventing cervical cancer.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Low concordance of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions and viral types in HPV-infected women and their male sexual partners.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the concordance of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions and viral types in HPV-infected women and their male sexual partners. STUDY DESIGN: Examination of 270 consecutive women with abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and their male partners using colposcopy, peniscopy, surgical biopsy and in situ hybridization (ISH). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in male cases negative with ISH. RESULTS: The highest HPV DNA detection rate in women was in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III) lesions (96%), HPV 16 being the most frequent type. Of the males, 193 (71.5%) showed histologically confirmed HPV infection, condyloma acuminata (23 cases) and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions (20 cases) being invariably ISH positive (87% and 80%, respectively). Subclinical flat lesions (113 cases) were mostly ISH negative (70.3%). Of the 270 couples typed by ISH, both partners were positive in 66 (24.4%) cases, but only 15 (22.7%) of them had the same HPV type in their genital tract. By PCR, only seven new HPV DNA positive cases were detected among 77 men negative by ISH. CONCLUSION: Although some association was seen between intraepithelial neoplasia and high-risk HPV types, the concordance of different HPV types between the sexual partners was extremely low. The female findings were not predictive in searching for the male partners with the high risk HPV types, either. HPV DNA detection rate in men seems to depend on morphology of the HPV lesions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Characteristics of sexual partners and STD infection among American adolescents.

Adolescents are a high risk group for HIV infection and the characteristics of their partners may affect their susceptibility to infection. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of partner characteristics on sexually transmitted disease (STD) infection in a national sample of adolescents. Data from 8,024 sexually active adolescents who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) in the United States were included in this study. Logistic models were used to examine the association of partner characteristics including age, neighbourhood, ethnicity, and school attendance on the self-report history of STD infection. The partner characteristics of age and school attendance were associated with the reporting of STD infection. The odds ratio for STD infection was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) (1.22-1.75), P < 0.01) if the adolescent's partner was two or more years older and 1.37 (95% CI (1.16-1.62), P < 0.01) if the partner did not attend the adolescent's school. The odds ratios for having an older partner were also significant and positive for eight different STDs. Partner characteristics were associated with STD infection among American adolescents. Counselling is needed in clinics that serve adolescents to raise awareness of the risk of infection in these relationships and to improve skills in condom negotiation and use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Lower genital tract infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in women requesting induced abortion and in their sexual partners.

The prevalence and patterns of gonococcal and chlamydial infection were investigated in a prospective microbiological study on 3,395 women requesting abortion and the sexual partners of culture positive women (organism identified). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was found in only 1.8% of 3,395 women during the whole study period of 7 years, but Chlamydia trachomatis in 13.5% of 1,635 women in the last 3 years. Women with positive cultures were significantly younger (p less than 0.001), and more frequently single (p less than 0.001) than those with negative cultures. Single women had more partners (mean 1.5) than those in an established relationship (mean 1.1). Almost all women with gonorrhea were single. Of the males, 62.7% were examined, of whom 47.3% had positive cultures. Twenty per cent of culture positive males had gonorrhea. A high prevalence of positive cultures in the males was only found where chlamydial cultures had been positive in the female. All women and men with positive culture results received antibiotic treatment before or after the abortion procedure. The incidence of laparoscopically verified post-abortion salpingitis was low, at 0.57%, while a clinical diagnosis of endometritis was made in 3.3%. Routine pre-operative microbial screening for Chlamydiae trachomatis should be considered for all women requesting abortion. Tracing and screening for chlamydial and gonorrheal infection of sexual partners of culture-positive women is necessary as a preventive measure.

Abortion Applicants↗

PubMed2004

Older adolescents' positive attitudes toward younger adolescents as sexual partners.

The prevalence of older adolescents' positive attitudes toward younger sexual partners was investigated through three measures of self-reported hypothetical likelihood of having sex with preadolescents and younger adolescents (LSA), using a school-based cluster sample of 710 Norwegian 18- to 19-year-olds attending nonvocational high schools in Oslo. Some likelihood of having sex with a preadolescent (less than 12 years of age) was reported by 5.9% of the males. The 19.1% of the males who indicated some likelihood of having sex with a 13- to 14-year old, compared to those who did not, reported more high-frequency drinking, more alcohol-related problems, earlier sexual initiation, more conduct problems, and poorer psychosocial adjustment. This subgroup also reported more high-frequency use of pornography, having more friends with an interest in child pornography and violent pornography, and greater use of coercion to obtain sexual favors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The legal situation concerning notification of sexual partners of HIV/AIDS patients in Costa Rica: problems in contact tracing.

Among solutions to the problems of HIV/AIDS, a public health preventive measure has been proposed to notify the sexual partners of patients, this being a justifiable exception to professional secrecy. Every such measure must conform to a legal framework in order to facilitate the task of the health care worker, to respect the patient's right to privacy and to protect life as a juridical value. The General Law governing HIV/AIDS and its Costa Rican regulations propose a procedure to notify sexual partners. This study analyses how the procedure is developing in Costa Rica as well as its legal justificaitons.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2005

Serostatus disclosure to sexual partners by HIV-infected women before and after the advent of HAART.

HIV-positive individuals have been encouraged by public health officials to disclose their HIV status to sexual partners. In deciding what to do, however, they must weigh what they see as the potential costs and benefits of disclosing or not disclosing. In the present report we examine the reasons women offer for disclosing or not disclosing their serostatus and the reactions to that disclosure among two matched samples of HIV-infected women. The first sample was interviewed in 1994-1996, before the widespread availability of HAART; while the second sample was interviewed from 2000-2003 after these medications were widely in use. The findings reveal striking similarities between the two time periods in women's reasons for sharing or not sharing their status with partners, and the reactions to disclosure they experienced. The reconceptualization of AIDS as a chronic illness, rather than an acute fatal one, did not appear to have diminished women's felt responsibility to share their diagnosis with potential sexual partners nor their fear that disclosure would be met with rejection. The data revealed that disclosure remains a highly stressful event for HIV-infected women and that they experience considerable emotional suffering as a result of the diminished sense of self-worth and physical attractiveness brought about by their diagnosis. These findings suggest that intervention efforts toward reducing the stigmatization of HIV/AIDS and for assisting women to manage the stress of disclosure and non-disclosure and address women's feelings of self-worth continue to be needed despite the advent of HAART.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Data from the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. III. Multiple sexual partners among blacks in high-risk cities.

The National AIDS Behavioral Surveys collected data between June 1990 and February 1991 on the prevalence of multiple sex partners and condom use among 2, 166 blacks living in cities with a high prevalence of AIDS cases. Almost one-fifth (19%) of respondents report having had two or more partners in the year preceding the survey. More men (30%) than women (10%), and more single (25%) than married or cohabiting adults (8%), report that they have had multiple sexual partners in the previous year. Although respondents are more likely to use condoms with secondary than main sexual partners, substantial proportions of blacks with multiple sex partners used no condoms in the previous year with either their main (47%) or their secondary partners (35%).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1988

HIV isolation and antigen detection in infected individuals and their seronegative sexual partners.

We have examined 39 couples, each consisting of one HIV-seropositive index case and one seronegative sexual partner. HIV isolations, HIV antigen (HIV-Ag) tests and HIV antibody tests were performed on samples from these 78 individuals. Results were compared with those of 68 unselected individuals. Neither HIV, nor HIV-Ag was detected in any of the seronegative individuals. HIV-Ag tests, but not HIV isolations showed positive results with a significantly lower frequency in symptomatic index cases than in unselected patients with symptoms. This indicates that the absence of HIV-Ag in the serum may be correlated with a low level of contagiousness.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Frequency of sexual partner change in a Norwegian population. Data distribution and covariates.

The number of new sexual partners per year (partner frequency) is a key factor in the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Data from two Norwegian population-based surveys conducted in 1987 and 1992 were used to estimate recent (in the previous 3 years) and earlier partner frequency and to examine covariates affecting the distribution of partner frequency. Seventy-two percent of respondents reported having no new partners per year, and 2% reported having more than three new partners per year. Results from a Poisson regression model indicated that a low partner frequency was associated with being married or cohabiting, being female, greater age, and late sexual debut. Partner frequency was lower in 1992 than in 1987 (rate ratio = 0.8, 95% confidence interval 0.7-0.9). In comparison with earlier life, there was a large reduction in partner frequency for married/cohabiting individuals. In contrast, there was either no change or some increase in partner frequency for single persons.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Judicial sentencing in Canadian intimate partner sexual assault cases.

This article examines judicial descriptions of and responses to intimate partner sexual assaults in the Canadian context. Drawing on data from sexual assault sentencing judgments, we investigated 186 cases across four categories of perpetrator-victim relationship. Offence and case-related characteristics, as well as sentencing outcomes were analyzed. The data indicated notable similarities between intimate partner and stranger sexual assaults in terms of the occurrence of penetration, force, and injury. At the same time, our analyses revealed that strangers received longer sentences than intimate perpetrators. Some significant differences were also found between intimate partner and authority figure relationship groups across the variables examined.

Canada↗

PubMed1989

Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody knowledge on high-risk sexual behavior with steady and nonsteady sexual partners among homosexual men.

For the study of the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing on high-risk sexual behavior with nonsteady and steady sexual partners, 307 homosexual men (118 seronegative, 75 seropositive, and 114 untested) were interviewed at three consecutive six-month intervals between July 1985 and December 1986. From the results, it appears that among seropositives the percentage who performed anogenital insertive intercourse with nonsteady partners remained constant (73, 64, and 61% during the first, second, and third intervals, respectively (nonsignificant]. Among seronegatives and those who were untested, the percentages who practiced anogenital receptive intercourse with nonsteady partners decreased from 44 to 29% and from 54 to 20%, respectively (p less than 0.05). The percentage who performed anogenital insertive intercourse and anogenital receptive intercourse with their steady partner remained constant in all groups: seropositives, +/- 70%; seronegatives, +/- 60%; and untested, +/- 55%. Seropositives were more likely to use condoms during anogenital insertive intercourse with their nonsteady and steady sexual partners than were seronegatives and untested persons during anogenital receptive intercourse with these partners (p less than 0.05). In the majority of cases, condoms were not used antibody testing in the three groups studied. The generalizability of these results, however, is limited.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Sexual partner preference in female zebra finches: the role of early hormones and social environment.

This experiment investigated the effects of early estrogen treatment and sex composition of the social environment on sexual partner preference in female zebra finches, a pair-bonding socially monogamous species. Birds were injected daily with estradiol benzoate (EB) or the steroid vehicle for the first 2 weeks posthatch and then lived in either a unisex (all-female) or a mixed sex group from 40 to 100 days. After 100 days birds were implanted with testosterone propionate and given three kinds of tests: tests with a stimulus female, two-choice mate preference tests with male and female stimuli, and colony tests to assess pairing preference in a more naturalistic context. Both EB and unisex housing independently resulted in a preference for females (masculinized preference) in the two-choice tests, but only females with both EB treatment and unisex living were more likely to pair with females in the colony tests. Sexual partner preference, a key sexually dimorphic component of mate choice, appears to be organized by sex steroids in this pair-bonding species, but in a manner that may be mediated by the social environment.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Intentional unsafe sex (barebacking) among HIV-positive gay men who seek sexual partners on the internet.

While unsafe sex has been reported throughout the HIV epidemic, the underlying assumption has been that most persons do not seek to purposely ham unprotected sex. Within the gay community, the term 'barebacking' has emerged to refer to intentional unsafe anal sex. The prevalence of barebacking is evidenced among gay men, particularly those who are HIV-positive, by the number of internet sites devoted to barebacking and the number of men seeking sexual partners through the use of the internet. To gain insight into barebacking, a sample of 112 HIV-positive gay men were recruited from internet sites where men seek to meet each other for sex. The major it of participants (84%)reported engaging in barebacking in the past three months, and 43% of the men reported recent bareback sex with a partner of unknown serostatus. These results indicate the potential for widespread transmission of HIV to uninfected men by the partners they meet on the internet. Analyses revealed that men who reported bareback sex only with HIV-positive partners scored lower in sexual adventurism than those who had bareback sex regardless of partner serostatus. A significant correlation was observed between defining masculinity as sexual prowess and intentional unprotected anal sex. There are serious implications for HIV prevention efforts, in that internet-based education should be a priority in order to reach men who rely on this mechanism to find sexual partners.

Adult↗