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PubMed1994

Evaluation of the pediatric surgical matching program by the directors of pediatric surgical training programs.

In a previous survey of successful candidates (SC) and unsuccessful candidates (USC) to the pediatric surgery matching program (PSMP), significant discriminating factors associated with SC included previous participation in basic science research, number of publications, number of national presentations, and contact with and letters of recommendation from well-known pediatric surgeons. The purpose of this study was to determine the selection criteria used by directors of the pediatric surgery training programs (PSTP) in choosing residents for the PSMP. A two-part survey of the PSMP was completed by directors of the PSTP (n = 24) to identify the factors (n = 31) that most influence their selection process when choosing a resident, and to help clarify questions (n = 11) posed by the candidates during the first survey. In part I, each factor was scored on a modified Likert Scale, from most (1) to least (5) important in evaluating candidates for training positions, and were ranked according to the mean score. Based on our previous survey, but blinded to the PSTP director respondents, these same factors were divided into groups that, in our first survey, did and did not discriminate between SC and USC for the PSMP, and will be referred to as "discriminating factors" (DF, n = 7) and "non-discriminating factors" (NDF, n = 8), respectively. Also, a series of questions dealt with subjective factors of the candidates, not previously analyzed in our original survey, and will be referred to as "program directors' factors" (PDF, n = 16). The three groups (DF, NDF, PDF) were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and analysis of variance (ANOVA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Data Collection↗

PubMed2002

Pediatric physiatry in 2000: a survey of practitioners and training programs.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the current status and future prospects of the field of pediatric rehabilitation medicine (PRM) physiatry by detailing the demographics, training, research interests, and other characteristics of physicians currently practicing in that field and to determine the availability of training programs in PRM. DESIGN: A printed survey of members of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Pediatric Rehabilitation Special Interest Group (PRSIG) and a separate questionnaire directed to departments of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) concerning their PRM training programs. SETTING: Not applicable. PARTICIPANTS: PRSIG members and PM&R training programs listed by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. INTERVENTION: Between July 1998 and April 2000, a survey was sent to PRSIG members, with follow-up mailings to nonresponding members. Between April and July 2000, a survey on PRM training practices was sent to 82 PM&R departments with fax and telephone follow-up to nonresponders and to those departments that had discontinued their training program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Instrument measures of physicians practicing PRM, including demographics, geographic distribution, practice sites, training, academic participation, special interests, and research interests along with willingness to participate in collaborative research, association in other organizations, and communication preferences. Data on training requirements as well as availability of PRM fellowships and combined pediatric and PM&R residencies indicate that the number and scope of these training opportunities are declining. RESULTS: There is little uniformity in the amount of exposure to pediatric rehabilitation required by PM&R residency training programs. There are discrepancies in the reported numbers of PRM fellowships and/or combined pediatric and PRM training programs. Projecting the number of physicians who will be practicing in this subspecialty in the future is difficult because there are no reliable data about the number of graduates or trainees in the field. CONCLUSIONS: The rehabilitation needs of children are met by physiatrists with specialized pediatric training. Our survey provided a demographic overview of the PRSIG membership. Given the decline in PRM training programs, it is imperative that the remaining programs be strengthened through communication and organization among physiatrists who practice PRM. We believe that a national database and an interactive Web site are feasible means with which to facilitate this goal.

Child↗

PubMed2002

Medical-ethics teaching in Canadian physical medicine and rehabilitation residency training programs.

BACKGROUND: Medical-ethics education is a required component of all Royal College residency training programs in Canada. There have been no studies to determine how and to what extent this teaching is done in physical medicine and rehabilitation training programs. OBJECTIVE: To assess the state of medical-ethics teaching in Canadian physical medicine and rehabilitation residency training programs. METHODS: A six-question survey was faxed to the program directors of the 10 physiatry residency training programs in Canada. We asked whether medical-ethics teaching is being done, who is doing the teaching, which pedagogic methods is used, how many hours are dedicated to the topic, which topics are taught, and what evaluation method is used. RESULTS: The response rate was 90 per cent. The study confirmed that medical-ethics teaching is done in all Canadian physiatry training programs. However, the person doing the teaching, the number of hours allocated to ethics education, the pedagogic method used, and the topics being taught vary from program to program. CONCLUSION: Although medical-ethics teaching is done in all programs, there is a need for more standardization in the curriculum and in evaluation. The curriculum should focus on ethical issues that are most likely to be encountered in daily physiatric practice. Small-group, case-based teaching should be used for maximum effectiveness. Whenever possible, teaching should be done by a physiatrist.

Bioethics↗

PubMed2001

A comparison between two training programs and their effects on fatigue rates in women.

This study investigated the effects of a plyometric training program and a traditional weight-training program on the onset rate of fatigue in the vertical jump in women. Twenty-five untrained college women ranging in age from 18-35 were randomly separated into 3 groups: a plyometric group, a traditional weight-training group, and a control (untrained) group. For the purpose of this study, the traditional weight-training group was defined as performing 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of the subject's 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Training took place over a 10-week period for both the plyometric and traditional weight-trained groups. The plyometric group prolonged the onset of fatigue by 3.85 seconds as compared with their pretest data. The traditional weight-training group fatigued 0.55 seconds faster after training was implemented as compared with their pretest data. These results showed a significant difference between the groups in their onset rates of fatigue (p < 0.05). The results of this study show that a plyometric training program prolongs the onset rate of fatigue in the vertical jump in women as compared with a traditional weight-training program.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1991

Depression assessment and management: evaluating a community-based mental health training program for nurses.

This mental health training program was designed to increase primary care nurses' knowledge and skills about depression. The program emphasized criteria for assessing depression, presented psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic content, discussed care coordination among several agencies and providers, and addressed referral resources. Cultural and developmental issues were highlighted. The 237 participants had significant knowledge gains after the program on comparison of pretest and posttest measures. Client record audit found significant increases in the assessment of and intervention with depression. The training program successfully increased primary care nurses' abilities to use knowledge about depression in clinical practice.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Interval training program on a wheelchair ergometer for paraplegic subjects.

BACKGROUND: Various combinations of training intensity, duration and frequency are often proposed to people with spinal cord injuries in order to improve their fitness. However, no consensus about a specific training program has been reached for such a population. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of a short interval training program specifically designed for patients with spinal cord injuries. METHODS: Paraplegic men performed 30-min wheelchair ergometry three times per week, for 4 weeks. Maximal dynamic performance and endurance capacity were studied before and after the training program with an incremental test (10 W/2 min) until volitional fatigue and a constant work rate test, respectively. Cardiorespiratory responses were continuously studied during each of these tests. RESULTS: Training induced significant improvement in maximal tolerated power (+27.9%), and in peak oxygen consumption ([VO2, +18.5%). After training the subjects were able to maintain the load applied during the constant test (total mechanical work +210.7%), for a significantly longer time. The heart rate, [VO2 and ventilation values observed when the volunteers ended their first constant load test were significantly higher (+10%, +10%, +40% respectively) than those obtained after a similar time period during the second constant load test which was performed after the training program. CONCLUSION: After this short training period, with an appropriate combination of different types of training, duration, intensity and frequency exercises, we observed a significant improvement in the fitness level and endurance capacity of paraplegic subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Content and method in a thanatology training program for paraprofessionals.

A training program of paraprofessionals was developed in a university teaching hospital. Trainees were exposed to seminars and a supervised practicum. The objectives of the experience included sensitization of persons in the natural helping network to (a) psychosocial needs of seriously ill persons and their families, (b) experience and comfort in interaction with such persons; (c) the structure of the health care delivery system, and (d) the usefulness of peer support groups.

Allied Health Personnel↗

PubMed2003

Making space for racial dialogue: our experience in a marriage and family therapy training program.

Marriage and family therapy (MFT) training programs need to create opportunities for all students to develop cultural competency by raising their racial awareness and sensitivity. Likewise, therapists of color need to be offered space in MFT programs to voice their experiences and venues for their voices to be heard. This article reports on the efforts within a master's level, accredited MFT training program to create space, through participatory action research, for the unique experiences of therapists of color and White therapists who are deeply committed to racial sensitivity.

Cultural Diversity↗

PubMed1987

Effects of two high-intensity intermittent training programs interspaced by detraining on human skeletal muscle and performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of repeated high-intensity intermittent training programs interspaced by detraining on human skeletal muscle and performances. First, nineteen subjects were submitted to a 15-week cycle ergometer training program which involved both continuous and high-intensity interval work patterns. Among these 19 subjects, six participated in a second 15-week training program after 7 weeks of detraining. Subjects were tested before and after each training program for maximal aerobic power and maximal short-term ergocycle performances of 10 and 90s. Muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis before and after both training programs served for the determination of creatine kinase (CK), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) activities. The first training program induced significant increases in all performances and enzyme activities but not in CK. Seven weeks of detraining provoked significant decreases in maximal aerobic power and maximal 90s ergocycle performance. While the interruption of training had no effect on glycolytic enzyme markers (PFK and LDH), oxidative enzyme activities (HADH and OGDH) declined. These results suggest that a fairly long interruption in training has negligeable effects on glycolytic enzymes while a persistent training stimulus is required to maintain high oxidative enzyme levels in human skeletal muscle. The degree of adaptation observed after the second training program confirms that the magnitude of the adaptive response to exercise-training is limited.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

A culturally specific educational program to reduce the risk of HIV and HBV transmission among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel II: Evaluating the effect of the training program on veteran immigrant trainees.

We describe the evaluation of a program for training veteran Ethiopian immigrants to be health educators/cultural mediators. This educational intervention project was designed to lower the risk of transmission of HIV and HBV among the immigrants who arrived in Israel in "Operation Solomon", May 1991. The training program was designed to teach the biomedical model of HIV transmission and its prevention, and to allow the trainees to explore their feelings about people with HIV/AIDS in order to enable them to teach these issues appropriately to the general community of immigrants from Ethiopia, and to work with individuals with HIV among them. It also trained them in teaching skills and in imparting the knowledge in a culturally appropriate manner. The evaluation of changes in knowledge was done at three time points: at the beginning of a 3-day training seminar (A), its end (B) and after 7 half-day training sessions comprising the whole training program 4 months later (C). We also evaluated the changes in their attitudes and feelings about teaching these subjects and their estimate of their teaching skills at two time points (B and C). The data were collected from a written questionnaire. We also monitored their teaching through direct observation by people who spoke Amharic, and through the trainees completing a self-monitoring form. The monitoring and evaluation efforts were built into the structure of the program (including the interventions themselves). They include several complementary approaches: qualitative and quantitative, structured and semi-structured, reported and observed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2003

Recruitment of house staff into anesthesiology: a re-evaluation of factors responsible for house staff selecting anesthesiology as a career and individual training program.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To reexamine, in a follow-up to our first study, those factors responsible for house staff (i.e., residents and clinical fellows) selecting anesthesiology as a career and a specific training program, as well as house staff satisfaction with various educational aspects of our training program, and their perceptions of the future for graduating anesthesiology trainees. DESIGN: Survey questionnaire of 77 house staff at the Mayo Clinic during the 2000 to 2001 academic year. SETTING: Academic medical center. MEASUREMENTS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using a questionnaire to survey 77 house staff enrolled in the anesthesiology training program at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN during the 2000 to 01 academic year. All responses were anonymous. Data were compared between time epochs using an f-exact test. A p-value <or=0.05 was considered statistically significant. MAIN RESULTS: Forty-five (58%) of those surveyed responded to the questionnaire. Responses were similar to those obtained in the original study that we conducted in 1995 to 96. The most frequently cited reasons for selecting anesthesiology as a career were: it is a "hands-on" specialty, it involves the clinical application of physiology and pharmacology, and there is adequate time off. The most frequently cited reasons for selecting our training program were: diversity of training experience, prestige associated with the institution, and house staff satisfaction (i.e., morale) observed at the time of interview. House staff continued to report a very high level of satisfaction with the training program (education, clinical practice, and research opportunities). Only 58% of respondents (vs. 92% in 1995-1996) felt that downsizing of anesthesiology training programs was a national trend, none (vs. 54% in 1995-1996) anticipated difficulty obtaining a job following training, and 91% (vs. 33% in 1995-1996) felt that they had future job security. Overall, 98% (vs. 98% in 1995-1996) were pleased with their career choice, and 93% (vs. 83% in 1995-1996) would choose anesthesiology as a career if they were now graduating from medical school. CONCLUSION: Data from one institution indicate that selection of an anesthesiology career and training program remain strongly associated with concerns regarding educational experiences and postgraduate employment opportunities. In contrast to our results from our 1995-1996 study, significantly fewer house staff had concerns about securing employment following training. Our observations-coupled with favorable National Resident Matching Program results during the past few years-bode well for the future recruitment of graduating American medical students into anesthesiology.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2004

Effect of training on postural control in figure skaters: a randomized controlled trial of neuromuscular versus basic off-ice training programs.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of a neuromuscular training program and a basic exercise program on postural control in figure skaters. DESIGN: Two groups; parallel design; prospective, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Postural control laboratory, arenas, September 2001 to December 2002. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-four young, healthy figure skaters (18 years +/- 3 years). INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to receive a neuromuscular training program (n = 22) or a basic exercise training program (n = 22). Both programs were completed 3 times per week for 4 weeks, and each session was supervised. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed baseline and postintervention measures of postural control on a force plate. Postural control was quantified as the center of pressure (CoP) path length during tests of single-limb standing balance that mimicked figure skating skills and challenged the postural control system to varying degrees. The primary outcome measure was the CoP path length observed during a landing jump test completed with eyes closed. RESULTS: The post intervention CoP path lengths during the more challenging tests were significantly (P < 0.05) lower (indicating better postural control) for the neuromuscular trained group than for the basic exercise-trained group. For the landing jump test completed with eyes closed, the percent improvement in the neuromuscular trained group was significantly greater (mean = 21.0 +/- 22.0%) than the basic exercise trained group (mean = -4.9 +/- 24.9%; P < 0.05). The magnitude of improvement in the neuromuscular-trained group ranged from approximately 1% to 21%, depending on the specific postural control test used. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that off-ice neuromuscular training can significantly improve postural control in figure skaters, whereas basic exercise training does not.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Status of training programs and perceived labor problems in four types of noncommercial foodservice operations.

Training is essential for the effective delivery of quality foodservice products. A well-developed training program is ongoing, comprehensive, planned in advance, and performance based. Such programs facilitate performance and may be beneficial to develop employees and reduce employee turnover rates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinds of training programs that are being developed and delivered to employees in noncommercial foodservice operations. A survey instrument was mailed nationally to foodservice directors and administrators in health care and educational foodservice operations requesting information about training programs used for their nonsupervisory foodservice employees. Information regarding perceived existence of potential labor problems was also collected. Relationships between training programs and perception of labor problems were investigated. Training appears to be conducted in some form within the four types of noncommercial foodservice operations investigated. The most severely perceived labor problems among nonsupervisory employees include low motivation, lack of skills, and poor promotability.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2005

Ventilation efficiency and pulmonary function after a wheelchair interval-training program in subjects with recent spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of a wheelchair interval-training program on the ventilatory function of subjects with recent spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Evaluation trial before and after a training program. SETTING: Center of reeducation and university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Six subjects (5 men, 1 woman) hospitalized after a recent SCI. INTERVENTION: On a wheelchair ergometer, subjects with SCI performed 30 minutes of interval training 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The training program was part of their reeducation program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spirometric values at rest and dynamic ventilatory responses were studied before and after this training program with a spirometric test, a maximal exercise test that increased by 5W every 2 minutes, and a submaximal test. RESULTS: Spirometric values at rest did not change after training. At maximal exercise, peak ventilation (Vepeak, 7.5%), peak breathing frequency (f peak) (-13.4%), peak tidal volume (Vtpeak +28.9%), and the ventilatory reserve (12.9%) improved after training. The oxygen cost of Ve decreased significantly (-20%) after training. We observed for the wheelchair tests that, at the same workload after training, Ve and f decreased and Vt increased. CONCLUSIONS: After 6 weeks of our interval-training program in subjects with recent SCI, the increase of Vt and the decrease of oxygen cost of Ve indicated better ventilatory efficiency.

Ergometry↗

PubMed1993

Factors in the development of a training program for use with tactile devices.

A review of the literature suggests that, in order to maximize the benefits available through a tactile device, it must be accompanied by an effective and adaptive training program. There are a number of factors to consider in the design of such a training program, including the type of tasks and response formats to include, the amount of training, subject motivation and device use, the characteristics of the potential user population, the specific device to be used and the type of information it provides, and the evaluation procedures to be followed. The type and saliency of the information provided by a particular tactile device are highlighted as the most important yet neglected consideration in designing a training program. The training program used with the University of Melbourne's multiple-channel electrotactile device is presented to show how these important factors may be addressed, to indicate the flexibility required in a training program, and to provide a general framework on which researchers may base the development of programs for other tactile devices.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Evaluating a training program for parental educators.

This paper describes and evaluates a training program for parental educators to teach parenting classes for families with children 1 to 5 years of age. Six staff and parent volunteers from a family resource center participated. Evaluations of the training program showed improved knowledge and increased comfort in teaching parenting classes. Two graduates of the training program led a 10-week series of parenting classes. Parents in their class series (n = 9) significantly reduced their reported use of verbal and corporal punishment, increased their nurturing, and improved their perceptions of their children's behavior. These results were similar to those from a series of similar classes for 15 parents led by a university instructor. Results are discussed in terms of research needs for training qualified parental educators.

Child Behavior Disorders↗

PubMed1997

Evaluating the impact of a clinical training program in the addictions.

This research examined students who were enrolled in a specialized addiction treatment training program to evaluate the impact of this year-long internship experience on their professional lives. Achieving an 87.5% survey completion rate, the vast majority of program graduates assessed the overall training program and its component activities very positively. The topics and activities associated with "drug dependence" were evaluated more positively than the training events associated with pathological gambling. Furthermore, the majority of program graduates obtained jobs in the addiction field. As a result of the training program, approximately 74.5% of respondents stated that they had changed their beliefs about addiction. In addition, many respondents commented that their participation in the program changed their stereotypes of people with addiction. The findings provide suggestions and guidance for other clinical training programs that can gain from the experiences of fellows who studied at the Norman E. Zinberg Center for Addiction Studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Satisfaction of nurse aides with pre-job training programs.

Services provided by nurse aides (NAs) directly influence quality of care. Consequently, NA training programs are critical in providing the qualified personnel who carry the bulk of the workload in long-term care facilities. Because studies related to NA pre-job training programs and student satisfaction are limited, we examined NA pre-job training programs and student satisfaction in Taiwan. The highest satisfaction levels were with lecturers and clinical applications. The lowest satisfaction levels were with tuition, class size and practice hours. General hospitals and nursing homes were the preferred sites for providing lectures and clinical practice instruction. The results of this study provide government departments and health care professionals data pertinent to designing more effective NA training programs.

Adult↗