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Results for “Social Control, Informal”

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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Who's in the car? Passengers as potential interveners in alcohol-involved fatal crashes.

This article assesses the promise of motor vehicle passengers as interveners to prevent drinking and driving. It describes data from the U.S. Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), which indicate that most alcohol-involved fatally injured drivers (70% of males, 66% of females) were not accompanied by "adult" passengers (16 or older), and alcohol involvement among those passengers present appears to be high (80%). Nonetheless, in approximately 5% to 10% of cases it appears that sober or relatively "unimpaired" passengers could have served as interveners in alcohol-involved driving incidents. Passenger interveners may hold the most promise among teenagers, where passengers in general and unimpaired passengers in particular appear to be most prevalent.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1973

Illness and deviance.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Social uses of illness at the workplace: sick leave and moral evaluation.

From interviews with 25 white-collar employees in France, the processes are analysed through which fellow workers and superiors morally evaluate persons who are ill. The differences between this lay interpretation and the medical one are highlighted along with the criteria (the 'sick leave' and 'morbidity' scales) used to form judgments. A person's illness can be used as a pretext to justify measures that are related to other aspects of his life at the workplace. These uses of illness lead us to raise new questions about the legitimation of symptoms by the physician. They also throw light upon the pervasive means of social control that lie outside medical institutions.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1985

Professional socialization and social control: from medical students to general practitioners.

Most American research considers the assimilation of the norms and values of a given profession to be the most important way in which that profession controls the socialization of its future members. This view of social control is based on a problematic pattern of socialization. Using the results of a research into the socialization of general practitioners, a different approach to this problem of social control is suggested that takes into account the specific manner of integration into the university-hospital structures and the ways in which future doctors gain access to the professional world. The hospital with its scientific logic is thus the chief instrument of social control, even though this control is limited by the very nature of the hospital: hospital training only partly controls the application of this scientific knowledge by general practitioners.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1989

The social control of human biomedical research: an overview and review of the literature.

Social control mechanisms have become an important element of human medical research in the United States. At first largely intraprofessional, controls over human experimentation have moved increasingly in the direction of externally developed, bureaucratically administered, and formally sanctioned rules. This paper examines intra- and extraprofessional methods of control over biomedical science and reviews available research assessing their effectiveness in promoting researcher adherence to high ethical standards concerning the use of human subjects. Research suggests that intraprofessional controls (including medical training, peer influence, ethical codes, and disciplinary boards), are, on their own, inadequate to ensure investigator ethicality. However, studies examining external controls over biomedical research (government regulations, institutional review boards, judicial and state law), also suggest that extraprofessional regulations are often ineffective. Further study of both forms of scientific social control is needed, as well as research examining their interactive effects on investigators' ethical attitudes and practices.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1989

Overcoming 'psychosomatic' illness: lay attributions of cure for five possible psychosomatic illnesses.

This semi-replicative study was concerned with lay people's beliefs about the importance of 24 different contributors towards overcoming five relatively common illnesses: hypertension, peptic ulcers, asthma, dermatitis and migraine. These illnesses have frequently been regarded as psychosomatic although there is considerable debate as to whether this is so. One hundred subjects completed a 5-page questionnaire indicating how effective 24 factors were to overcoming the five specified illnesses. Factor analysis revealed almost identical clusters for each problem. These were labelled inner control, social consequences, fate, understanding and receiving help. Items clustering on the first and latter two factors were thought of as generally important and those on fate and, to a lesser extent, understanding, less important, although the perceived relevance of the second and third factors differed significantly between problems. Regressional analysis showed that various individual difference factors, age and sex in particular, were related to perceived relevance of the different contributors. The results were discussed in terms of subjects' beliefs concerning the value of self reliance as opposed to professional help, and the importance of understanding lay beliefs about the efficacy of different cures. Comparisons are made with four other studies using basically the same methodology.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1993

Social disintegration and the spread of AIDS--II. Meltdown of sociogeographic structure in urban minority neighborhoods.

An elementary model of sociogeographic network structure in an urban minority community suggests externally applied stress, particularly that which triggers frequent individual or family moves of increasing distance, may cause a sudden 'phase change' resulting in disconnection of previously integrated subgroups from the community. Such 'community meltdown' would seriously disrupt mechanisms for social control, economic opportunity and socialization of youth, while intensifying substance abuse and indiscriminate and frequent sexual activity, particularly among the very young. 'Phase change' of this nature would seem to preclude success of programs to control spread of HIV infection, particularly in heterosexual populations. The possibility is explored that programs of 'community recrystalization' in disintegrated urban area might likewise need to exceed some threshold of investment and organizing activity before becoming effective. However, if supported to levels above threshold, this work implies such programs might have very great impact in a very short time. The possibility of interaction between behavioral pathologies resulting from the initial meltdown and further consequent deterioration in sociogeographic network structure leads to speculation that the threshold for recrystalization may become significantly and progressively greater than for meltdown. Implications of these matters for diffusion of HIV into the general population are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗