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Results for “Structural Equation Modelling”

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PubMed1991

Health, stress, psychological resources, and subjective well-being among older blacks.

This study examines the structural relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, health status, stress, psychological resources, and subjective well-being (SWB) among the Black elderly. A structural equation model of SWB was evaluated with data from the 1979-1980 National Survey of Black Americans. The results revealed that poor subjective health status was predictive of lower levels of personal efficacy and SWB. Stressful life events tended to depress subjective assessments of health and had negative effects on self-esteem and SWB. Marital status and age had positive effects on SWB. Chronic health conditions and other demographic variables, however, had indirect effects on SWB.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Depression and cognitive change among institutionalized aged.

Interrelations between depression (Geriatric Depression Scale) and cognitive impairment (Blessed test) were examined among 201 nursing home and congregate apartment residents in a 2-year, 3-wave study. In structural equations models that controlled autocorrelations and within-occasion correlated residuals, introducing paths from depression to subsequent cognitive status significantly reduced unexplained variance, whereas paths from cognitive status to subsequent depression did not. Subsidiary analyses indicated that the relation of depression to subsequent cognitive status was strongest among persons with borderline (vs. impaired or intact) cognitive status, but only for the first time interval. Discussion addresses explanations for obtained results and implications for monitoring and treating depression among elderly long-term care residents.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

Interviewing older adults: validity of self-reports of satisfaction.

Respondents in a personal interview study were asked to evaluate several domains of their lives using several different response scales that included both verbal and pictorial response alternatives. Structural equation models were specified to permit estimation of the validity of these survey measures. Across all of the items, the concept factors explain an average of about one half of the total variance, method factors explain about one tenth of the variance, and the remaining one third or so of the variance is unique to each item. Comparisons of the validity of reports by respondents of different ages indicate that method factors explain almost twice as much of the variance in the responses of older respondents as in those of younger respondents.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Dissecting pleiotropy between major depressive disorder and physical disease comorbidities.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by substantial comorbidity with medical conditions. To achieve better outcomes for patients with MDD, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying pervasive comorbidities is required. Here, to this end, we mapped patterns of pleiotropy by defining four clusters of physical diseases (cardiovascular, metabolic, gastrointestinal and immune) and analyzed their genetic relationships with MDD using genomic structural equation modeling. Three disease clusters exhibited independent associations with MDD and accounted for 47% of MDD h2SNP, with the gastrointestinal disease cluster having the strongest association (β = 0.63, s.e. = 0.05, P = 3.04 × 10-30). In addition, we identified independent loci associated with the shared genetic liability between each disease cluster and MDD, revealing different pleiotropic components. Characterization of these loci revealed previously unidentified associations with MDD and physical disease traits, along with unique biological pathways, drug groups, cell types and genes associated with each disease-MDD cluster. Our findings reveal genetic connections implicating the gut-brain axis as a key mechanism underlying the comorbidity of physical diseases in MDD. This work advances our understanding of MDD by highlighting unique and shared genetic components across different disease systems.

Major Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed1990

The relationship between selected student characteristics and activity patterns in a required high school physical education class.

This study described the activity patterns of students in a high school fitness class and explored the structural relationships between particular student characteristics and their systematically coded exercise behavior. Although percent of time spent jogging was low (18%), with no gains made in cardiovascular fitness, the amount of time spent jogging, the distance covered, and fitness level were all significantly correlated. A LISREL VI computer program was used to test a structural equation model representing the Fishbein Behavioral-Intention Model. In support of the model, results showed the prediction of exercise behavior by attitude and subjective norm was significantly mediated by intention. Although not significant, it is worth noting that subjective norm was found to be the stronger predictor of intention over attitude. Background variables were found to indirectly influence intention through their significant influence on attitude and subjective norm. For this sample of 9th and 10th graders, significant others, particularly their peers and teachers, had a stronger impact on behavior than personal attitudes about activity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2025

The mediating role of protective factors in relationship between caregiving components and psychosocial adjustment among young carers: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Higher youth caregiving is associated with poorer psychosocial outcomes in young carers; hence a research priority is to investigate protective factors that mitigate the adverse effects of youth caregiving. This systematic review with meta-analysis examined the relationships among youth caregiving components and young carer psychosocial adjustment and protective factors, as well as the mediating role of the protective factors in the relationship between caregiving components and psychosocial adjustment. METHODS: Three electronic databases were searched until April 2024 and 10,244 unique publications were identified. Following abstract and title screening, 422 publications were subjected to full-text screening and 60 quantitative studies were included in this study. RESULTS: Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) results revealed positive direct effects of caregiving responsibilities and caregiving experiences on benefit finding (β = .43, 95% CI [.074, .782], p < .05) and emotion regulation (β = .72, 95% CI [.44, 1.00], p < .001), respectively. However, there was neither a significant direct effect of caregiving components on psychosocial adjustment nor a significant indirect effect of caregiving components on psychosocial adjustment through benefit finding or emotion regulation. CONCLUSION: Findings revealed a need for research into how caregiving contextual factors affect relations among youth caregiving, protective factors, and adjustment.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Distinguishing specific from broad genetic associations between external correlates and common factors.

MOTIVATION: Within the genomic structural equation modelling (genomic SEM) framework, common factors are often used to index shared genetic etiology across constellations of genome-wide associations studies (GWASs) phenotypes. A standard common pathway model, in which a genetic association is estimated between an external GWAS phenotype and a common factor, assumes that all genetic associations between the external GWAS phenotype and the individual indicator phenotypes are mediated through the factor. This assumption can be tested using the QTrait statistic, which compares the common pathway model to an independent pathways model that allows for direct genetic associations between the external GWAS phenotype and the individual indicators of the factor. However, QTrait is not designed to identify either the magnitude or the source of this heterogeneity. RESULTS: We expand upon the QTrait approach by describing an effect size index that quantifies the degree to which the common pathways model is violated, and we provide a systematic approach for empirically identifying specific direct pathways between an external trait and indicator traits. Our method comprises a series of omnibus tests and outlying indicator detection algorithms indexing the heterogeneity of associations between the genetic component of external traits and the individual indicators of common factors. We provide a set of automated functions which we apply to investigate the patterns of genetic associations across a set of external correlates with respect to indicators of general cognitive ability and case-control and proxy GWAS indices of Alzheimer's disease. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The Genomic SEM R package and the QTrait function is available at https://github.com/GenomicSEM/GenomicSEM. The QTrait function tutorial is available at https://github.com/GenomicSEM/GenomicSEM/wiki/8.-Tutorials. To ensure reproducibility of the analyses presented in this manuscript, the exact version of the QTrait function used, along with input data and scripts, has been archived on Zenodo (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17186083).

Genome-Wide Association Study↗

PubMed1992

Indicators of active and passive coping in myocardial infarction victims.

This retrospective study attempted to explore life events, personality factors, subjective perceptions, and coping reactions in myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Seventy-seven MI survivors participated in the study. The PERI Life Events Scale, the 16 PF personality inventory, and a questionnaire covering self-ratings of subjective perception and coping reactions were used to assess event-related influences. The following results were obtained: Multiple regression analyses yielded strong relationships between insecurity predicting perceived changeability, challenge, and threat. The number of prior events was a good predictor for problem solving and self-reflection, while self-attribution for the occurrence of the MI predicted self-blame and denial. A structural equation model indicated that anxiety and experience with stressful events were salient predictors for appraisal, whereas experience with prior events best predicted active coping, and socioeconomic status negatively predicted passive coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1977

The structure of urban mortality. A methodological study of Hannover, Germany. Part I.

An analysis is made of the association between density factors and the profile of cause specific death rates in small areas (Bezirke) of Hannover, Germany, in 1968-69. Evaluation of urban ecological methods and logic is done to determine the plausibility of making meaningful statements about cause specific death risks due to areal attributes. Efforts are made to develop an appropriate multiple indicator structural equation model to determine if underlying patterns of mortality can be discerned. Evidence is found that measures of crowding, apart from classical density, predict a general mortality component.

Germany, West↗

PubMed2026

Concurrent ecological and evolutionary processes contribute to mutualism breakdown between legumes and rhizobia.

Though they jointly shape community responses to environmental perturbations, ecology and evolution are often examined separately, even in microorganisms where both occur over short timescales. Here we examine ecological and evolutionary responses to 33 years of nitrogen fertilization using the legume-rhizobium mutualism. Pairing a manipulative inoculation study with full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and structural equation modeling allows us to synthesize across biological scales: whole bacterial community, genus Rhizobium, Rhizobium ASVs, and symbiosis plasmids. Clover's preferred partner decreases in N-addition soils, limiting host growth, while a diverse and largely uncharacterized Rhizobium community increases. This ecological change is compounded by a concurrent evolutionary degradation of symbiont partner quality via changing frequencies of symbiotic plasmids. Ecological (rarer symbionts) and evolutionary (inferior symbionts) processes each accounted for roughly half of this loss of host benefit, revealing that ecology and evolution jointly shape mutualism breakdown over the short timescales typical of microbial systems.

ecology↗

PubMed1992

A longitudinal analysis of adherence and health status in childhood diabetes.

Applied structural equation modeling to a longitudinal data set of 193 youngsters with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus assessed on two occasions, an average of 1.65 years apart. Six adherence constructs, Injection, Exercise, Diet Type, Testing-Eating Frequency, Calories Consumed, and Concentrated Sweets, were quantified from 24-hr recall interviews conducted with mother and child. Glycemic control was indexed by glycosylated hemoglobin (HA1C); lipid metabolism was indexed by fasting triglyceride levels (TRIG). The relationship of each adherence construct to metabolic control was tested separately. Patient age and disease duration served as exogenous variables in all models. Testing-Eating Frequency was associated with HA1C and Injection was associated with TRIG; in both cases better adherence was associated with better metabolic control. However, the standardized regression weights and variance accounted for were small. Patient age was a predictor of both adherence and metabolic control; older youngsters were less adherent and were in worse metabolic control. Inspection of models for younger versus older children suggested that age-homogeneous models improved prediction, but adherence and metabolic control linkages remained weak. Suggestions for refining the model are provided.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1992

The relationship between inattentiveness in the classroom and reading achievement (Part B): an explanatory study.

Findings from an explanatory study of the relationship between inattentiveness in the classroom and reading achievement are reported for a sample of 5,000 students (age, 5-14 years) drawn from a normal school population. Results of structural equation modeling showed that regardless of family socioeconomic status, age, and gender, students' inattentiveness had strong negative effects on their achievement as well as on their attitudes toward reading and reading activity at home. Moreover, the findings indicated strong reciprocal effects, suggesting that whereas inattentive behaviors lead to reduced achievement, reading achievement--mediated by attitudes and reading activity at home--leads to increased attentiveness in the classroom. The strategic implications of the findings are discussed.

Achievement↗

PubMed1991

What makes nursing satisfying: a comparison of college students' and registered nurses' views.

This paper reports a study of nurses' perceptions of the positive and negative features of the work environment and their contribution to satisfaction with nursing. The concept of a 'work space' was developed to describe nurses' mental images of the features of their work environment. Eighty-four final-year student nurses and 75 registered nurses rated questionnaire items designed to examine perceptions of opportunities for professional development, sources of satisfaction, difficulties, time constraints and problematic interactions with other hospital personnel. There was general agreement among nurses about the aspects of their work that they found satisfying, but student nurses were more pessimistic than registered nurses that nursing would give them opportunities for recognition of their worth. Students returning from practica in critical care wards reported more stressful interactions with other personnel than students returning from general ward practica. Structural equation modelling of the causal relations between sources of satisfaction with nursing revealed that recognition and self-perceptions of work as a nurse were the strongest predictors of overall satisfaction with nursing. Caring for patients contributed only indirectly through its influence on nurses' feelings about themselves. The data indicate the significance of personal and social implications of nursing careers.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Self-discrepancies as predictors of vulnerability to distinct syndromes of chronic emotional distress.

Two types of self-discrepancy differing in both domain and standpoint of self-guide were examined as predictors of vulnerability to chronic emotional syndromes. Study 1 assessed discrepancy between the actual/own self-state and the ideal/own self-guide and between the actual/own self-state and the ought/other self-guide in predicting syndromes of dejection and agitation as well as different types of anger. Actual/own: ideal/own discrepancy (AI) was uniquely related to dejection, frustration, and anger at self as measured 2 months later; actual/own:ought/other discrepancy (AOO) was uniquely related to agitation and to anger at others and resentment. Study 2 used structural equation modeling of the relations between AI and AOO discrepancy and social anxiety versus depression as measured weeks later. A model in which AOO was more strongly associated with social anxiety and AI was more strongly associated with depressive symptoms provided the best fit. The results support the convergent and discriminant validity of a self-discrepancy model of vulnerability to chronic emotional syndromes.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1988

A longitudinal study of negative emotional states and adjustment from early childhood through adolescence.

The relations among various negative emotional and behavioral characteristics (e.g., aggression, anxiety, undercompliance, depressive mood) and adjustment were examined through use of data from the 31-year-old New York Longitudinal Study. 75 white, middle-class children were rated on these negative characteristics from infancy to adolescence. Measures of family, peer, and personal adjustment were also obtained. Because of the longitudinal nature of the data, we were able to use structural equation models to address the following questions: (1) How stable are these negative behaviors from early life through adolescence? (2) What is the degree of relation between these emotional characteristics and adjustment in childhood and adolescence? and (3) To what degree do these emotional characteristics differentially predict multiple adjustment dimensions in adolescence? 2 factors of negative emotional behavior, labeled as Aggression and Affect, respectively, were identified in early and late childhood and were found to have relatively high stability of individual differences. Aggression significantly predicted adolescent maladjustment, whereas Affect had no independent prediction of maladjustment. Moreover, emotional problems provided better prediction of adolescent adjustment problems than did earlier childhood adjustment ratings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Habituation and maternal encouragement of attention in infancy as predictors of toddler language, play, and representational competence.

In a longitudinal study, infants' habituation and mothers' encouragement of attention were assessed at 5 months, and toddlers' language comprehension, language production, and pretense play and mothers' encouragement of attention were assessed at 13 months. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the unique contributions of infant habituation and maternal stimulation to toddlers' cognitive abilities. Habituation predicted language comprehension, pretense play, and a latent variable of language and play after the influences of both 5- and 13-month maternal encouragement of attention were partialed. Likewise, early maternal encouragement of attention explained unique variance in toddlers' language comprehension and the language-and-play latent variable after infant habituation was controlled. These findings indicate that links between early habituation and later cognitive development are direct and not solely mediated by maternal stimulation, and that maternal stimulation of young infants influences the development of children's representational competence over and above infants' own information-processing abilities.

Attention↗

PubMed1991

Neurobehavioral syndromes in cocaine-exposed newborn infants.

The effects of fetal cocaine exposure on newborn cry characteristics were studied in 80 cocaine-exposed and 80 control infants. The groups were stratified to be similar on maternal demographic characteristics and maternal use of other illegal substances and alcohol during pregnancy. The hypothesis was that excitable cry characteristics were related to the direct effects of cocaine, while depressed cry characteristics were related to the indirect effects of cocaine secondary to low birthweight. Structural equation modeling (EQS) showed direct effects of cocaine on cries with a longer duration, higher fundamental frequency, and a higher and more variable first formant frequency. Indirect effects of cocaine secondary to low birthweight resulted in cries with a longer latency, fewer utterances, lower amplitude, and more dysphonation. Cocaine-exposed infants had a lower birthweight, shorter length, and smaller head circumference than the unexposed controls. Findings were consistent with the notion that 2 neurobehavioral syndromes, excitable and depressed, can be described in cocaine-exposed infants, and that these 2 syndromes are due, respectively, to direct neurotoxic effects and indirect effects secondary to intrauterine growth retardation.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1992

Some consequences of early harsh discipline: child aggression and a maladaptive social information processing style.

Although a number of studies have reported a relation between abusive parental behavior and later aggressive behavior in the victim, many of these investigations have had methodological limitations that make precise interpretation of their results problematic. In the present study, we attempted to determine whether harsh parental discipline occurring early in life was associated with later aggression and internalizing behavior in children, using a prospective design with randomly selected samples to avoid some of these methodological difficulties. Structural equation modeling indicated a consistent relation between harsh discipline and aggression in 2 separate cohorts of children. This relation did not appear to be due to possible confounding factors such as child temperament, SES, and marital violence, although there was some indication in our data that the latter variables were related to child aggression. In addition, our analyses suggested that the effect of harsh discipline on child aggression may be mediated at least in part by maladaptive social information processing patterns that develop in response to the harsh discipline.

Adaptation, Psychological↗