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PubMed1989

Order of exposure to high dietary calcium and gray strain infectious bronchitis virus alters renal function and the incidence of urolithiasis.

Experiments were designed to determine if Gray strain infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection increases the incidence of urolithiasis type kidney damage when the urine is already high in Ca and relatively alkaline due to a high Ca-low available P diet (i.e., layer ration). In addition, experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Gray strain IBV on pullet renal function of 6 and 14-wk-old pullets at 2, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (PI). Blood gas parameters were measured to determine the mechanism by which layer ration decreases hydrogen ion concentration [( H+]). Urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate, electrolyte excretion (Na, K, Ca, P), free water clearance, urine osmolality, urine [H+], and renal plasma flow (para-aminohippuric clearance) were measured to assess renal function. Gray strain IBV increased urine [H+] and decreased renal plasma flow in 6-wk-old pullets, and induced a diuresis in 14-wk-old pullets between 5 and 10 days PI. The layer ration increased Ca excretion and induced a metabolic alkalosis, thus decreasing urine [H+] and causing urolith formation. Feeding layer ration followed by Gray strain IBV infection had an additive effect on the incidence of urolithiasis and gross kidney damage. Gray strain IBV infection 8 wk prior to feeding layer ration did not induce urolithiasis. The results suggest that the additive effect of Gray strain IBV on the incidence of urolithiasis is probably due to tubular damage rather than direct changes in renal function parameters.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1990

[Urolithiasis due to renal tubular acidosis associated with Sjögren's syndrome].

We encountered 4 patients with urolithiasis due to renal tubular acidosis (RTA) associated with Sjögren's syndrome. Laboratory results about RTA in 4 patients with Sjögrenhs syndrome were not significantly different from those in patients who suffered from urolithiasis due to RTA without Sjögren's syndrome. The incidence of urolitiasis in these cases was suspected to be higher than that in RTA patients without Sjögren's syndrome, because all 4 patients in this study had urolithiasis. When we examine patients with bilateral and multiple urolithiasis, particularly in middle-aged women, we should bear in mind that RTA and Sjögren's syndrome may exist in the background.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗

PubMed2000

[Urolithiasis in children: an analysis of clinical cases].

The authors on the basing on clinical observation of 116 children with urolithiasis, in aged between 3 and 17 years have concluded the following: among the patients of the pediatric ward urolithiasis amounts to 9% of patients. It has been concluded that to diagnose urolithiasis ultrasounds are necessary, but in treatment and prevention an assay of crystallization components is indispensable. In all cases of children with urolithiasis, besides an infection, one must look for coexisting defects in the urinary tract.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Urolithiasis in flight personnel].

Our investigations shed the light on some clinical peculiarities of urolithiasis in flight personnel including development of the disease at young age, dependence of the risk of renal stones on length of flight career, prevalence of small increments in calices, asymptomatic course, comparatively more frequent uratate urolithiasis, and more rapid recurrence of the disease. The clinical profile of urolithiasis in flyers can be related with the morphofunctional state of kidneys as a result of stresses of the flight labour. There is necessity to search for and introduce modern scientific approaches to prevention and effective technologies of urolithiasis treatment in flight personnel.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Does replacing intravenous pyelography with noncontrast helical computed tomography benefit patients with suspected acute urolithiasis?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if replacing intravenous pyelography with noncontrast helical computed tomography (NHCT) scanning of the abdomen for the investigation of suspected acute urolithiasis results in shorter stays in the Emergency Department, reduced hospital admissions or fewer interventions. METHODS: A retrospective review of the charts of all patients who were discharged from the Emergency Department with a diagnosis of acute urolithiasis or renal colic was conducted. Length of stay, hospital admissions and the number of therapeutic interventions were compared for the 5-month period before and the 5-month period after the implementation of NHCT scanning of the abdomen as the primary investigation of suspected acute urolithiasis. RESULTS: Of 230 cases reviewed, 119 met all of the inclusion criteria (61 in the intravenous pyelography group and 58 in the NHCT group). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups on median length of stay in the Emergency Department (7.6 h v. 6.2 h), hospital admission rates or post-test therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Replacing intravenous pyelography with NHCT scanning for the investigation of suspected acute urolithiasis does not result in significantly shorter stays, reduced hospital admissions or fewer interventions for patients.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2003

[The results of conservative treatment of oxalate urolithiasis in children].

UNLABELLED: Hyperoxaluria is defined as urinary oxalate excretion exceeding 0.45 mmol/1.73 m2/day and accounts for 15% of recurrent urolithiasis. There have been only a few reports on the prevalence and treatment of oxalate urolithiasis in children. THE AIM: Of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of the protocol of intensive and combined treatment of hyperoxaluria in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventeen children at the mean age of 11.5 +/- 4.5 years with positive history of urolithiasis and diagnosis of hyperoxaluria were studied. In this group hyperoxaluria was an isolated defect in 9 of 17 children, but in 3/17 it was accompanied by hyperuricosuria, in 5/17 by hypomagnesuria and in 1 case by hypercalciuria. During the 12-month period the children were intensively hydrated and received a low-oxalate diet and supplemental therapy with vitamin B6, magnesium, citrates and lactic acid bacteria preparations. RESULTS: In all but one child oxaluria decreased below 0.45 mmol/1.73 m2/day (decrease by 45%). No new stone formation was seen during the observation period. In all patients abdominal pain and haematuria subsided. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the intensive, complex, conservative treatment of hyperoxaluria in children is effective and safe. It allows to decrease hyperoxaluria and prevent the recurrence of urolithiasis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[B-mode and color Doppler sonography of kidneys in healthy lambs and lambs with urolithiasis].

The objectives of this study were to determine some morphological characteristics of kidneys and resistive index (RI) changes in renal interlobar artery using B-Mode and color coded doppler sonography in lambs with urolithiasis. The study was performed in 14 male lambs (8 patients, 6 healthy) aged between 2-2.5 months in the same herd. The kidneys had a mean length of 55.6 +/- 1.6 mm, a width of 31.8 +/- 1.2 mm and a parenchymal width of 10.6 +/- 0.6 mm in healthy lambs. These values were 95.4 +/- 3.6., 52.4 +/- 1.3 and 8.75 +/- 0.5 mm, respectively in lambs with urolithiasis. These differences between both groups were significant. Furthermore, the mean resistive index values in lambs with urolithiasis (0.81 +/- 0.017 m/sn) were significantly higher than controls (0.62 +/- 0.013 m/sn). It was concluded that B-Mode and color coded doppler sonography might provide useful information for detection of changes in kidneys of lambs with urolithiasis like hydronephrosis and renal swelling as well as elevated resistance in the renal interlobar artery.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical and ecological assessment of climate effects on urolithiasis morbidity in population of Primorsky territory].

The article presents medicoecological estimation of quantitative relations between monsoon climate and urolithiasis primary morbidity in the Primorsky Territory. Quantitative estimation of the climate was performed by V. I. Rusanov (1973) who calculated daily meteorological data for 1 p.m. throughout 1991-1999. Primary urolithiasis morbidity for this period of time was provided by regional health department. The data were processed by methods of medical mapping and paired correlation analysis. In the Territory, mapping revealed the same location of the zones with high frequency of discomfortable weather of class V and VI causing chilblain in positive air temperatures and zones with elevated primary urolithiasis morbidity in children and adults. Correlation analysis confirmed mapping results and determined significant negative correlations between frequency of relatively comfortable moment weather classes II-IV and morbidity of children and adults, positive correlation between frequency of discomfortable class VI and adult morbidity. Thus, high frequency of days per year with discomfortable classes of moment weather in low positive air temperatures may be one of the factors of urolithiasis risk in population of the Primorsky Territory. Climatic factors should be taken into consideration in planning primary prophylaxis of this disease in the Primorsky Territory.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Urolithiasis associated with experimental lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus inoculation in Lewis rats.

A high frequency of struvite urolithiasis, hydronephrosis, and other urinary tract lesions developed in a group of Lewis rats inoculated intracranially with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Initially, clinically ill rats were referred to necropsy: 30 rats over 3 years. These rats had high frequency of urolithiasis (8/30, 27%), hydronephrosis (12/30, 40%), cystitis (9/30, 30%), transitional cell carcinoma (4/30, 13%), and pyelonephritis (19/30, 63%). Lesions were more common in LCMV-inoculated rats. After this trend was noted, all rats on this protocol were necropsied as part of a cohort study (n = 144). Although the apparent frequency of disease was lower due to increased sampling, there still was a high number of urolithiasis (9/144, 6%) and hydronephrosis (40/144, 28%) cases. All cases of urolithiasis developed in rats inoculated with LCMV (9/44, 20%), as did most cases of hydronephrosis (31/44, 70%). Although sham-injected and uninoculated control rats also had high frequency of hydronephrosis (6/57 [11%] and 3/43 [7%], respectively), LCMV-inoculated rats had a significantly higher frequency of disease than did sham inoculated (P < 0.0001) and uninoculated (P < 0.0001) controls. These results suggest that Lewis rats may be predisposed to developing lesions of the urinary tract, and that intracranial inoculation of rats with LCMV augments this tendency, leading to formation of struvite calculi and associated urinary tract disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Urolithiasis and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in a Wistar rat.

Urolithiasis and carcinoma of the urinary bladder are generally uncommon in rats. In particular, spontaneous urolithiasis and carcinoma of the bladder in young rats has not yet been reported. Our case concerns the unexpected finding of urolithiasis of the bladder and left kidney of an apparently healthy 4-mo-old male Wistar rat. The bladder was filled with 28 white, round to oval calculi of various sizes. The kidney presented a single unevenly shaped calculus in the pelvis. Histology revealed, in addition to urolithiasis, a grade II papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, with muscle invasion and neoplastic extension to the left renal pelvic epithelium. No previous experimental procedure or dietetic manipulation had occurred, which could be held responsible for these findings. These unusual findings indicate that, unknown to researchers, unapparent factors can affect the health status of even relatively young experimental animals. Asymptomatic disease, such as the unknown presence of a tumor, potentially can affect many parameters and thus influence research results.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Frequency, localization and associated disorders in urinary calculi. Analysis of 1671 autopsies in urolithiasis].

In the area of Rügen-Stralsund a maximum value of urolithiasis and cholelithiasis was found. In 27,133 autopsies the frequency of urolithiasis was 6%. Obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus may increase the tendency of cholelithiasis patients to develop additional urolithiasis. Ureteral and urinary bladder calculi are more frequently among male patients. In cases with benign prostatic hyperplasia the incidence of urolithiasis was not higher than in female patients. In the autopsy material multiple calculi and bilateral cases occur more frequently. Hypertension and increased heart weight did occur more frequently in patients suffering from oxalate lithiasis. Some of the calculi may develop in the terminal age of life.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Evaluation of urine and serum metabolites in miniature schnauzers with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

To evaluate underlying causes of calcium oxalate urolithiasis, 24-hour excretion of urine metabolites was measured in 6 Miniature Schnauzers that formed calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths during periods when they were fed a standard diet and during periods when food was withheld. Serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D also were evaluated. Serum calcium concentrations were normal in all 6 affected Miniature Schnauzers; however, during diet consumption, mean 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium was significantly (P = 0.025) higher than calcium excretion when food was withheld. In 1 dog, urinary calcium excretion was lower during the period of food consumption, compared with the period when food was withheld. Compared with clinically normal Beagles, Miniature Schnauzers that formed CaOx uroliths excreted significantly greater quantities of calcium when food was consumed (P = 0.0004) and when food was withheld (P = 0.001). Miniature Schnauzers that formed CaOx uroliths excreted significantly less oxalate than clinically normal Beagles during fed (P = 0.028) and nonfed (P = 0.004) conditions. Affected Miniature Schnauzers also excreted abnormally high quantities of uric acid. Excretion of citrate was not different between Miniature Schnauzers with CaOx urolithiasis and clinically normal Beagles. In 5 of 6 Miniature Schnauzers with CaOx urolithiasis, concentrations of serum parathyroid hormone were similar to values from age- and gender-matched Miniature Schnauzers without uroliths. The concentration of serum parathyroid hormone in 1 dog was greater than 4 times the mean concentration of clinically normal Miniature Schnauzers. Mean serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in Miniature Schnauzers with calcium oxalate urolithiasis were similar to concentrations of clinically normal Miniature Schnauzers.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Serum and urinary uric acid levels in healthy subjects and in patients with urolithiasis.

Serum uric acid and 24-hour urine uric acid levels were determined in 47 patients with urolithiasis and in 177 healthy volunteers. The normal volunteers had serum and urinary uric acid levels of 6.0-6.4 mg/dl, 619.4-683.7 mg/day for males and 4.6-4.8 mg/dl, 531.5-589.6 mg/day for females. Uric acid levels in both serum and urine were higher in male volunteers than in female volunteers (p less than 0.05), whereas, among patients the ranges of serum and urinary uric acid levels were not significantly different between males and females (p greater than 0.05). However, the normal distribution of the determined small experimental data, was statistically different and is obviously reliable. Patients with urolithiasis showed significantly higher levels of serum uric acid (8.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dl) than healthy volunteers (5.5 +/- 0.1 mg/dl) (p less than 0.05), but showed no difference in urinary uric acid levels compared with healthy volunteers (p greater than 0.05). The highest number of urolithiasis in both male and female patients fell within the same age range of 41-50 years. The 24-hour urine pH of healthy volunteers showed a range of 5.1-7.0 while the patients with urolithiasis had a pH range of 4.6-7.0. It was also found that 33 per cent of patients had urine pH less than 5.0.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for cystine urolithiasis].

We present 31 patients with cystine urolithiasis referred to our extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) center since 1985. This group differed statistically from the other 3000 patients treated by us for urolithiasis with regard to age, stone burden, number of previous operations, and known duration of urolithiasis. The average known duration in those with cystine stones was 15 years. Of 26 patients with such a history, 22 had an average of 2 operations each. At referral, 14 had bilateral stones and among the others there were 5 nonfunctioning kidneys. Of 26 referred with a diagnosis of cystine nephrolithiasis, only 11 were being treated medically. At presentation, 31 had no stones and 1 was being treated medically. In the other 29 patients, 44 renal-ureteral units had urolithiasis. During follow-up 2 ureteral stones were discharged spontaneously and the other units were treated by ESWL, surgery and/or ureteroscopy, and percutaneous irrigation. 36/42 units were free of significant stone residue, but in 4 there were large gravel remains; 1 kidney was removed primarily and 1 kidney lost its function following prolonged obstruction after ESWL. During follow-up, of 11 patients unable to tolerate D-penicillamine and treated by urinary alkalinization alone, 3 have already formed new stones.

Cystine↗

PubMed1989

[The role of chemical composition of drinking water in predicting the incidence of urolithiasis].

Detailed observational data on urolithiasis incidence at the territory of the Amur Region are presented. 4 foci with a high level of disease incidence have been detected. The content of calcium, magnesium, and strontium has been determined in drinking water and correlation of urolithic disease rates with rations Ca/Sr and Mg/Sr were established. Certain dependence of the disease rates on the above ratios shows that their elevation corresponds to the reduction of urolithiasis rates, and vice versa. Application of the given technique in the urolithiasis endemic areas with the established level of disease incidence provides analogous results. It is assumed that in a number of cases unfavourable distribution of some chemical elements in drinking water, i. e., Ca/Sr and Mg/Sr, has affected the high level of urolithiasis incidence.

Calcium↗

PubMed1989

[Changes in aldosterone and cortisol secretion and serum thyroxine levels in patients with active urolithiasis].

The changes in calcemia and calciuria levels following low calcium diet have been studied in 35 patients with active urolithiasis and in 20 healthy subjects. Blood serum concentrations of thyroxine, cortisol and aldosterone in basal conditions as well as cortisol and aldosterone following stimulation with synacten were determined in addition. The levels of calcemia and calciuria (2.56 +/- 0.015 mmol/l and 4.70 +/- 0.41 mmol/10 mmoles of creatinine, respectively) were found to be significantly higher in patients with active urolithiasis than in healthy subjects. In addition, in patients with urolithiasis the basal blood serum concentrations of thyroxine and aldosterone were significantly higher than in healthy subjects, while the reactivity of cortisol and aldosterone secretion to synacten stimulation was normal. The results obtained suggest the participation of the described hormonal aberrations in the pathogenesis of active urolithiasis.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of avian urolithiasis on a large commercial egg farm.

A significant outbreak of avian urolithiasis was observed on a large commercial egg farm. From the initial outbreak site (a single laying house), the incidence of urolithiasis slowly spread in the ensuing months to numerous other laying houses. Increasing mortality associated with urolithiasis commenced during late growout to early lay and then leveled off when egg production peaked. At the height of the outbreak, mortality was typically 0.5% per week; 75% of this mortality was due to urolithiasis. The clinical and pathologic features of this condition are described. Both infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and fowl adenoviruses were isolated from organ homogenates of sampled birds. A clone of the IBV strain was found to induce nephritis in specific-pathogen-free white leghorns.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Medical treatment to prevent recurrent calcium urolithiasis. A guide to critical appraisal.

Among patients with urolithiasis, the recurrence rate is 10-23% per year. We have applied guidelines for critical appraisal to 46 publications addressing the efficacy of thiazides, orthophosphates, cellulose phosphate, allopurinol, magnesium and citrate as prophylaxis against recurrent urolithiasis. The 34 studies which do not have a randomly allocated control group are subject to methodologic deficiencies such as co-intervention, variable outcome measures, variable natural history, statistical regression to the mean, selection bias and incomplete follow-up of patients. These deficiencies make conclusions regarding the efficacy of an intervention suspect. Among the 12 randomized clinical trials are 5 thiazide, 2 orthophosphate, 4 allopurinol and 1 magnesium intervention. The methodologic and statistical questions addressed were: adequacy of randomization, clinical relevance of outcomes, description of patients, clinical and statistical significance, and completeness of follow-up. Based on these methodologic considerations, one could not conclude that orthophosphates, cellulose phosphate, magnesium or citrate were efficacious in preventing recurrent urolithiasis. Two of the 5 thiazide and 1 of the 4 allopurinol randomized clinical trials demonstrate convincing evidence for efficacy of these interventions. With the exception of pilot studies of new interventions, conclusions about efficacy of interventions claimed to decrease the urolithiasis recurrence rate should be based on methodologically sound randomized clinical trials.

Allopurinol↗