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PubMed2001

Experimentally induced cholangiohepatopathy by dosing sheep with fractionated extracts from Brachiaria decumbens.

Cholangiohepatopathy was induced in 5 lambs by oral administration of extracts from signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) in Brazil. Grossly there were pale foci multifocally distributed throughout the hepatic parenchyma in 4 lambs. The microscopic changes, which were similar to those produced by other steroidal sapogenins-containing plants such as Tribulus terrestris and Panicum spp., included multifocal cholangitis, bile duct proliferation, and the presence of crystals in the biliary system.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Effect of SA1, a herbal formulation, on sexual behavior and penile erection.

SA1 is a mixture of 9 Oriental herbs (Korean red ginseng, fermented soybean, Tribulus terrestris, Fructus Rubi, Fructus Lycii, Semen Cuscutae, Dioscorea Rhizome, Fructus Corni and Fructus Crataegi) that are widely used as energizers and vitalizers in the indigenous system of medicine and have been alleged to improve the sexual functions in men. This study evaluated SA1 using both in vitro and in vivo experiments on laboratory animals in order to determine its effect on the sexual behavior and penile erection. The male rats used to examine the copulatory behavior were administered either the vehicle or SA1 (30, 100, 300, 600 mg/kg) orally for 2 weeks. The intracavernous pressure and systemic blood pressure were recorded in anesthetized rats. The responses to acetylcholine and SA1 of rabbit corpus cavernosum strips were also examined. There was an overall increase in the copulatory behavior parameters in the SA1-treated rats, which was reflected by a decrease in the mount and intromission latencies and an increase in the ejaculation latency and mount frequency. SA1 significantly increased the ratio of the intracavernous pressure to mean arterial pressure. In vitro, SA1 significantly enhanced the relaxation responses to acetylcholine. These results suggest that SA1 improves the sexual activity and erectile function.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Adaptogenic activity of Siotone, a polyherbal formulation of Ayurvedic rasayanas.

Siotone (ST) is a herbal formulation comprising of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Tribulus terristris and shilajit, all of which are classified in Ayurveda as rasayanas which are reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve defence mechanisms of the body and enhance longevity. These attributes are similar to the modern concept of adaptogenic agents, which are, known to afford protection of the human physiological system against diverse stressors. The present study was undertaken to investigate the adaptogenic activity of ST against chronic unpredictable, but mild, footshock stress induced perturbations in behaviour (depression), glucose metabolism, suppressed male sexual behaviour, immunosuppression and cognitive dysfunction in CF strain albino rats. Gastric ulceration, adrenal gland and spleen weights, ascorbic acid and corticosterone concentrations of adrenal cortex, and plasma corticosterone levels, were used as the stress indices. Panax ginseng (PG) was used as the standard adaptogenic agent for comparison. Additionally, rat brain levels of tribulin, an endogenous endocoid postulated to be involved in stress, were also assessed in terms of endogenous monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and MAOB inhibitory activity. Chronic unpredictable footshock induced marked gastric ulceration, significant increase in adrenal gland weight and plasma corticosterone levels, with concomitant decreases in spleen weight, and concentrations of adrenal gland ascorbic acid and corticosterone. These effects were attenuated by ST (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and PG (100 mg/kg, p.o.), administered once daily over a period of 14 days, the period of stress induction. Chronic stress also induced glucose intolerance, suppressed male sexual behaviour, induced behavioural depression (Porsolt's swim despair test and learned helplessness test) and cognitive dysfunction (attenuated retention of learning in active and passive avoidance tests), and immunosuppression (leucocyte migration inhibition and sheep RBC challenged increase in paw oedema in sensitized rats). All these chronic stress-induced perturbations were attenuated, dose-dependently by ST (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and PG (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Chronic stress-induced increase in rat brain tribulin activity was also reversed by these doses of ST and by PG. The results indicate that ST has significant adaptogenic activity, qualitatively comparable to PG, against a variety of behavioural, biochemical and physiological perturbations induced by unpredictable stress, which has been proposed to be a better indicator of clinical stress than acute stress parameters. The likely contribution of the individual constituents of ST in the observed adaptogenic action of the polyherbal formulation, have been discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A bronchial polyp and foreign body in an adolescent].

A fifteen-year-old adolescent with recurrent pneumonia in the last two years is presented. The polyp in the lobar bronchus for the right inferior lobe and a foreign body in posterobasal segmental bronchus were found on bronchoscopy. The polyp (patHohistologically confirmed granulomatous tissue) and foreign body (thorny fruit of small caltrops, Tribulus terrestris) were extracted through a rigid ventilatory bronchoscope. The polyp presumably developed from the thorn of the fruit stuck in bronchial mucosa.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Use of nutritional supplements by high school football and volleyball players.

The known use of performance enhancing agents by athletes has occurred throughout history. In the 1960s and 1970s steroids and amphetamines were the supplements most often used. Now athletes are turning to supplements that are either natural or stimulate the release of natural hormones. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of use of nutritional supplements among high school football and volleyball players. This study surveyed 495 male football players and 407 female volleyball players from 20 high schools in Northwest Iowa. These athletes completed anonymous surveys and returned them to their coaches. Results showed that 8% of the male athletes and 2% of the female athletes were using supplementation. Supplements used included creatine, androstiendione, HMB, amino acids, DHEA, phosphogen, weight gainer 1850, Tribulus, muscle plus, multivitamins, calcium, GABA, and Shaklee Vita Lea and Physique.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Bioactivity studies of the individual ingredients of the Dashamularishta.

The bioactivity studies of the individual ingredients of Dashamularishta--a classical Ayurvedic preparation were done with the aqueous extracts of the individual ingredients. The Aegle marmelos Correa. exhibited severe toxicity to the brine shrimp (BST) nauplii, wheat rootlet growth (WRG) inhibition bioassay and lettuce seed germination (LSG) bioassay. It exhibited no inhibition to the growth of PPR and Reo virus in vero cell line. The Oroxylum indicum exhibited moderate toxicity to the BST and WRG, but it is not toxic to the LSG. It exhibited no inhibition to the growth of PPR and Reo virus. The Stereospermum suaveolens exhibited severe toxicity to the BST and LSG, but it is not toxic to the WRG. It exhibited total inhibition to the growth of Reo virus, but it has not effect on the PPR virus. The Premna integrifolia showed severe toxicity to the BST, but it was not toxic to the WRG and LSG. It exhibited no inhibition to the growth of PPR and Reo virus. The Gmelina arborea exhibited severe toxicity to the BST and WRG, but it is not toxic to the LSG. It exhibited no inhibition to the growth of PPR and Reo virus. The Solanum xanthocarpum showed mild toxicity to the BST, WRG and LSG. It exhibited 75% inhibition to the growth of Reo virus. The Solanum indicum showed no toxicity to the BST, WRG and LSG. It exhibited 75% inhibition to the growth of PPR virus. The Desmodium gangeticum showed no toxicity to the BST, but moderate toxicity to the WRG and LSG. It exhibited total inhibition to the growth of PPR virus. The Uraria lagopoides showed no toxicity to the BST, WRG and LSG. It exhibited total inhibition to the growth of Reo virus. The Tribulus terrestris showed no toxicity to the BST, but showed moderate toxicity to the WRG and LSG. It exhibited 75% inhibition to the growth of both PPR and Reo virus.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Inhibition of adrenaline-induced aggregation of human platelets by Pakistani medicinal plants.

The effects of extracts of Pakistani plants claiming medicinal value were observed on adrenaline-induced aggregation of human platelets according to the method of Born (1962). The extracts manifested significant inhibitory activity in doses of 0.625 mgm(-1) to 2.5 mgml(-1) in this in vitro model. The potency of the plant extracts in inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by adrenaline is in the following order: Sida pakistanica, IC50 = 0.90 mgml(-1) > Tribulus terrestris, IC50 = 0.97 mgml(-1) > Solanum surattense, IC50 = 1.34 mgml(-1) Tephrosia subtriflora, IC50 = 1.40 mgml(-1) > Glycyrrhiza glabra (butanolic extract), IC50 = 1.66 mgml(-1) > Urtica dioica IC50 = 2.17 mgml(-1). Further studies are proposed to find out whether the inhibition of adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation is mediated through alpha-adrenoceptor blockade or suppressed synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxides.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

[Effect of xinnao shutong capsule on cardiac muscle cell apoptosis and protein expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax in hyperlipidemia rats after myocardial infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Xinnao Shutong Capsule, whose main ingredients gross saponins from Tribulus Terrestris L (GSTT) on cardiac muscle cell (CMC) apoptosis and expressions of Bcl-2 Compound rat model of and Bax in murine model of hyperlipemia after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: MI and hyperlipemia was adopted. TUNEL assay was applied to detect CMC apoptosis after 4 weeks' administration of GSTT or simvastatin, and immunohistochemical SP technique was used to detect the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax protein. RESULTS: GSTT can relieve the damage of CMC and attenuate the ventricular remodeling after MI; high dose of GSTT and simvastatin could decrease CMC apoptosis (P<0.05), and lower Bax protein expression (P < 0.05); and there was no significant difference among the effects in all the treated group (P> 0.05). CONCLUSION: GSTT can reduce CMC apoptosis through regulating protein expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax, which may be one of the mechanisms of its anti-ventricular-remodeling effects after MI.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

The isolation and identification of steroidal sapogenins in Kleingrass.

Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L) has been reported to cause hepatogenous photosensitization in sheep and goats in West Texas since 1973. The toxin in Kleingrass has been suspected of being a steroidal saponin as Kleingrass produced characteristic birefringent crystals similar to those produced by saponin-containing plants such as Agave lecheguilla and Tribulus terrestris. In this present study, steroidal saponis were isolated from Kleingrass and their sapogenins were identified as diosgenin and yamogenin by means of thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectrophotometric analysis.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗

PubMed1989

Unusual hepatic parenchymal crystalloid material and biliary microliths in goats.

Investigation into an outbreak of suspected photosensitivity in Boer goats grazing green oats (Avena sativa) led to the finding of microscopical parenchymal crystaloid material and biliary microliths in the livers of 3 ewes that were killed for necropsy. Neither Tribulus terrestris nor Panicum spp. occurred on the farm. Further investigation resulted in the isolation, from leaf spots on the oat leaves, of the fungus Drechslera campanulata, cultures of which have been shown to be highly toxic to sheep, goats and calves. The hepatic parenchymal crystalloid material, which did not invoke any inflammatory reaction, occurred intracellularly in hepatocytes and extracellulary in sinusoids and central veins. Histochemically, this material reacted positively for calcium and free fatty acids and ranged from nonbirefringent, grey spicules to birefringent, glass-like sheaved crystals. A distinctive feature in the livers of the 3 goats was the presence of periductal concentric fibrosis and cast-like biliary microliths which occasionally contained a core of birefringent crystalloid material morphologically and histochemically different from that seen in the parenchyma. An aetiological relationship between the presence of highly toxic D. campanulata isolates on green oats and the hepatopathy with biliary microliths and calcium-free fatty acid crystalloids is possible.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Geeldikkop: preservation of toxic material.

Wilted Tribulus terrestris plants were harvested from a camp in which geeldikkop had just previously broken out. The plants were treated in various ways in an attempt to preserve their toxicity. The only successful method of preservation found was rapid freezing of harvested material. Three kg of plants were kept frozen for six weeks and then dosed via rumen fistula to a sheep which subsequently developed characteristic symptoms and lesions of geeldikkop.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Photosensitivity in South Africa. VII. Chemical composition of biliary crystals from a sheep with experimentally induced geeldikkop.

Geeldikkop was induced in a sheep by oral administration of crude saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Centrifugation of the bile from this sheep gave a pale green sediment of crystalloid material which was insoluble in common organic solvents, but soluble in acetic acid. Analysis of the crystalloid material by 1H and 13C NMR, EDXA, TLC, LSIMS, and by acidic hydrolysis followed by TLC and GC-MS, revealed it to be composed principally of a 6:1 mixture of the calcium salts of the beta-D-glucuronides of the steroidal sapogenins epismilagenin and episarsasapogenin. The administered saponin was found to contain glycosides of the steroidal sapogenins diosgenin, yamogenin, epismilagenin, tigogenin, neotigogenin, gitogenin and neogitogenin in the ratio 10:7:1:11:7:35:25. A metabolic pathway for the conversion of diosgenin and yamogenin saponins to the biliary glucuronides is proposed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effects of Tribuli saponins on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction in rats with hyperlipidemia.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Tribuli saponins (TS) on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in rats with hyperlipemia. METHODS: A composite model of myocardial infarction and hyperlipemia was established and treated with TS to observe its effect on cardiac structure and function by echocardiography. RESULTS: (1) Cardiac function: As compared with the model group, the fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) got increased, and the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) and systolic volume (LVESV) got lower in the groups treated with high dose TS and simvastatin (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but difference between the two treated groups was insignificant. (2) Cardiac structure: As compared with the model group, the left ventricular dimension end diastole (LVDd) and systole (LVDs) in the groups treated with high dose TS and simvastatin got lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). No treatment showed any effect on the thickness of ventricular wall. (3)Ventricular weight index: Both high dose TS and simvastatin could decrease the left ventricular weight index (LVWI) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: TS could attenuate the left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction to certain extent, and improve cardiac function in the early phase after AMI, thus playing an important role in controlling morbidity and mortality of cardiac events and long-term prognosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Gynaecomastia and the plant product "Tribulis terrestris".

Gynaecomastia is the commonest benign breast condition seen in men. It is well recognised that certain drugs that alter the normal sex hormonal profile in the body can induce gynaecomastia. Recently, an increasing use of androgenic-anabolic steroids among young men especially body-builders has increased the incidence of gynaecomastia. We report a case of a young weight-trainer who developed gynaecomastia due to oral intake of a herbal tablet which he used as a steroid alternative for body-building.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Assigning stereodiversity of the 27-Me group of furostane-type steroidal saponins via NMR chemical shifts.

Applicability of (13)C and (1)H NMR chemical shifts for the assignment of the 25R/25S configuration of the 27-methyl group in the case of furostane-type steroidal saponins has been investigated. A comparative study of (13)C NMR data suggest that chemical shift values for C-20, C-21, C-22, C-23, C-24, C-25, C-26 and C-27 resonances were not much influenced by R/S configuration of the 27-Me group, thus reflecting limited application of (13)C NMR chemical shifts for such stereochemical determinations. In contrast, (1)H NMR chemical shifts (delta(a), delta(b)) for geminal protons of glycosyloxy methylene (H(2)-26) exhibit pronounced dependence and the difference (Delta(ab)=delta(a)-delta(b)) among their chemical shifts [Delta(ab)= or <0.48 for 25R; Delta(ab)= or >0.57 for 25S] seems to be of general applicability for ascertaining 25R/25S orientation of the 27-methyl group of furostane-type steroidal saponins.

Methane↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A review of plant-derived and herbal approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunctions.

Despite the increasing availability of effective conventional medical treatments, plant-derived and herbal remedies continue to provide a popular alternative for men and women seeking to improve their sex life. Nevertheless, the efficacy of most herbal agents in treating sexual problems remains uncertain. Therapists and consumers alike would benefit from an increased understanding of commonly used herbal agents on the market, their purported or supported effects, and their potential side effects. To this end, we cataloged the major prosexual herbal agents currently sold in several representative health food stores. We also specify the sexual problem purportedly ameliorated by each herbal agent. Finally, we evaluate eight herbal agents commonly promoted for the treatment of sexual problems. This evaluation includes a review of the research supporting the use, efficacy, dose, adverse effects, contraindications, and possible mechanism of action of each. We conclude by commenting on the quality of current research, pointing out gaps in our knowledge, and noting the need for rigorous research and product control to adequately address questions regarding the efficacy of these agents.

Brassica↗

PubMed2004

Nutrients and botanicals for erectile dysfunction: examining the evidence.

Erectile dysfunction affects 50 percent of men ages 40-70 in the United States and is considered an important public health problem by the National Institutes of Health. Consumers are exposed to a plethora of natural products claiming to restore erection and sexual vitality. A review of the available empirical evidence reveals most naturally occurring compounds lack adequate clinical trials to support efficacy. However, arginine, yohimbine, Panax ginseng, Maca, and Ginkgo biloba all have some degree of evidence they may be helpful for erectile dysfunction. Improvements in penile endothelial L-arginine-nitric oxide activity appear to be a unifying explanation for the actions of these naturally occurring agents.

Arginine↗

PubMed2005

[The effects of Baisong tablet on the behaviors and CRHmRNA expression in the brain of rats following chronic stress].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Baisong tablet on the behaviors and CRHmRNA expression in the chronic stress rats. METHOD: Rats were exposed to different ways of chronic stress. Body weight and behaviors were investigated during the whole procedure, the CRHmRNA expressions in the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex were semiquantified by the RT-PCR method. RESULT: In comparision with the normal group, rats exposed to chronic stress showed decreased body weight and a significant reduction of consumption of sucrose solution, and the duration of immobility during the forced swimming test was increased significantly. The chronic stress rats was in depression of behavior. CRHmRNA expression in the brain of the chronic stress rats was upregulated significantly, while it was downregulated in the groups of Baisong tablet and the group of fluoxetin. CONCLUSION: Baisong tablet has the effect of antidepressant, and it may be related to the effect of the downregulated CRHmRNA expression in brain.

Animals↗