EFFECT OF TETRACYCLINES ON DENTITION.
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Child↗
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THE CLINICAL APPEARANCES OF TETRACYCLINE STAINING OF THE TEETH.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Bleaching of discolored teeth. Examination and evaluation of the effect of various bleaching agents].
Many patients suffer from tooth discoloration, a condition that produces more psychological distress than generally thought, especially when the anterior teeth are involused. In this study, tests were carried out to determine the effect of various agents applied discolored teeth for bleaching. Blood, colored tissue fluids I and II, attached to filter papers after being naturally exposed for a week were selected as object bleaching. Each subject was soaked in 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (30%H2O2), 3% hydrogen peroxide (3%H2O2), sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl), sodium perborate (NaBO3) and combination of them, then effect of agents were observed according to time-lapse. The following results were obtained. 1. NaOCl was most effective. 2. The action of 3%H2O2 was slow, showing only a slight bleaching effect after one week. 3. NaBO3 alone did not have any bleaching effect.
Borates↗
Carbamide peroxide whitening of nonvital single discolored teeth: case reports.
Patients who present with a single discolored tooth represent a significant restorative challenge. These case reports describe an economic and conservative treatment option for these patients. The situations presented demonstrate techniques for bleaching with carbamide peroxide in a traditional nightguard or with an inside-outside technique to achieve acceptable esthetic results on isolated nonvital discolored teeth. Although these techniques may not be effective in all cases, they do not compromise or eliminate any future treatment options.
Adult↗
Carbamide peroxide bleaching of teeth with dentinogenesis imperfecta discoloration: report of a case.
Carbamide peroxide dental bleaching has gained much popularity in the past 5 years. Because tooth discoloration caused by dentinogenesis imperfecta involves deep, dark, dentinal stain, practitioners might believe that affected teeth would be resistant to color improvement by bleaching. This article reports the successful use of carbamide peroxide at-home bleaching in a teenager with dentinogenesis imperfecta. Six-month treatment results are shown.
Adolescent↗
[Discoloration of teeth by drugs].
Since 1979 the Dutch Centre for Monitoring of Adverse Reactions to Drugs received 37 reports of tooth discoloration, attributed to the use of drugs. It concerned sixteen males and 21 females with an average age of respectively twelve and 26 years. Most cases were attributed to the use of amoxicillin (n = 16) and doxycycline or minocycline (n = 7). Pseudo-discolorations are chiefly caused by antimicrobial agents, possibly by chromogenic precipitates in the pellicle or by overgrowth with chromogenic micro-organisms.
Adolescent↗
Bonded porcelain veneer masking of dark tetracycline dentinal stains.
Resin-bonded porcelain veneer restorations can attractively mask dark dentinal tooth discoloration caused by tetracycline staining. When placing these restorations, special attention must be given to tooth preparation, handling of the porcelain, and veneer thickness. When treating adolescent patients whose occlusal development is not as yet completed, there are additional special considerations. This case report describes the placement of 6 resin-bonded porcelain veneer restorations in an adolescent patient to conceal dark tetracycline staining. Emphasis is placed on proper tooth preparation and meticulous handling of the soft tissue. The learning objective of this article is to familiarize the reader with the techniques of implementation and the special considerations in treating adolescent patients.
Adolescent↗
The chemistry and mechanisms of extrinsic and intrinsic discoloration.
The literature on the methods of removing dental stain and whitening teeth is extensive. By comparison, little has been published on the chemical mechanisms that cause dental discolorations. This article proposes a classification for extrinsic dental stain and describes the chemical mechanisms involved in causing tooth discolorations. It also discusses the current theories of the chemistry of stain removal processes.
Dental Deposits↗
Tetracycline-induced extrinsic discoloration of the dentition.
Tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is known to cause intrinsic discoloration of the dentition. A case is being presented of extrinsic discoloration of the teeth associated with the use of this drug. This is believed to be the first such reported case in the literature. Possible mechanisms of how tetracycline may cause extrinsic tooth discoloration are discussed.
Adult↗
Porcelain laminate veneers for discolored teeth using complementary colors.
Porcelain laminate veneers are affected by the color of prepared abutment teeth, so that if these teeth are discolored they may cause problems in a restoration. This paper describes how complementary color theory is applied to resolve this situation and provide a more esthetic restoration. Tooth discoloration is classified into four base colors: orange, brown, blue-purple, and reddish gray, and a shade selection technique and a veneer fabrication technique are presented.
Color↗
Standardized method to produce tetracycline-stained human molar teeth in vitro.
OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that exposure of human molar teeth to tetracycline (TCN) derivatives in vitro results in tooth discoloration resembling the clinical presentation of TCN staining. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The effects of exposure of 20 extracted human molar teeth to distilled water, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, or minocycline were compared. The baseline color of each tooth was analyzed with a dental spectrophotometer. The pulp chambers were each filled with a TCN derivative solution and then sealed. The teeth were placed in a centrifuge tube and then centrifuged at 2800 rpm for 20 minutes. Color change was monitored weekly for 7 weeks. Digital images of the surfaces were recorded. For each specimen at every evaluation period, color change from baseline was calculated using Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) Delta E 2000 (deltae00). RESULTS: There was a significant association between the type of derivative used and deltae00, as well as between the evaluation period and deltae00. There was also a significant association between the interaction term, derivative x evaluation period, and deltae00. Results of the Holm-Sidak post hoc test demonstrated that all 3 TCN derivatives were associated with significantly larger deltae00 than the control group (P < or = .05). CONCLUSIONS: All 3 TCN derivative solutions produced significant color changes as time progressed. Different TCN derivatives produced a different L* (lightness), C* (chroma), and H* (hue), with minocycline behaving distinctly differently from chlortetracycline and doxycycline. The model could be used to study the underlying mechanisms of TCN staining as well as many aspects of vital tooth
Analysis of Variance↗
Options in aesthetic restorations: discoloration and malformation--problems and solutions.
This article is a review of the current options for treatment of discolored and malformed dentition--laminate veneers, all-ceramic crowns, and metal-ceramic crowns. It emphasizes the importance of close cooperation between the restorative dentist and the laboratory technician and a thorough knowledge of the dental materials science. The objective of this article is to provide diverse solutions for severe tooth discolorations and malformations. Four cases illustrate the procedures, the materials utilized, and the results achieved.
Crowns↗
Tetracycline and other tetracycline-derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity.
Tetracyclines (TCN) were introduced in 1948 as broad-spectrum antibiotics that may be used in the treatment of many common infections in children and adults. One of the side-effects of tetracyclines is incorporation into tissues that are calcifying at the time of their administration. They have the ability to chelate calcium ions and to be incorporated into teeth, cartilage and bone, resulting in discoloration of both the primary and permanent dentitions. This permanent discoloration varies from yellow or gray to brown depending on the dose or the type of the drug received in relation to body weight. Minocycline hydrochloride, a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline often used for the treatment of acne, has been shown to cause pigmentation of a variety of tissues including skin, thyroid, nails, sclera, teeth, conjunctiva and bone. Adult-onset tooth discoloration following long-term ingestion of tetracycline and minocycline has also been reported. The remarkable side-effect of minocycline on the oral cavity is the singular occurrence of "black bones", "black or green roots" and blue-gray to gray hue darkening of the crowns of permanent teeth. The prevalence of tetracycline and minocycline staining is 3-6%. The mechanism of minocycline staining is still unknown. Most of the reviewed literature consisted of case reports; longitudinal clinical trials are necessary to provide more information on the prevalence, severity, etiology and clinical presentation of tetracycline and TCN-derivative staining in the adult population.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
An overview of bleaching techniques: I. History, chemistry, safety and legal aspects.
The use of a variety of bleaching techniques has attracted much interest from the profession, as they are non-invasive and relatively simple to carry out. Coupled with the uncertain legal situation within the European community, and especially within the UK, this series of articles hopes to give a broad overview of bleaching techniques, their efficacy and relative safety, as well as update the current legal situation. This article will give an overview of bleaching: history, chemistry and safety. In addition, it will summarize types of tooth discoloration, along with indications/contra-indications for bleaching. Future articles will address in detail both home and power bleaching techniques, as well as the various ways to bleach non-vital teeth.
Contraindications↗
Hydrochloric acid/pumice microabrasion technique for the removal of enamel pigmentation.
Products for lightening teeth are appearing on the market with ever-increasing frequency. Heavy advertising, coupled with heightened public awareness and expectations of an aesthetically pleasing smile, have resulted in increased patient demand for treatment to improve all types of tooth discoloration. Although it is the role of the dental profession to provide the services demanded by the consumer, it is also our duty to be discerning and to re-assess continually the techniques we use, for both efficacy and safety. To do this, long-term follow up of clinical techniques is essential. This paper contains the clinical results of teeth treated over 4.5 years using the hydrochloric acid/pumice microabrasion technique to remove enamel opacities and pigmentation. The subject under discussion is that of enamel discoloration: intrinsic staining with its origins in dentine, such as that caused by the ingestion of tetracycline antibiotics during odontogenesis, is not amenable to this form of surface treatment.
Adolescent↗
Safety of Hibitane. II. Human experience.
Chlorhexidine has been widely used in medical practice since its introduction on to the marked in the early 1950s. Primarily it has been used for topical antisepsis, e.g. pre-surgery skin preparation, burns prophylaxis, and prior to obstetrical/gynaecological procedures. This extensive experience has demonstrated the virtual absence of sensitization and a low irritancy potential for the compound. Only one significant adverse effect has been identified during medical use, namely, the production of sensorineural deafness after direct instillation into the middle ear, a property shared by several commonly used antiseptics. The encouraging reports of the use of chlorhexidine for plaque control prompted further safety investigations. It has been shown that absorption after oral ingestion is very low, and long-term oral use has not produced changes in haematological and biochemical parameters. Occasional oral intolerance of mouthrinse formulations has been reported, although no histological abnormalities were present in gingival biopsies taken after 18 months' daily use. Very occasionally, a reversible swelling of the parotid glands has been reported after use of chlorhexidine in mouthrinse formulations, but not after other methods of administration. Tooth discoloration, which shows wide inter-individual variation is seen after all dental formulations. This undesirable cosmetic effect would appear to represent the only significant argument against everyday prophylactic oral use of chlorhexidine.
Administration, Oral↗
Auger electron spectroscopy of iron in dental pellicle from stainers and non-stainers.
Stainers and non-stainers were selected on the basis of their individual tendency to develop extrinsic tooth discolorations from a chlorhexidine mouth rinse. Pellicle was allowed to form in vivo on dental enamel slabs in both stainers and non-stainers. The slabs were then exposed to chlorhexidine 0.2% and a neutral iron salt solution extraorally either once or until a brownish discoloration appeared from the stainers. The pellicle was examined for its content and distribution of iron by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Pellicle from stainers showed higher concentrations of iron than pellicle from non-stainers.
Adsorption↗
Oral manifestations of drug therapy.
The oral cavity may be the target organ for a number of diverse abnormalities that develop from side effects of medications. Because of the widespread and increasing use of prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal remedies, it is becoming increasingly likely that the dentist will encounter soft tissue or dental pathologies that represent a complication of a therapeutic agent. The more common abnormalities that may occur include gingival hyperplasia, tooth discoloration, candidiasis, chemical injuries, and altered taste perception. The dental practitioner is often the primary health care provider who can recognize, diagnose, treat, and/or prevent these conditions.
Burns, Chemical↗