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Fifty patients with creeping eruption were treated topically with an aqueous suspension of 15% thiabendazole. A permanent cure was obtained in 94% of patients within a fortnight and in 98% within 3 weeks. No significant side-effects were encountered and at present topical thiabendazole is the treatment of choice for this condition.
400 cases of dracunculosis were treated with Thiabendazole and the results reported. Thiabendazole appears to be highly effective and its pleasant taste and lack of adverse effects account for its acceptability by the patients. The drug is cheap and can be recommended even for poor patients. The adverse reactions are minimal and do not necessitate stoppage of therapy. We conclude the Mintezol is highly efficacious and should prove a useful weapon against Guinea worm disease.
Strongyloides stercoralis infection is a disease caused by an intestinal parasite. This helminth is highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. The preferred treatment is ivermectin, and thiabendazole as a second option available in certain Peruvian institutions. The purpose of the study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of thiabendazole (25 mg/kg/day) administered twice a day (after meals) for three days in individuals with S. stercoralis chronic infection. The study was conducted at Hospital de La Merced, Province of Chanchamayo, Peru (endemic area), during a 90 day period. The study included 32 individuals (22 female and 10 male, average age +/- SD = 9.31 +/- 8.11 years) with a diagnosed S. stercoralis infection. Follow up tests were eosinophil count, hematocrit, agar plate feces culture, and Baermann technique modified by Lumbreras. Healing rate was 90.6%. The average eosinophil count in healed patients significantly decreased (1168 to 665 eosinophils/cc, p=0.006) as compared to the treatment failure group, which showed a slight increase (618 to 897 eosinophils/cc, p=0.125). Hematocrit increased in both groups (2% and 3%, respectively). Adverse effects were headache, dizziness, and epigastralgia in 6.2% of individuals. It was concluded that the studied scheme showed a high effectiveness rate and was well tolerated. Therefore this scheme may be taken into account for control programs of this parasite in hyperendemic areas.
Thiabendazole has been used at 50 mg.kg-1 in one oral dose to test its efficiency as dracunculiasis prophylaxis. Villagers were separated in two groups: 73 volunteers who had taken thiabendazole and 99 people without treatment. In both groups incidence, disease and disability durations were not significantly different. Neither emergence locations nor frequency of missed migrations were modified by treatment. The only difference had been a decrease of parasite density in both groups 14 months after treatment: this might be explained by a decrease of transmission following the treatment but has to be confirmed by further experimental researches.
Mebendazole and thiabendazole were found to inhibit glucose uptake and its metabolism in the adult rat hookworm (N. brasiliensis) in vitro. Rates of endogenous glycogen utilisation, and excretion of one of the end products of glycolysis viz., lactic acid, were found to be increased, when the intact N. brasiliensis adults were incubated for 60 min with mebendazole and thiabendazole, respectively.
Hatching rates and susceptibility to thiabendazole were studied on Haemonchus contortus eggs collected after either a single, a challenge or a trickle infection of sheep with a non-resistant strain. Considerable changes were observed both in hatching rates and LC50 values for thiabendazole during the course of infection. Peaks in LC50 suggested that a susceptible strain can produce eggs at least tolerant and perhaps slightly resistant at some days pi even without any previous contact with anthelmintic. The peak obtained after a single infection was more transient than in the other cases thus suggesting that the immune response of the host may facilitate the selection of tolerant or resistant sub-populations of worms or of eggs. The inheritance of this feature was not clearly demonstrated. Nevertheless, the LC50 of a selected sub-population collected from an immune lamb and given to another lamb was higher and more constant than that of the original strain.
A method for the determination of thiabendazole in yams is reported. The method consists of extracting the chopped crops with ethyl acetate followed by distilled water wash and liquid liquid extraction of the chemicals into dilute hydrochloric acid. The sample is further cleaned up by making the aqueous acidic fraction alkaline and repartitioning into ethyl acetate. The determination step includes evaporation of the cleaned up extract to dryness, derivatization with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride, and determination of the derivatized thiabendazole in acetone by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.
The results of these studies indicate that a high percentage of Nebraska range cattle are infected with gastrointestinal parasites, but at a subclinical level of infection. However, significant differences were not observed in average daily gain between thiabendazole-treated range cattle and unmedicated controls in three of four field trials. In the three trials the average improvement in daily gain in animals receiving thiabendazole once averaged .01 lb greater than untreated controls. During a 120 day grazing period this improvement would not be sufficient to pay for the wormer or cost of additional labor.
Field strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta, designated PF4 and PF5 respectively, were recovered from a farm on which the sole use of levamisole over a preceding 12 year period led to the development of anthelmintic resistance. The results of field observations and preliminary critical trials in both Merino and crossbred sheep showed that both species have varying degrees of resistance to three major anthelmintics; levamisole, morantel tartrate and thiabendazole. Mean worm count reductions for adult T colubriformis (PF4) for therapeutic doses of morantel tartrate, thiabendazole and levamisole in crossbreds were 45.7 per cent, 97.3 per cent and zero respectively, and for Merinos 80.7 per cent, 88.3 per cent and 92.0 per cent respectively. Against O circumcincta the corresponding reductions for crossbreds were 51.4 percent, 95.4 per cent and 20.3 per cent and for Merinos, 52.5 per cent, 73.1 per cent and 29.8 per cent. There was no statistically significant difference in the responses of both parasite species to either levamisole or morantel. This result suggests that resistance to the two chemically unrelated drugs may be co-inherited.
One hundred-ninety-two children, ages 2 to 16 years, selected from the outpatient department medical clinic without regard to presenting complaint were examined by conventional cellulose tape specimens obtained at home. Twenty-four per cent of the patients were found to have pinworm ova present. The physicians seeing the last 84 patients were asked to estimate the likelihood of enterobiasis in these children. By various means from history, physical examination or blood cell differential counts, estimates were slightly better than by chance. Treatment of 185 patients in a random fashion with placebo, thiabendazole and pyrvinium pamoate resulted in negative tests three weeks after therapy, in 15, 92 and 95 per cent of patients, respectively. Transient side effects consisting of anorexia and vomiting were noted in all three groups, but were most pronounced in adults receiving thiabendazole.
A study was made of 48 patients from the different departments of the Hospital del Niño, DIF, in which hookworm eggs were demonstrated by qualitative coproparasitoscopic study (CPS). During the study, quantitative CPS was practiced on them by Stoll's dilution and the Harada-Mori technique, for the identification of the hookworm larvae. They were divided into three groups: A, B and C (16 patients in each group); the study was single-blind. The effectiveness of the evaluated drugs was based on the disappearance or diminution of hookworms eggs in the CPS (Stoll) practiced 2 weeks after the drug treatment had finished. The work was done with patients parasitized by Necator americanus (verified by the Harada-Mori technique). The A group was given pyrantel pamoate; the B group, thiabendazole and the C group, mebendazole. The results obtained were statistically processed by means of X2 proportions. There was no significant difference between the three groups when a light to moderate necatoriasis was treated; when a massive infection was involved, there was a significant difference and it was found that the best drug was pyrantel pamoate administered at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day/3 days. There were few side effects in the three groups, but they were not sufficient to cause suspension of the treatment. The cheapest drug was thiabendazole.
Forty-seven dogs with nasal aspergillosis or penicilliosis were treated with thiabendazole (20 mg/kg orally for 6 weeks). Nasal turbinectomy was performed on 26 of the dogs. Six months or more later, 43% of the dogs were clinically normal or considerably improved; results were better in dogs not treated surgically. It was concluded that thiabendazole at a dosage of 20 mg/kg is not an effective treatment for nasal aspergillosis or penicilliosis in dogs.
Analyses of the in vitro glucose metabolism of Haemonchus contortus adults have confirmed a complex series of end-products: ethanol, n-propanol, propionate, acetate, and CO2 as the major end-products of catabolism. No difference in end-product accumulation was seen between the cambendazole sensitive (BPL) and cambendazole resistant (CR) strains. Thiabendazole (5 mM) in vitro depressed ethanol, propanol, acetate, and propionate accumulation by approximately 42% in the BPL strain. However, in the resistant strain (CR), these end-product accumulations increased by 50% when the worms were exposed to drug in vitro and 80% when exposed in vivo. Resistance manifested by the CR strain appeared to be associated with the ability to increase its carbon flow in the presence of thiabendazole.
An investigation of the chemotherapeutic and biochemical effects of two benzimidazole anthelmintics, thiabendazole (TBZ) and cambendazole (CBZ), on Hymenolepis diminuta in experimentally infected rats is reported. Thiabendazole was active against H. diminuta at a relatively high dosage. A single oral dose of TBZ at 250 mg/kg body weight on day 15 of infection eliminated 100% of the tapeworms as determined at necropsy 5 days after treatment. The chemotherapeutic actions of TBZ on H. diminuta were accompanied by marked changes in worm weight and chemical composition. Tapeworms recovered from rats that had received a therapeutically effective dose of TBZ 24 hr earlier were significantly smaller and contained much less glycogen (as a percent of the wet weight) than worms from unmedicated controls. Protein concentrations increased in TBZ-treated worms and at a rate sufficient to offset the decline in glycogen concentration. Glycogen/protein ratios in TBZ-treated worms were significantly lower than the corresponding control values. Cambendazole proved to be five times more potent than TBZ against H. diminuta and produced the same basic changes in worm weight and chemical composition within 18 hr of treatment of the host. Administration of a single oral dose of TBZ or CBZ to the host produced in H. diminuta another change, the onset of which coincided with, or preceded, the gross alterations in worm weight and chemical composition. That change, observed in in vitro studies carried out 14 hr after treatment, revealed that tapeworms from drug-treated rats absorbed and metabolized much smaller quantities of exogenous glucose than did the controls, and the ability of the worm to accumulate glucose against a concentration difference was significantly depressed.
Six patients with acute trichinellosis were studied. Three patients were treated with mebendazole and the other three with thiabendazole. Both drugs were given at a daily dose of 50 mg per kg body weight for seven consecutive days. No substantial differences were evident in the efficacy of the two drugs when symptoms, clinical findings, and laboratory data were followed for three months. However, mebendazole was better tolerated than thiabendazole. The diagnosis was based on epidemiological data and positive antibody tests. In two cases, diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of trichinella larvae from 10 ml blood samples filtered through polycarbonate membranes.
Two patients with creeping eruption (cutaneous helminthiasis) on the feet contracted during a vacation in Ceylon were treated successfully by topical application of thiabendazole 50% in a paste destined for oral use in veterinary medicine. The preparation was applied once daily under occlusive dressings. There was no skin irritation. Prompt healing occurred after 3 and 6 days respectively. Because systemic thiabendazole therapy is frequently associated with toxic side effects, topical application seems to be the treatment of choice for creeping eruption caused by nematodes.
Critical tests were conducted in horses (n = 11) with naturally acquired infections of benzimidazole (BZ)-resistant population-B small strongyles in 1989 and 1990. Anthelmintics administered were thiabendazole (44 mg/kg of body weight, n = 4), oxibendazole (10 mg/kg, n = 3), and oxfendazole (OFZ, 10 mg/kg; n = 4). All compounds were paste formulations administered orally except for 1 of the OFZ treatments, which was a suspension formulation given by stomach tube. Aggregate mean efficacy was calculated for all species of small strongyles, drug-resistant and non-resistant. The highest efficacy was for oxibendazole (98%) and OFZ (94%); efficacy for thiabendazole was 63%. Five genera and 16 species of small strongyles were recovered from the 11 horses, ranging from 7 to 13 species (mean, 11). Of these, 7 species were found to have resistance in variable degrees to most of the anthelmintics. These strongyles were Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, and Cylicostephanus minutus. The large strongyle, Strongylus vulgaris, was present in all 11 test horses, and efficacy was 100% for all drugs. Seven of the BZ-treated foals (at least 1 horse from each BZ-treatment group), were infected with S edentatus; removal was 100%.
The two fungicides analysed in this paper, Thiabendazole (TBZ) and Diphenylammine (DPA), are among the pesticides found in higher concentration in fruits and vegetables sold in Tuscany. These compounds were tested in "in vitro" lymphocyte cultures at different concentrations and using 3 protocols; protocol 1: the cultures were treated with the fungicides for 48 h; protocols 2 and 3: the cultures were treated with fungicides for 4 h in the presence or absence of the metabolic activator S9 mix. Both fungicides produced a slight increase in the SCE frequency in the 48 h treatment, at the higher non-toxic concentrations tested, but not when exposed for only 4 h, with or without S9 mix. As far as concerns the Proliferation Rate Index (i.e. the number of first, second and third mitoses), Thiabendazole also produced a significant decrease in the replication rate of the treated cultures, while Diphenylammine did not produce any effect.