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PubMed1993

Standards of skinfold thickness and anthropometric indices in term Israeli newborn infants.

Anthropometric measurements including weight, length, head and mid-arm circumferences, skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac and quadriceps) were obtained from 250 singleton, full-term infants within 4 h of birth. Anthropometric indices for total body fat stores such as arm fat and nonfat areas, adiposity and ponderal indices, and weight/length ratio were calculated. These data may be helpful in determining nutritional status at birth and assessing postnatal growth of Israeli infants.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1980

[Longitudinal data of physical growth of healthy children. II. Height, weight, skinfold thickness of children aged 1.5--16 years (author's transl)].

From 1968--1978 a longitudinal study was performed concerning development of height, weight and skinfold thickness in 709 boys and 711 girls 1.5--16 years old. Increase in height during time studied amounted to 92 cm in boys and 82 cm in girls. Mean increases in weight amounted to 49.3 kg and 41.2 kg respectively. Boys had highest increase in growth from 13 to 15 years, girls from 11 to 13 years. Skinfold has been thicker in girls than in boys. Triceps Skinfolds had been ped wave-like in both sexes. Following an unchanged decreased phase, the skinfolds remaining developed its thickness constantly. The phase of stagnation paralleled time of highest increase in growth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Skinfold thickness at ulnar, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac regions in 1,656 Japanese children aged 3-11 years.

We measured body weight, height, and skinfold thickness (SFT) at ulnar, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac regions in 1,656 Japanese children aged 3-11 years. Means of SFT in boys and girls with normal weight exhibited similar changes with age to Caucasian children. However, nadirs of SFT were observed 1 year earlier and means at 11 years were slightly higher in Japanese. Correlation coefficients between SFT and excess weight (EW) were high in boys and girls when EW was more than 10%. Some children with EW of more than 10% had abnormal SFT. Skinfolds in all children with EW of 30% or more were beyond the normal limits. In this study, normal ranges of SFT in Japanese children are demonstrated and their racial characteristics are compared to Caucasians. It is suggested that children with EW of 10-30% are heterogenous and determination of fat volume is essential to confirm the diagnosis of obesity in these subjects.

Body Height↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlation between skinfold thickness and ultrasonography in the study of subcutaneous adipose tissue in females].

The aim of this study was to verify if there is a 1:2 correlation between subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness measured by ultrasonography and skinfold caliper and if this correlation varies in function of the degree of obesity, subcutaneous fat thickness, and the area evaluated. Forty women (age 27.9 +/- 11.7 years, body mass index 28.75 +/- 5.40 Kg/m2, waist to hip ratio 0.77 +/- 0.06) underwent ultrasonographic measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue and skinfold caliper measurement at nine different sites (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, suprailiac, epigastric umbilical, hypogastric, gluteal, and femoral). Data analysis confirmed a significant correlation between measurements made by ultrasonography and skinfold plicometry at all sites when the patients were not subdivided according to body mass index or skinfold thickness. When they were subdivided on the basis of body mass index, a significant correlation was found for subjects with a body mass index < 30; when the index was > 30, the correlation was observed at only the subscapular and suprailiac sites, and to a lesser degree at the tricipital and femoral sites. Moreover, a highly significant correlation was found only at sites at which ultrasonographic thickness was not > 20 mm (p < 0.001) with an r value decreasing progressively from 0.685 (thickness < 10 mm) to 0.248 (thickness > 40 mm). Given the great variability of this correlation, we suggest that ultrasonography is preferable to plicometry for the measurement of fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

The effect of lactation and other factors on post-partum changes in body-weight and triceps skinfold thickness.

1. Mothers were followed from 1 month post-partum up to 12 months post-partum to measure changes in their body-weight and triceps skinfold thickness. 2. Overall there was a significant weight loss in the first few months but this levelled off by 7 months. 3. The triceps skinfold increased significantly up to 5 months post-partum and then decreased. 4. These changes in body-weight and skinfold were not affected by the duration of lactation, smoking or the educational achievement of the mothers, but were influenced by the initial body mass index and the desire to lose weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Body fat in neonates and young infants: validation of skinfold thickness versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

BACKGROUND: There is an interest in noninvasive measurement of body fat in newborns and infants. Measurement of skinfold thickness (SFT) is a simple clinical method. OBJECTIVE: We correlated fat mass (FM) values of neonates and infants predicted from SFT measurements and compared them with FM values measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a validated in vivo method for determining body fat. DESIGN: The weight, length, body composition (DXA measurement of FM and percentage of body fat), and SFT of 104 healthy term and preterm infants were measured at 0, 2, and 4 mo of age. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) FM determined by DXA increased from 440 +/- 220 g at birth to 1310 +/- 450 g at 2 mo of age and to 2170 +/- 605 g at 4 mo of age. The percentage of body fat increased from 13.3% at birth to 24.5% and 31.2% at 2 and 4 mo of age, respectively. An equation was developed to calculate FM (in g) in newborns by using the sum of SFT measurements (in mm) and body length (l; in cm): FM = 68.2 x SigmaSFT((0.0162) x l) - 172.8 (R(2) = 0.948, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: With the use of statistical bootstrap analysis, the results provide an in vivo validation of SFT measurements against DXA for newborns and young infants. Body fat measurements by SFT correlate with FM values determined by DXA (R(2) = 0.936). Estimation of nutritional status is possible with errors (SD) of +/- 75, +/- 170, +/- 300, and +/- 380 g for infants with an FM 2000 g, respectively.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prediction of body density from skinfold thickness in elderly subjects: are the existing equations valid?

In 33 healthy elderly subjects, body density was measured using hydrodensitometry and predicted from the sum of four skinfold thicknesses. In the men, mean measured density was 1.045 kg/l and mean predicted density 1.041 kg/l, with bias and limits of agreement 0.004 (+/- 0.016) kg/l and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference 0.001-0.008 kg/l. In the women, mean measured density was 1.012 kg/l and mean predicted density 1.020 kg/l, and 95% CI for the difference was -0.016-0.000 kg/l. The bias was therefore in the opposite direction in women than men, and limits of agreement were wider (-0.008 +/- 0.030 kg/l) in the women. Biases in prediction of density lead to systematic error in estimation of body fatness in elderly subjects, and this systematic error is more likely to be of practical significance in women than men.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Measurement of body fat with bioelectric impedance, skinfold thickness, and equations based on anthropometric measurements. Comparative analysis].

BACKGROUND: There is growing clinical interest in estimating body fat percentages (%FM). The aim of this study was a comparison of body fat measurement by anthropometric equations, skinfold thickness (SFT) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) methods. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. 149 healthy individuals (83 males and 66 females) were recruited. Height, weight, waist circumference, skinfold of biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac regions, sum and log10 sum of four folds were obtained. %FM were calculated using the Siri equation (for sex or age-sex), Brozeck (sex or age-sex), Deurenberg, Lean and segmental BIA (Omron BF 300). Methodological differences among the various methods were analyzed with Spearman (SCC) and intraclass (ICC) correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman method. The reference method is the Siri-age-sex equation. RESULTS: The means of %FM were 26.8 +/- 8.3% (Siri-age-sex), 25.7 +/- 8.1% (Siri-sex), 25.97 +/- 7.6% (Brozeck-age-sex), 24.9 +/- 7.5% (Brozeck-sex), 25.6 +/- 8.8% (BIA), 28.6 +/- 8.2% (Deurenberg), 29.7 +/- 8.2% (Lean-waist circumference) and 29.4 +/- 9.3% (Lean-triceps-waist). The %FM values for all methods were highly intercorrelated (all SCC > 0.83 and CCI > 0.85). Brozeck-age-sex (average difference 0.8%; limits of agreement -0.48 to 2.08%) and BIA (1.17%; -6.21 to 8.55%) show the best agreement according to Bland and Altman analysis with Siri-age-sex equation. CONCLUSIONS: Deurenberg and Lean equations provide different body fat mass estimates than those derived from SFT measurement and BIA and thus should not be used interchangeably. The use of Siri-Brozeck equations is recommended for %FM assessment. The results suggest that segmental BIA-Omron BF 300 may be a valid alternative method.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Skinfold thickness, body mass index, and fatal coronary heart disease: 30 year follow up of the Northwick Park heart study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of baseline body mass index (BMI) and skinfold thickness (ST) on fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and all cause mortality after 30 years of follow up. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Northwick Park heart study (NPHS) designed to investigate the role of haemostatic variables on CHD. PARTICIPANTS: 1511 men and 691 women enrolled in NPHS aged 40 to 64 years at entry. MAIN RESULTS: Baseline BMI (kg/m(2)) and forearm, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds ST (mm) were measured. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios for fatal CHD and total mortality for each standard deviation unit increase in obesity adjusting for age, smoking status, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, fibrinogen, and factor VII activity. Subjects experienced 250 fatal CHDs and 819 all cause deaths over 30 years (median: 26 years; IQR: 22-28 years). Among men, only BMI (RR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.12 to 1.49) significantly increased the risk of fatal CHD. Among women, BMI (RR = 1.48, 95%CI = 1.07 to 2.06), as well as, subscapular (RR = 1.65, 95%CI = 1.19 to 2.30), forearm (RR = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.08 to 1.97), and triceps (RR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.12 to 2.39) skinfolds were predictive of fatal CHD. None of the estimates for all cause mortality were significant except for subscapular skinfold in women (RR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.02 to 1.42). There was no evidence of interaction between obesity and sex for fatal CHD or all cause death. The effect of obesity on fatal CHD or all cause deaths does not seem to be mediated substantially by cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, or haemostatic variables. CONCLUSIONS: BMI is an important risk factor for fatal CHD where its prognostic significance remains after up to 30 years of follow up.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in newborn infants. Discriminative value of mid arm circumference and of skinfold thickness.

74 appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) and 22 small-for-gestational age (SGA) caucasian infants were studied for anthropometric parameters: mid arm circumference (MAC), triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (TSKF and SSKF) recorded at 15 and 60 s, chest circumference (cc), head circumference, birth weight and length. MAC is highly correlated with birth weight either in AGA (r = 0.936; P less than 0.001) or in SGA infants (r = 0.860; P less than 0.001). MAC is also correlated with gestational age in AGA (r = 0.850; P less than 0.001) and SGA infants (r = 0.76; P less than 0.001). Similar correlations were found between TSKF, SSKF and birth weight or gestational age. Arm muscle and fat areas are also positively correlated with birth weight and gestational age, in AGA and SGA infants. A multiple regression analysis of our data allowed a classification of the best discriminant anthropometric parameters between AGA and SGA infants. MAC, SSKF15, SSKF60 and chest circumference were selected. An equation was established in AGA infants with these four parameters giving a predictive gestational age: gestational age (weeks) = 1.216 MAC (cm)-3.588 SSKF15 (mm) + 0.263 CC (cm) + 17.9. The ratio of predicted gestational age to the real gestational age was 1.0 +/- 0.044 in AGA versus 0.896 +/- 0.034 in SGA infants. Our data suggest that MAC and SSKF provide a simple measure of body composition of neonates and a useful tool for determining the degree of maturity of a newborn independent of birth weight.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

Body composition assessed on the basis of arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness: a new index validated in children by magnetic resonance imaging.

Fat and muscle areas can be calculated from equations on the basis of upper arm circumference (C) and triceps skinfold thickness (TS). These equations assume a circular limb and muscle compartment and a symmetrically distributed fat rim: total upper arm area (TUA) = C2/(4 pi), upper arm muscle area (UMA) = [C - (TS x pi)2]/(4 pi), and upper arm fat area (UFA) = TUA - UMA. This traditional method underestimates the degree of adiposity. We propose that the unrolled fat rim is a rectangle whose length = C and width = TS/2. The following new indexes are based on this assumption: upper arm fat area estimate (UFE) = C x (TS/2), and upper arm muscle area estimate (UME) = TUA - UFE. To validate these equations, areas were measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 28 children aged 9-15 y (17 control subjects and 11 obese subjects). Correlations between MRI and UFA and MRI and UFE were similar (r = 0.96 for both correlations in the control group and r = 0.84 and 0.82, respectively, in the obese group), but the areas assessed by MRI (13.8 cm2) were closer to UFE (12.4 cm2) than to UFA (11.2 cm2) in the control group as well as in the obese group (MRI = 48.7 cm2, UFE = 46.6 cm2, and UFA = 38.5 cm2). The limits of agreement between MRI and anthropometry were 5.7 +/- 5.8 cm2 for UFA and 0.6 +/- 5.0 cm2 for UFE, showing that UFA is not acceptable in most cases, whereas UFE measurements are close to MRI measurements. In conclusion, UFE and UME are simple and accurate indexes to assess body composition. French reference values are available from 1 mo to 17 y of age.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body composition and body hydration in old age estimated by means of skinfold thickness and deuterium dilution.

In this study a group of 30 women and 30 men aged 60-90 years was examined. Body density was predicted from the sum of four skinfold thickness (SFT) as described by Durnin and Womersley (1974). Body composition, expressed as a percentage of total body weight as fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) was calculated by means of Siri's formula (Siri 1961). Total body water (TBW) was measured from the dilution of an oral deuterium dose and FFM calculated assuming a hydration of 73.2%. The FM% predicted from SFT showed a slight but not significant decreasing age trend from 28.3% to 25.4% in men, and from 40.3% to 37.8% in women. Body hydration (about 50% of body weight in men and 44% in women) remained constant throughout the age range. FFM obtained from TBW assuming a constant hydration of FFM, was found to be unchanged with age. FM% predicted from SFT was correlated with values obtained from TBW on an individual basis (R2 = 0.38; p less than 0.0001 in men and R2 = 0.31; p less than 0.002 in women), but the scatter was large. The Bland and Altman statistical analysis (Bland and Altman 1986) suggests that the discrepancy between the two estimates tends to be significantly more positive with increasing fatness of the subject. The assumption of a constant hydration of FFM between individuals and with advancing age was tested. The hydration of FFM was calculated as the ratio between TBW (from deuterium dilution) and FFM (estimated from SFT). The wide range of values (50% to 90%) suggests large inter-individual differences. The mean values were lower than commonly reported, and differed with age and sex. In men, FFM hydration steadily decreases with age from the 7th decade (70.2 +/- 7.7%) to the 10th decade (65.9 +/- 8.2%). Women showed higher average figures than those of men and a lower age-associated decline (72.5% and 68.5% respectively). Our results suggest that FFM hydration decreases with age, and this indicates the need to develop age-related correction factors in order to derive FFM from TBW in an elderly population.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interchangeability of the fat-to-fat-free mass ratios obtained by means arm anthropometric measures, skinfold thickness, and bioelectrical impedance].

BACKGROUND: Body fat, fat free mass and the relationship between both, the fat-to-fat-free mass ratio are useful parameters in the nutritional evaluation of the patient. The aim of this study is to evaluate the degree of agreement among the fat-to-fat-free mass ratios obtained by arm anthropometric measures (fat-muscle index, FMI), Siri equation for the sum of four skinfold thickness (body fat-muscle index, BFMISiri) and triceps skinfold (BFMItriceps) and bioelectrical impedance (BFMIOmron) methods. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 145 patients were evaluated by anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance (Omron BF 300), being estimated the agreement through the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman method. The reference method was BFMISiri. RESULTS: The ICC between BFMISiri-BFMItriceps were 0.9304 (0.9035; 0.9498), between BFMISiri-FMI of 0.7726 (0.6846; 0.8361) and between BFMISiri-BFMIOmron of 0.9114 (0.8771; 0.9361). BFMItriceps (limits of agreement -0.171 to 0.117) show the best agreement according to Bland-Altman analysis with BFMISiri, followed by BMFISiri-BFMIOmron (-0.186; 0.178). The agreement limits between FMI and BFMISiri (-0.2; 0.42), BFMItriceps (-0.26; 0.42) or BFMIOmron (-0.292; 0.504) were beyond of the established cut-off points (-0.2; 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the nature of the statistical agreement BFMItriceps and BFMIOmron are methods interchangeable methods between them and with BFMISiri. FMI is not interchangeable with BFMISiri, BFMIOmron or BFMItriceps. These results suggest that FMI cannot estimate properly the body composition. BFMItriceps and BFMIOmron are valid alternative methods to be used instead BFMISiri in the fat-to-fat-free mass ratio assessment.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Body composition in children: proposal for a method for calculating body fat percentage from total body density or skinfold-thickness measurements.

A method is presented for assessing childhood obesity in a more objective way than most other routine methods used for diagnosing childhood obesity. The sum of bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, and suprailiacal skinfold thicknesses is related to total body density by use of theoretically defined prediction equations. Total body density is used to estimate total body fat percentage by use of age- and sex-dependent equations on the relation between body fat percentage and body density. These equations are constructed on the basis of published data on changes in the density of fat-free mass with age in children. With the proposed method childhood obesity can be assessed routinely in a more consistent way than with most other routine methods used to diagnose obesity in children. A preliminary validation study indicated that in children aged 7-10 y predicted body density differed on average less than 1% from measured body density. In addition, predicted body density was highly correlated (r greater than 0.7) with measured body density.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Skinfold thickness and cardiovascular risk factors in American and Japanese telephone company executives.

Data from a cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease risk factors in 962 US and 827 Japanese male telephone company executives were used to determine the associations of skinfold thickness measurements (abdominal, subscapular, triceps, ulnar) with blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and serum triglycerides. These associations were assessed within each group of executives and were compared between the groups. Most skinfolds showed association with risk factors in univariate regression. After adjusting for age and body mass index, the abdominal skinfold continued to be significantly associated with blood pressure and triglycerides in both groups, while the subscapular skinfold showed associations only with triglycerides. After adjustment, the peripheral skinfolds showed no association with risk factors in the US men, however, in the Japanese men the ulnar skinfold continued to be associated with blood pressure. These findings suggest that abdominal and ulnar skinfold measurement may be useful in adjusting for the effect of obesity on coronary heart disease risk in epidemiological studies.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1976

[Body potassium and skinfold thickness in an isocaloric, fat-rich diet (author's transl)].

Nine partly weak overweighted sport students got a fat rich isocaloric diet (70% fat, 20% protein, 10% carbohydrates) for three weeks. Body weight, body potassium and skinfold thicknesses were measured. A constant loss of body weight was the result. Lean body mass and body fat decreased. It is supposed that protein is used for gluconeogenesis if carbohydrate reduction is nearly total.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1987

[Blood pressure in children and adolescents aged 4 to 18. Correlation of blood pressure values with age, sex, body height, body weight and skinfold thickness (Essen Blood Pressure Study)].

1,165 randomly selected school children/adolescents and 306 preschool children living in Essen, West Germany, were examined for their systolic and diastolic (phase IV and V) blood pressure (BP), height, weight, and skinfold thickness. These are 97% of the original random sample school children/adolescents and 70.7% of the preschool children (under seven years old). Ages ranged from 4 to 18 years with 51% male and 49% female. Examination of the school children was performed in 20 different schools representative for the various types of school found in this city. BP was found to increase with age. In boys, the increase was significantly steeper during adolescence than in the preadolescence period (p less than 0.001). Adolescent boys had higher BP values than adolescent girls. In children younger than 10 years BP was similar to that reported in the Bogalusa study. The evaluation of partial correlation coefficients (rpart) identified body weight as the most important determinant of systolic BP (rpart = 0.25) and diastolic BP (rpart = 0.17) (p less than 0.0001).

Adolescent↗